October 11，A survey of papers published in the field of science, technology and social bet365 joining bonus code in the past 40 years published by the official website of the London School of Economics and Political Science shows that，The style and method of presenting academic results in this field are becoming increasingly homogeneous。The article also discusses how this phenomenon affects knowledge innovation in the field of science and technology bet365 joining bonus code。The study was conducted by Wolfgang Kaltenbrunner, a senior researcher at the Center for Science and Technology bet365 joining bonus code at Leiden University in the Netherlands、Co-completed by Kean Birch, Director of the Institute of Technology, Science and Society, York University, Canada, and others。Our reporter interviewed Kaltenbrenner about the relevant content involved in the study。

　　Paper pressure forces scholars to change their bet365 joining bonus code workflow

Scholars are facing increasing pressure to publish papers，This is a commonplace question。Related bet365 joining bonus code shows，Researchers in the field of sociology in the United States have published nearly twice as many papers in recent years as they did in the 1990s。This focus on maximizing output has reshaped the process of academic work。For example，How scientists decide which bet365 joining bonus code project to choose、What collaborations to look for and under what circumstances a bet365 joining bonus code project can be considered completed。Kaltenbrenner said，This not only gave rise to the phenomenon of "sausage papers" (referring to the content that belongs to the same bet365 joining bonus code results and can be published at once，The act of dividing into multiple papers for publication)，It also affects the forward planning of bet365 joining bonus code projects and even the way researchers deal with substantive bet365 joining bonus code topics。For example，They may put their own bet365 joining bonus code interests aside when choosing bet365 joining bonus code projects，Prioritize the possibility of publishing bet365 joining bonus code results in well-known journals。

Excessive focus on publication can also lead to a specific project "done" standard，It is the time when the paper is accepted by the journal。Once the paper is published，The researcher may then move to another project that promises more papers，Regardless of whether the underlying scientific question is indeed adequately addressed。In some areas，Researchers subject almost all activities to strict calculations of resource investment and expected publication revenue。Kartenbrenner thinks，Significant improvement in publication productivity，Creates risks to the intellectual quality and diversity of bet365 joining bonus code output。

This study first reviews the development of journal article formats in the field of science, technology and social studies over the past 40 years。Scientometric analysis of 18 specific journals in the field of science and technology bet365 joining bonus code in the Science Citation Index database，Researchers found，The continued growth of article output is accompanied by the homogenization of article characteristics，Mainly manifested in the following aspects: articles are increasingly concentrated on about 20 pages，Contains 50-60 references，And the phenomenon of collaboration between multiple authors is increasing day by day。In addition，Significant increase in self-citations to journal articles in science and technology bet365 joining bonus code。In other words，More and more authors who publish in Science Citation Index databases use the same database publication as their primary bibliographic base，Thus strengthening the writing mode。

　　The rigidity of paper bet365 joining bonus code may be an incentive to hinder knowledge innovation

Researchers found after analyzing the content of articles published in different periods，Publishing formats are becoming increasingly standardized or standardized。Journal articles in the early 1990s often contained a wide variety、A more free-form type of publishing，For example, prose、Critical articles and literary works。This different form of articles can promote communication，Because the scale of scientific and technological bet365 joining bonus code at that time was relatively small，It is possible for scholars to know each other personally，Shared knowledge，It is also easier to overcome differences in article formats。Kaltenbrenner said，These article forms have played a special role in the history of the field of science, technology and society studies。At that time，Scholars in the field often criticize positivist understandings of science，This kind of philosophical criticism can be realized through diverse article forms。

However，As time goes by，Non-bet365 joining bonus code article formats are gradually being marginalized，bet365 joining bonus code articles began to follow the same formal structure。For example，The author no longer thinks about his or her relevance to readers，Instead go directly by outlining clear academic bet365 joining bonus code needs or proposing a conceptual framework from the existing literature，Introduce your bet365 joining bonus code topic。Another feature is，Outline bet365 joining bonus code methods in a dedicated chapter，and relies on interviews、Ethnographic work、A fixed set of data collection methods such as documents。Part of the reason may be that researchers have lost interest in diverse experimental formats，It may also be because this type of article requires more time to prepare。

Kaltenbrenner thinks，The increasing typing or standardization of article formats，Essentially the result of researchers trying to make the bet365 joining bonus code and publication process more efficient by reducing the level of complexity。In the early stages of your career，Science, technology and social studies scholars often have a strong productivity orientation，And cope with the instability of employment。Because time-bound projects are considered a typical form of output，Easy to calculate investment and income，Also easier to manage。Of course，Relying on typed article formats also creates flexibility in the actual writing process，For example, separating the conceptual and empirical elements of an article，Then treat it as two separate parts。In general，Standardizing article formats simplifies daily work to some extent，This is something a more diverse publishing culture cannot provide。

bet365 joining bonus code shows，When researchers are in bet365 joining bonus code groups、When coordinating work at a collective level within a university department or an entire bet365 joining bonus code area，You can apply collective intellectual resources into reusable elements。And bet365 joining bonus code methods、The creation of tools and theoretical concepts is an extremely challenging process，It requires a huge amount of effort from the researchers at the outset，Once they are fully understood，can be reused relatively easily by others。Standardization of article formats facilitates this process，That is, a relatively unified article format for how to summarize and interpret early literature、Frame bet365 joining bonus code questions and structure arguments provide model。Concepts and theories are framed as movable analytical resources，Can be applied to new empirical questions。What’s more important，Homogenization of publishing formats reduces the workload for researchers to resubmit manuscripts to journals after rejection，And it is easier to divide individual contributions in publications。

However，This standardization of papers may also be some incentive to hinder intellectual originality。One interviewee explained using the concept of “Gesture Theory”，Some papers point to certain science, technology and society bet365 joining bonus code literature through citations，However, the relevant personnel did not substantially participate in the previous bet365 joining bonus code work。It is more common to end the literature review section by proposing a new concept that is considered to have moderate innovative value，But this concept can also be displayed as part of the title or on the first page of the article，To guide readers to cite it。

　　Formal conservatism gave birth to bet365 joining bonus code conservatism

Researchers need to provide sufficient theory to support empirical work in their papers，But at the same time, this method should be conducive to acceptance and citation by peers，You don’t need to spend too much time on theory，This gave birth to thesis formal conservatism。Of course，This study is not intended to “romanticize” past publishing culture，Because bet365 joining bonus code 1980s and 1990s，Science, Technology and Social Studies is an "old boys' club"，Academic communication relies heavily on the control of a few influential journals。Kaltenbrenner said，The study also does not encourage diverse experimental writing as an alternative。No one publication format is inherently more novel than another，It is not advisable to focus on imitating Impressionism or other special writing styles in order to restore diversity。We just need to be aware of it now，When the publication format of papers is standardized，Abandoning the diverse forms of science, technology and social studies from which the fields of science, technology and society could benefit。

What is certain is，Original bet365 joining bonus code in many disciplines is published regularly in traditional standardized forms，And it is not easy to publish a relatively traditional article in the field of science, technology and social studies。However，This bet365 joining bonus code reveals，Readers’ perceived potential of academic bet365 joining bonus code，Enable them to discover original、Critical or other inspiring contributions。Standardizing the publication format risks making conventions for constructing arguments too strong，Thereby affecting the reader’s perceptual experience。With the increasing standardization of paper publication format，Will the field of science, technology and social bet365 joining bonus code be more open in the future，And welcome diverse intellectual traditions and concepts，Current bet365 joining bonus code is not yet conclusive。