City is an ancient theme of Western History Research。The source of Western civilization Crete -Maxani civilization and ancient Greece、Ancient Roman Civilizations Certain State Kingdoms，Developed a prosperous culture。For a broad sense，Chronicle is the first batch of urban historians in the world。Herodid's "History" records the conflict between the Greek city -state and the Persian Empire，Reflects the confrontation between the Mediterranean city civilization and the oriental civilization，This is the earliest research on the history of urban civilization in the West。early 20th century，History has opened a narrative -based traditional history (political and military history) to focus on structure、The steering of the new history (history and cultural history) analyzed。In this steering process，Combination of urban history and cultural form history，The cultural morphological school formed by the research of urban history。

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Urban History is the subject branch of history，mainly based on urban history as research objects，Discuss the origin and development of the city、The relationship between cities and nature、The life and cultural tradition of people in the city，At the same time, it also studies the knowledge history of related theories and disciplines generated around the city。Urban history in the sense of modern disciplines is after World War II，Schleingg's milestone papers "Cities in American History" make urban history a field of academic research。In the late 1960s and early 1970s，Celem and Sam Besa Warner promoted the rise of the research of new city history。New city history pays attention to urbanization of urbanization of today's urban society，bet365 best casino games Study social flow、Minority group politics、Poor areas in the city center，Research category of advocating urban history belongs to social history，This marks that urban history becomes a more mature historic branch。

The development of Western city history has experienced biography、Society、Culture、Global、Historically branches five steers，These five steerings and viaders elaborate the development history of urban historical disciplines。The cultural form of urban history turning is the society of urban history research、Part of the cultural steering。Urban history research in cultural forms is the development history of cities as a characteristic of civilization，It is a product of the combination of cultural form history and urban history research，Representatives are mainly Patrict Gedis、Sperto、Mangford and Tangyinbi。early 20th century，Gardis's "City in Evolution" and Sperture's "Fall in the West" use a cultural form to study the city，This marks the beginning of the research of urban history in cultural forms。The 1960s，Mangford's "History of Urban Development"、Tong Yinby's "Destiny of the City" and "The City of Changes" published，marks the formation of this steering。The cultural form of urban history has shifted to provide a universal vision for urban history research，but different from the global shift of urban history，The cultural form of urban history turns while paying attention to the research of historical facts，More importantly, using the city as a field of philosophical contemplation。This philosophical contemplation is the tail sound of the rational and dominant speculative historical philosophy since the 18th century，Deep reflection on the value of human life。

　　As a civilized form

City as an important carrier for human culture，It is often a concentrated manifestation of the form of civilization，or the city itself is civilization。The city has been closely Bet365 app download related to civilization from the moment of the origin。The Latin word for "civilization" is civitas，and Civitas’s original meaning is the city。R.E. Parker believes that cities are the place where civilization and human beings are born。Gordon Shulde believes that humans enter a true civilized society after experiencing the urban revolution。History of cultural form was born in the early 20th century，is part of the new historical trend。The attention of cultural forms of historians begins with Spengelle。In "Fall in the West"，Sperter divides the development form of human society with the mind as the standard，He believes that the human mind has gone through nomadic minds、Rural Mind、The four stages of urban soul and city soul (including the soul of the world city)。The evolution of these four souls，Show the process of civilization from birth to maturity and then decline。Tang Yinby is the main promoter of the context of urban history and cultural forms，1970 Tang Yinbi Published "Changing City"，He divides the city as a city -state、Metropolitan City (Provincial City)、Holy City、Mechanized City、Five forms of world cities，Each urban form has its unique cultural characteristics。Tang Yinby believes that civilization is the kind of culture in the city，Urban and civilization are external representations of a certain social relationship，And this social relationship is revealed through its own cultural attribute，That is to say, cities and civilization are both cultural forms。

Mangford's urban history research can also be attributed to the research paradigm of cultural form history。In fact，In Patrick Gedis、Sperto、Under the influence of Tangyinby，Mangford really treats urban culture as an organic body of life。1938,Mangford published "Urban Culture"。He believes that cities are the maximum convergence formed by human social power and historical and cultural，bet365 best casino games City symbolizes the sum of various relationships in human society，This environment in the city can focus on showing the entire meaning of human civilization。In "Urban Culture"，Mangford divides the city into a primitive city in accordance with the cycle of the rise and fall of civilization、City State、Metropolis、Super metropolis、Crossing City、Six stages in the ruins city。1961 Mangford published "History of Urban Development"，Rich and improve the history of the city to civilization。He believes that every round of update of human civilization，History of the cyclical rise and fall of the city as the incubator and carrier of the city。Cities are not just people's lives、Place of work shopping，It is a cultural container，It is the breeding center of the new civilization。Mangford divides the city into the sacred city states of the early days of civilization according to the characteristics of culture，Middle Ages Town、Cold and ruthless industrial city、Late civilized metropolis and world cities。

　The suffering and hope of the metropolis

The urban history of cultural forms is pessimistic about the metropolis life created by modern capitalist civilization。This kind of pessimistic emotion is particularly obvious in the works of Spengler and Mangford。Sperture believes that the end of Western civilization is the world city (metropolis)。Metropolis mind is a rational mind，Lack of Life's Tension，This kind of mind is intoxicated with hedon、Relax，Pursue mental sense of official pleasure。Citizens in the world city will even appear "infertility of civilized people"，This infertility state is not unable to have fertility，But these highly rational world masses have lost the desire for fertility。Mangford believes that the oversized metropolis of the capitalist era is the beginning of the decline of civilization，At this time, the class differentiation is serious，Knowledge and life is Bet365 app download separated; practical and practicality of industry and life; life itself is also differentiated、Generalization，The final disintegration and decline; the violent city of the imperialist era is full of organized plunder，Military means are used in rule，Suppressing and political censorship has lost its creativity in the metropolis; the ruins of the war during the war completely destroyed the life of the metropolis。By the 1960s，Mangford even believes that the civilization of the city under nuclear deterrence is at the edge of destruction at all times。

The urban history of cultural form shows a strong humanistic pursuit。Sperto、Tang Yinby and Mangford's urban history research all show a strong plot of Huaixiang，Compared to the mechanical、materialized、Lack of metropolitan life that lacks love and care，They prefer medieval quiet、peaceful、Urban life that is harmonious with nature。The organization and operation of the metropolis make people increasingly becoming a subsidiary of order and machine，The meaning of human life is weakened，Gradually degenerate into involuntary conditional reflex。Tang Yinbi pointed out that it is to be human feelings、Concept、Belief and inner life provides spiritual space，Church、Plaza、Greenland can provide a place where the metropolis is materialized。Mangford believes that the standard of human culture is human pure and complete nature，Not only part of the part of the nature that the machine needs to be confused by the machine，In order to correct the shortcomings of our excessive mechanized civilization，Multi -center control system must be established，and need enough morals、Smart and intelligent and self -respect，So adjust when human life is in crisis or human personality is threatened。

Urban history research in cultural forms has strong revelation and utopia color。Sperto、Mangfud、Tong Yibi criticized the people's oppression and deprivation of humanity and nature in the metropolis life，It is intended to bet365 Play online games wake the world to take timely measures to improve the living state of the metropolis，Return to humanized life。To ease cities and people in metropolitan life、Apotic relationship between cities and nature，Mangford and Tang Yinbi "neighborhood unit" trying to reconstruct urban life，Through the grass -roots organization of the community, people will return to the "parenting good neighbors、Humanized life of mutual respect and love。Different Tongspegg，Tangyinbi、Mangford shows an optimistic attitude when discussing the suffering caused by the life of the metropolitan city，Tang Yibi believes that the adaptability of human beings is inherently quality，He can make adjustments in time，Makes human life better。Tang Yinby's concept of the World City Federal Government proposed in "The City of Changes"，It is the expectation of the beautiful future of human beings。Although Mangford is full of pessimism to the life of the metropolis，But also discussed the possibility of the revival of the metropolis。Mangford pointed out that cities can show broken growth、Phenomenon of local death and self -renewal，City can cross more than one civilized cycle，It can be transplanted from other regions and civilized health society to get new life。

Western urban history presents two research tendencies during the development process，One is the overall vision，Research method of using economic and social history，For example, "History of Global City" by Jor Kotkin、Tangyinbi's "Changing City"; the other is a micro visual field，Research method of using historical anthropology and new culture，For example, Wang Di’s "Tea House"。An important carrier of the city as a civilization，It is an incubator born in civilization。In human childhood，It provides a safe environment for humans as shelter，Make humans from being swallowed by wild nature。In the world today，City as a melting furnace as Bet365 lotto review a culture，Become a fusion of cultural exchanges between different civilizations。Cultural form steering in urban history research，Give us the city's vision for studying civilization，and influenced the aftermath of multinational urban history and global urban history。

(This article is the theoretical Research Research on World Social Science Foundation of the National Social Science Fund (21CSS027) in the "Great Cities since the 20th century)

(The author is a researcher at the Pacific Island State Research Center of Liaocheng University)