Cities are an ancient theme in Western historical research。The origin of Western civilization Crete-Mycenaean civilization and ancient Greece、The ancient Roman civilization established states with the city as the center，Developed a prosperous culture。Broadly speaking，Chroniclers were the first urban historians in the Western world。Herodotus's "bet365 joining bonus code" records the conflict between the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire，Reflects the confrontation between Mediterranean urban civilization and Eastern civilization，This is the earliest study on the bet365 joining bonus code of urban civilization in the West。Early 20th century，bet365 joining bonus code has opened up the traditional narrative-based historiography (political and military bet365 joining bonus code) to focus on structure、The turn of analytical new historiography (social and cultural bet365 joining bonus code)。During this turning process，The combination of urban bet365 joining bonus code and cultural form historiography，The school of cultural morphology that formed the study of urban bet365 joining bonus code。

　　What is the urban bet365 joining bonus code of cultural forms

Urban bet365 joining bonus code is a branch of bet365 joining bonus code，Mainly focusing on urban bet365 joining bonus code，Discuss the origin and development of cities、The relationship between cities, people and nature、People’s life and cultural traditions in the city，Also studies the intellectual bet365 joining bonus code of related theories and disciplines surrounding cities。Urban bet365 joining bonus code in the modern disciplinary sense originated after World War II，Schlesinger's landmark essay "Cities in American bet365 joining bonus code" established urban bet365 joining bonus code as a field of academic study。Late 1960s and early 1970s，Sainstrom and Sam Beth Warner promoted the rise of new urban bet365 joining bonus code studies。New urban bet365 joining bonus code focuses on the reshaping of today’s urban society by urbanization，Studying social mobility、Minority Politics、Problems such as poor areas in the city center，Advocates that urban bet365 joining bonus code belongs to the research category of social bet365 joining bonus code，This marks that urban bet365 joining bonus code has become a more mature branch of bet365 joining bonus code。

The development of Western urban bet365 joining bonus code has gone through biography、Society、Culture、Global、Five turns of bet365 joining bonus code branches，These five turns vividly illustrate the development bet365 joining bonus code of the discipline of urban bet365 joining bonus code。The cultural form turn of urban bet365 joining bonus code is the society of urban bet365 joining bonus code research、Part of the cultural turn。The urban bet365 joining bonus code of cultural forms studies the development bet365 joining bonus code of cities as a representation of civilization，It is the product of the combination of cultural morphological bet365 joining bonus code and urban bet365 joining bonus code research，The main representative figures are Patrit Geddes、Spengler、Mumford and Toynbee。Early 20th century，Geddes's "The Evolving City" and Spengler's "The Decline of the West" adopt a cultural form perspective to study cities，This marks the beginning of urban bet365 joining bonus code research on cultural forms。1960s，Mumford's "bet365 joining bonus code of Urban Development"、Publication of Toynbee's "The Fate of Cities" and "Changing Cities"，Marks the formation of this turn。The cultural turn in urban bet365 joining bonus code provides a universal vision for urban bet365 joining bonus code research，But unlike the global turn in urban bet365 joining bonus code，The cultural form of urban bet365 joining bonus code turns while focusing on the study of historical facts，What is more important is to use the city as a field of philosophical contemplation。This kind of philosophical contemplation is the tail end of the speculative historical philosophy dominated by reason since the 18th century，Contains profound reflection on the value of human life。

　　City as a form of bet365 joining bonus code

Cities as important carriers of human culture，Often a concentrated expression of the form of civilization，In other words, the city itself is civilization。Cities have been closely related to civilization from the moment they originated。The Latin origin of "civilization" is civitas，The original meaning of civitas is city。R.E.Parker believes that cities are the habitat of civilized humans。Gordon Child believes that mankind has entered a truly civilized society after experiencing the urban revolution。Cultural morphological bet365 joining bonus code was born in the early 20th century，It is part of the new historical trend。Cultural bet365 joining bonus code’s focus on cities began with Spengler。In "The Decline of the West"，Spengler uses the soul as the criterion to divide the development forms of human society，He believes that the human soul has experienced a nomadic soul、Rural Soul、Four stages of town soul and city soul (including the soul of world cities)。The evolution of these four minds，Shows the process of civilization from birth to maturity and then decline。Toynbee is the main promoter of the transformation of urban bet365 joining bonus code and cultural form，Toynbee published "Changing Cities" in 1970，He divided the city into city-states、Capital (provincial city)、Holy City、Mechanized City、Five forms of world cities，Each urban form has its unique cultural characteristics。Toynbee believed that civilization is the culture in cities，Cities and civilization are both external manifestations of certain social relationships，And this social relationship is revealed through its own cultural attributes，In other words, cities and civilization are both forms of culture。

Mumford’s urban bet365 joining bonus code research can also be attributed to the research paradigm of cultural morphological bet365 joining bonus code。In fact，In Patrick Geddes、Spengler、Under the influence of Toynbee，Mumford does view urban culture as a living organism。1938,Mumford Publishing "Urban Culture"。He believes that cities are the greatest aggregation of human social power and bet365 joining bonus code and culture，The city symbolizes the sum of various relationships in human society，City is an environment that can focus on displaying the full meaning of human civilization。In "Urban Culture"，Mumford divided cities into primitive cities according to the cycle of the rise and fall of civilizations、City-state、Metropolis、Megacity、Volume City、Six stages of ruined city。1961 Mumford published "bet365 joining bonus code of Urban Development"，Enriching and completing the bet365 joining bonus code of cities to civilization。He believes that every round of renewal of human civilization，All are closely related to the bet365 joining bonus code of the cyclical rise and fall of cities as incubators and carriers of civilization。Cities are not just where people live and live、A place for work and shopping，It is also a cultural container，It is also the nurturing place of new civilization。Mumford divided cities into sacred city-states in the early stages of civilization development based on cultural characteristics，Medieval towns、Ruthless industrial city、Cultural forms such as metropolises and world cities in the late civilization。

　Suffering and Hope bet365 joining bonus code Metropolis

The urban bet365 joining bonus code of cultural forms is pessimistic about the metropolitan life created by modern capitalist civilization。This pessimism is particularly evident in the works of Spengler and Mumford。Spengler believed that the end point of Western civilization is the world city (metropolis)。The metropolitan mind is a rational mind，Lack of life tension，This kind of soul is intoxicated with pleasure、Relax，The pursuit of spiritual and sensory pleasure。Citizens of world cities may even suffer from "the sterility of civilized people"，This state of infertility does not mean that a person cannot have children，But these highly rational people in the world have lost their desire to have children。Mumford believes that the megacities in the capitalist era are the beginning of the decline of civilization，Class divisions are serious at this time，Knowledge and life are separated；Industry is separated from practical life；Life itself is divided、Generalization，Final disintegration and decline；The tyrannical cities of the imperialist era were full of organized plunder，Military means are used to rule，Repression and political censorship have robbed the metropolis of creativity；The ruined cities during the war completely destroyed the life of the metropolis。To the 1960s，Mumford even believes that urban civilization under nuclear deterrence is always on the verge of destruction。

The urban bet365 joining bonus code of cultural forms shows a strong pursuit of humanism。Spengler、Toynbee’s and Mumford’s urban bet365 joining bonus code studies both show a strong sense of nostalgia，Compared to mechanical ones、materialized、Metropolitan life lacking love and care，They prefer medieval silence、Peaceful、Urban life in harmony with nature。The organization and operation methods of metropolises make people increasingly become appendages of order and machines，The meaning of human life is weakened，Gradually degenerates into involuntary conditioned reflexes。Toynbee pointed out that for human emotions、Conception、Faith and inner life provide spiritual space，Church、Square、Green spaces can provide a safe haven for the materialized souls of metropolitan cities。Mumford believes that the standard of human culture is human pure and complete nature，Not just that part of our nature that is beguiled by machines and succumbs to mechanical needs，In order to correct the shortcomings of our overly mechanized civilization，A multi-center control system must be established，And need to have enough morals、Intelligence and self-respect，To make adjustments when human life is in crisis or human personality is threatened。

The study of urban bet365 joining bonus code of cultural forms is full of inspiration and utopia。Spengler、Mumford、Toynbee criticized the oppression and deprivation of human nature and nature caused by metropolitan life，It is intended to alert the world to take timely measures to improve the living conditions of dissidents in metropolitan areas，Return to a humane life。To ease the relationship between cities and people in metropolitan life、The antagonistic relationship between city and nature，Mumford and Toynbee tried to reconstruct the "neighborhood unit" of urban life，Use grassroots community organizations to help people return to the concept of "being kind and kind to neighbors"、Humanized life of mutual respect and love。Different from Spengler，Toynbee、Mumford displays an optimistic attitude when discussing the human suffering of metropolitan life，Toynbee believed that human adaptability is an inherent quality of human beings，He can make adjustments in a timely manner，Make human life better。The concept of world city federal government proposed by Toynbee in "Changing Cities"，It is the hope for a better future for mankind。Although Mumford is full of pessimism about metropolitan life，But the possibility of metropolitan revitalization was also discussed。Mumford points out that cities can exhibit fractured growth、The phenomenon of local death and self-renewal，Cities can span more than one civilization cycle，It can be reborn by transplanting tissue from healthy societies in other regions and civilizations。

Western urban bet365 joining bonus code has shown two research tendencies in its development process，A holistic vision，Adopting research methods of economic and social bet365 joining bonus code，For example, "Global Urban bet365 joining bonus code" by Joel Kotkin、Toynbee's "Changing Cities"；The other is the microscopic vision，Adopting research methods of historical anthropology and new cultural bet365 joining bonus code，For example, "Teahouse" by Wang Di。City as an important carrier of civilization，It is the incubator for the birth of civilization。In the infancy of mankind，It serves as a shelter and provides a safe environment for humans，To prevent humans from being swallowed by wild nature。In today’s world，City as a melting pot of culture，Become a fusion device for cultural exchanges between different civilizations。The cultural form turn in urban bet365 joining bonus code research，Gives us an urban perspective to study civilization，And influenced subsequent research on transnational urban bet365 joining bonus code and global urban bet365 joining bonus code。

(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund Youth Project "Theoretical Research on World bet365 joining bonus code since the 20th Century" (21CSS027)

(The author is a researcher at the Pacific Island Countries bet365 joining bonus code Center of Liaocheng University)