Language is an important means of bringing a nation together and an indicator of its collective identity。For the Jews who have been in exile for more than 2,000 years，Not only a return to “biblical land”，There must also be a national language。The process of reviving Bet365 app download, which has been dead as a daily language for more than 2,000 years in Israel, is not smooth，Encountered hostility and obstruction by ultra-Orthodox Jews。Taking the revival of spoken Bet365 app download as the starting point，Can understand the contradictions and conflicts between ultra-Orthodox and secular Zionists。

　　First, the revival of spoken Bet365 app download.Bet365 app download is the language of the Jewish people，Also the official language of modern Israel，Is one of the older languages ​​in the world。If Judaism has played a huge role in maintaining the Jewish nation，Then Bet365 app download not only plays a role in maintaining the Jewish nation，It also plays a role in maintaining Jews from all over the world。“Bet365 app download” means “coming across the river” in Bet365 app download，According to the Bible，The Jewish patriarch Abraham led his people from the city of Ur in Mesopotamia across the Euphrates and Jordan rivers to the "Land of Canaan" (today's Palestine)，From then on these people were called "Hebrews"。

Biblical Bet365 app download is the language used by the ancient Jewish people for daily communication。After the "Babylonian Captivity" event in 586 BC，The ancient Jewish nation was conquered several times。70 AD，The Romans destroyed Jerusalem，The Jews have since lost their independent homeland，Embark on the road to exile。The Jews in a foreign land had to accept the language of the host country。

From the 2nd century BC，Bet365 app download is only a language that exists in religious texts such as the Torah，Except for a few rabbis、Other than clergy and linguists，There are fewer and fewer Jews who can read this ancient and obscure text。Written Bet365 app download has always continued among the Jews，They read the Bible and the Mishnah in Bet365 app download，Oral Torah)，Also pray in Bet365 app download，Even correspond in Bet365 app download，But Bet365 app download is rarely used to communicate outside the synagogue，So much so that Bet365 app download is gradually withdrawing from the stage of history。However，It only took the Jews more than 100 years，Turn an ancient and endangered minority language into the mother tongue of more than 9 million Jews today，It can be called a miracle in the history of linguistics。Then，How did the Jews create this miracle？

　　Second, Bet365 app download writing is gradually standardized。Nearly 2000 years，Bet365 app download have been scattered all over the world，The languages ​​in their lives have already been diversified。Yiddish, the daily life language of Bet365 app download from Europe、Spain's "Ladino" language (Ladino，Also known as Jewish Spanish)、Russian、German、French, etc.，The daily life language of Bet365 app download from the East is mostly Arabic。As more and more Bet365 app download return to their homeland from all over the world，Difficulties in communicating with each other。The Bet365 app download who returned to their homeland have the same beliefs and identity，But they each bring different regional cultures and languages，Making communication extremely difficult，Ununified language has become a barrier to communication，The revival of language becomes a problem。

Eliezer Ben Yehuda (1858-1922), who was born in Lithuania, played an irreplaceable key role in the revival of Bet365 app download。In 1879, he published a paper "Concerning the Overall Situation" stating，It is not enough to realize the restoration of the country only by establishing political entities，Only through the language and culture of the nation can the younger generation form a kind of inner-outward attitude、True national identity is fundamental。The only way to revive national culture is to awaken the ancient Bet365 app download language。He also emphasized: “Land and language – there are no two things，The nation of Israel cannot be established。”

At that time, the spoken language used by Jews for daily communication was Yiddish，A type formed in the 10th century，In Bet365 app download、German、French and other based languages。Zionists believe，Yiddish is the product of hybridization between Bet365 app download and other languages，Represents the Jewish experience in exile，Cannot be used as the national language of the Jews。And spoken Bet365 app download represents the glorious history of the Jewish nation in the ancient biblical period，Helps reshape Jewish identity，Downplaying the stigma of exile and diaspora。

Ben Yehuda on the basis of the Bet365 app download Bible，Expanding new meanings，Introducing thousands of modern vocabulary to adapt to the development of the times，Completed the "New Bet365 app download" Dictionary, a model for teaching Bet365 app download spoken language in 1904，This can be said to be an epoch-making event in the development of Bet365 app download。Therefore，Based on Biblical Bet365 app download、Supplemented with Yiddish etymology、Bet365 app download writing with Mishnaic Bet365 app download as the intonation gradually became standardized and grew。Revival of spoken Bet365 app download becomes central to Zionism，Played a vital role in the revival of Jewish culture。

　　Third, the ultra-Orthodox attitude toward the revival of spoken Bet365 app download.The term “ultra-Orthodox” does not come from Jewish tradition，Slightly derogatory in daily use，So now they are generally called "Haredim" in Bet365 app download。This word comes from "Isaiah" chapter 66 verse 5，Means one who “trembles” at the word of God。

Late 19th century and early 20th century，At a time when Zionism, which advocates Zionism, is on the rise，Ultra-Orthodox are fiercely opposed to the promotion of Bet365 app download。There are two reasons for this: first，They were convinced that the political independence of the Jews would hasten God’s intervention，That is, the arrival of the Messiah, the savior，Therefore any "artificial" intervention in the historical process is against Jewish law。Secondly，They believe in using Bet365 app download, a sacred language, for secular life，It is a blasphemy against religion，Disrespect to God。

Ben Yehuda actively promotes spoken Bet365 app download activities，Although cynicized by the ultra-Orthodox、False accusation、Boycott，But it led to a large number of Jewish scholars、Journalist、Writer、Teachers and other people from all walks of life participate in the national movement to safeguard the Bet365 app download language。Before the founding of the state of Israel in 1948，80% of the returned Jews already communicate in Bet365 app download。Bet365 app download is no longer just a carrier of holy books for the Jews，And become the language of daily communication for everyone，Become a living and vital lingua franca。In memory of Ben Yehuda’s achievements，The Israelites named streets after him in major cities。

The success of the Jewish revival of Bet365 app download，It also touched the enthusiasm of other peoples in the world to try to revive ancient languages，For example, Ireland，Attempts to revive Irish to replace English as the lingua franca after the founding of the Republic，But they failed。The case of Bet365 app download revival，It can be said that it cannot be copied。

　　Fourth, why do the ultra-Orthodox oppose the revival of spoken Bet365 app download.Ultra-Orthodox opposition to the revival of Bet365 app download and Zionist understanding，The painful historical lessons from the Jews。First half of the 2nd century AD，The Roman Emperor Hadrian (reigned 117-138) implemented the policy of "cultural imperialism"。The emperor who tried to completely Romanize Israel，It is forbidden for Jews to practice circumcision as a national symbol，Build a fully Romanized city on the ruins of Jerusalem，Including building the Temple of Jupiter on the site of the Temple。This kind of cultural policy that pushed the Jews into a corner happened to be in strong conflict with the hope for "Messiah" salvation that was popular among the Jews after the destruction of the Temple，Finally led to the Bar Kochba uprising against Rome in 132-135 years。

The Bar Kochba uprising was supported by Jewish leader Rabbi Akiva，He quoted Numbers 24:17 “A star will come out of Jacob，A rod will rise in Israel，The four corners of Moab will be defeated，Destroy the sons of confusion" verses，Hints that Bar Kochba is the long-awaited Messiah。After the failure Bet365 app download uprising，Rabbi Akiva was brutally murdered。In the rabbinic Jewish tradition，Aqiva is a wise man、Politician、Martyrs and other legendary figures with multiple identities。

The failure of the uprising brought disastrous consequences to the Jewish nation，Judaism suffered a heavy blow。The Temple Mount is plowed，To show the greatest insult to the Jewish Holy Land，Bet365 app download are prohibited from entering the city of Jerusalem。580,000 Bet365 app download killed，Nearly a thousand Jewish villages were razed，A large number of Bet365 app download were robbed and sold into slavery。The Bet365 app download thus completely moved northward，Formed an Israeli Jewish community centered in Galilee。

After the failure of the Bar Kochba uprising，The Talmud tradition begins to emphasize，When the Messianic Era will come is ultimately determined by God，People can only wait "passively"，Taking the initiative to restore the earthly kingdom in the Promised Land can easily lead to deception and lies，Causing irreparable losses to the Bet365 app download。Babylonian Talmud, Ketubot, 111a) Take three passages from the Song of Songs (Chapter 2:7；Chapter 3 Verse 5；Chapter 8 verse 4) is interpreted as two oaths required by God to the Bet365 app download: Bet365 app download shall not immigrate to Israel in a large-scale and organized manner to hasten the coming of the Messiah；Cannot resist non-Bet365 app download。In the eyes of the ultra-Orthodox，The Zionists have blatantly betrayed these two oaths，Delusional desire to replace divine will with human initiative，Therefore Zionist thought is essentially “heresy”。

In short，The revival of spoken Bet365 app download at the end of the 19th century was an important symbol of the revival of the Jewish nation。After the establishment of the state of Israel，Secular Zionists become the mainstay of Israeli society，But ultra-Orthodoxy remains a powerful social force，They participate in and interfere with the regime through various means，Has an important impact on social life。The conflict between ultra-Orthodox and secular Jews over the revival of Bet365 app download in the late 19th century，always continues to exist in new manifestations。

　　(Author’s unit: Institute of World History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)