In the history of the Byzantine Empire for more than a thousand years，The Paleoleg Dynasty (1261-1453) was the decline of the empire。The "Two John War" in the mid -14th century，It is the turning point of the rapid decline of the dynasty，The Byzantine Empire stepped into the history of a century of decline。In the last century of the Byzantine Empire，The territory under its jurisdiction except the Capital Constantinople, which is sized,，Only a few small pieces are left with each other。At that time，On the southernmost territory of the Byzantine Empire，A vibrant local regime has risen -Molia Monarch (1349-1460)。According to Byzantine Tradition，The title of the monarch is usually awarded the heir or the ordinary prince of the throne，The monarch kingdom under the monarchy has a natural responsibility that maintains the rule of the empire。Outstanding politicians and scholars at that time had high hopes for this growing Moolia monarchy，I hope it can break through the resistance to the north to go north，Create a miracle of revitalizing the Byzantine Empire。But，Although the rule of the monarch's nation is persistent to revitalize the empire's majesty，But in the end not only failed to save the Byzantine Empire，It has failed to avoid the fate of destroying。Explore it，The formation of this ending，There are complicated and subjective reasons。

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1204 years，Byzantine Empire perished in the fourth signs of the Crusaders。Latin people have established many independent countries on the ruins of the empire，Cavaliers William invaded the Permunnean Peninsula in 1205 to create the Principality of Aceia。1259，The founder of the Palion Elagian dynasty Mihayi Eighth captured the East and Capital Mistera, the East of Aceia，Lile the foundation of the Mo Lijia monarchy。At first glance，The Berlonnenia Peninsula where the Morrian monarch is surrounded by the sea on three sides，Corinth Gorge, which is only north of the north, is connected to the Balkan Peninsula，It seems to occupy the favorable terrain that can be retired and retreated，Da can be used as the base of the revitalization and Byzantin Empire。In essence，The geopolitical environment of the Peninsula is not conducive to the development and growth of the Molia monarchy。bet365 live casino games summary，Specific performance in two aspects。

Limitation of geographical conditions。First，Peninsula area is only 21,000 square kilometers and many mountain plains，Can't accommodate too much population。Molia monarch country is limited to the development of the island，Can't compete with the surrounding mainland countries in terms of volume，It is impossible to grow into a big country。Next，The coastline of the three sides of the peninsula distance Xiaoya、Northern Africa and the Italian Peninsula both around 400 kilometers，and many islands at sea，Three -sided sea areas are not enough to block the invasion of external naval;，The Great Wall Defense Workers built by Molia Monarch，It has been destroyed by the Ottoman Turkish Army many times。So，Molia monarch kingdom is located on all sides、Easy to attack and difficult defensive Jedi。

After the mid -14th century，The political situation in the Balkans region evolved。Moria's monarchy's destiny in the two development stages of the Bargan Political Bureau，Fully proves that it can survive and develop only in an environment where various political forces in Balkan，Once this equilibrium is broken，It will face the disaster of the dead country。The first stage，When the Molia monarch was officially established in 1349，The surrounding industry has formed three equivalent ethnic political groups，That is the Oriental Turkish、Northern Slap and Western Latin people。Molia monarchs integrate territory between the gaps between the political forces of various stocks，Delivery in 1432 uniformly uniformly uniformly Berlonnenia Peninsula。The second stage，When the Ottoman Empire grew into a decisive political forces in the Balkan region，Whether Molia's monarchy can protect suspicion，Expanding outside the peninsula will only stimulate the Turks and accelerate their own death。Foredor I in 1395 in Corinth、1396 defeated the Turkish army in Athens，The result attracted Bayesste I of Sudan to led the army to compete，Dangerous country。1444，Constantine 11th generation troops to conquer the Principality of Athens。Two years later，Murad II Sudan easily defeats the Moly army，Return to the Principality of Athens again。After 1453 By the Destiny of the Empire of the Empire of the Empire of the Empire of the Empire,，The Ottoman Empire began to clear the power of the Balkans with the potential of the autumn breeze，In 1460, an annexed Moria monarch country。

　Internal fighting for more than a hundred years

Molia Monarch has continued bet365 Play online games to fight for more than a hundred years，It can be divided into three categories according to its nature。

The first category is the struggle between the Central and Moriah places of Byzantin。There are roughly three reasons for this internal fighting。One，The attributes of the monarch country。According to Byzantine Tradition，The Kingdom of Monarch has great autonomy，Therefore, it is particularly easy to convert into a place to separate from the central control。Its two，The continuation of the Civil War of Byzantin。mid -14th century，John VI, from the Kan Tacau Zhen Nusteus family, and the John V of the Paleleg family to start a civil war to compete for imperial power。John VI is to seize the occupation site，Established the Moly monarch country in 1349 and appointed the second son Manuel as the first monarch，Since then, the country has always been the place where the Byzantine Central Government is afraid of cutting regime。until 1383，John V, the younger son Feiolo, the I only recaptured Moria from the grandson of John VI。Three，Emperor Byzantin John 8th's order of his brother and the inheritance system。1438，John 8 decided to pass the throne to the fourth brother Constantine 11，Caused the second brother Mo Li Odor II to strongly dissatisfied，The two brothers met for this soldier for this。

The second category is the struggle between the monarch of Molia。There are two main reasons for promoting the Morrian monarch's internal fighting。First，The continuation of "The Battle of the Two John"。After the Destiny of the Empire of Zhan Ting，John VI offspring Manuel Kantakuzozus attempts to capture the legacy of the Paleoleg family，In 1453, he served as the Morrian monarch and encouraged the local nobles to rebel.。Second，John 8 appointed all the four younger brothers as Molia monarchs，Put the root of disaster for the country。First，Equal identity provides a reason for the ambition monarch。John 8 died in 1448，Jimitri rushed to Constantinople first，Radio the throne that belongs to Constantine 11。Next，Equal power has caused the country's politics to cause multiple followers to cause civil strife。1459，Life and Death of the Big Block of the Ottoman Empire，Jimitri, who depends on the Turkish people, and Fuma, who tend to win Western aid, actually played a lot，Directly leading to the demise of the Moralian monarch country。

The third category is the struggle between the monarch of Molia and the local nobles。Molia monarch often fights with nobles，The reason for the reason is roughly two。First，Enhancement bet365 live casino games of noble strength。Byzantine Empire Implementation Plonia，Principality Ayia promotes the Western European sealing system，Under the impact of these two systems，The number of Moralians has increased rapidly and has obtained many economies、Political power，Capital that has accumulated the monarch。For example，Manuel just proposed to form a fleet to the aristocratic taxes and cause the latter's riots。Next，Molia Monarch Internal Fight。Molia monarchs internally fight，All will try their best to fight for local aristocratic support，The latter often consciously unconsciously becomes the enemy of a monarch。Long this time，Local nobles are tired of the internal consumption of the monarchs，Even in 1454, directly bow to Ottoman Sultan.。

Molia Monarch Models all year round，Not only does it hinder the development process of the country，and severely weakened Byzantine Nationality，To a certain extent, the revitalization of the empire。

　　Economic development is limited

The economy of Molia Monarch has always maintained a tepid development state，It is difficult to provide strong material support for the Moria monarch to revitalize the Byzantin Empire。

Affected by the subjective factors，The agricultural development of the Mono monarch is slow。First，Berlonnenia Peninsula belongs to the Mediterranean -type climate，Drought and barren at the plain，Divopy olive、Grape、Wheat and corn outside，Not conducive to the growth of most food crops。Next，Byzantine Empire uses Peronia to replace the military region system，strengthened the power of land nobles，Lead of small farmers bankruptcy，The soil system implemented during the period of Latin's rule has intensified this situation。Last，Insufficient manpower has always been the most tricky issue of the Mono monarch country。Falodor I introduced a large number of Albanians to the Beroponnene Peninsula，But the effect is not great。

The mountainous areas of the Beroboonnene Peninsula are suitable for developing animal husbandry and nourishing silkworms，Molia and Corinus used to be the most important Silk weaving center of the Byzantine Empire。but，King Rogel II of Sicily in 1147 sent the troops to take away the above two artisans，The European Silk Weaving Center transferred from Byzantin to Italy。Berloninisa weaving is deeply hit、Lumber，Technical level is also getting lower and lower。At the same time，The raw material of the best -selling products of the international market at that time，Restricted Bet365 lotto review door category and development of handicraft industry。All of this，The handicraft industry of the Mo Lijia monarch is gradually increasing。

The business of Molia's monarchy is dual suppression at home and abroad，Hard steps。On the one hand，Most of the cities of the monarch kingdom are in the hands of land and nobles，Obstained the formation of the citizen class and the development of urban trade。On the other hand，The Italian Navigation Republic seized the excellent port of the Berlonnenia Peninsula to establish a commercial station and monopolize trade routes。Cologne, a commercial city created by Venice in the southwest of the peninsula、Morton，Molia Monarch has strengthened the construction of a port city in the southeast of the peninsula，strive to build it into the most important business center of the peninsula，But the effect is very small。The Italian fleet continues to plunder the coastal cities of the Morrian monarchy，plunder population for slave trade。

　　Its cultural rejuvenation has a dual effect

In the first half of the 15th century，Molia monarchs have emerged cultural revival that has attracted much attention。The reason for this cultural phenomenon is multi -faceted。First，Moria Cultural Revival does not produce out of thin air，Instead, it is part of Byzantin's cultural rejuvenation。1204 after the Destiny of the Empire of the Empire of the Empire of the Empire，The Government of the Nician Exile Government has begun to enhance national self -confidence and cohesion by restoring ancient culture。1261 after the recovery of Zhan Ting，Cultural Revival Center relocated from Nica to Constantinople。In the first half of the 15th century，The center is transferred to Mistera in the Mo Lijia monarch country。Next，Molia Monarcho's favorable objective environment。On the one hand，The large -scale wars in the 14th century almost did not affect the Bervonnisian Peninsula; on the other hand,，Molia's monarchy has greater autonomy and is far from the interference from the government and Orthodox church away from the Constantinople government，The cultural development environment is relatively free。Last，The strong support of the rulers of Byzantine。Byzantine Emperor Manuel II、Molia Monarch Fei Dodur II is enthusiastic about cultural undertakings。

Moria Cultural Revival mainly includes three aspects。First，Reversal of the philosophical concept。Byzantine Empire began to decline rapidly in the mid -14th century，The silent faction headed Bet365 lotto review by Parama promotes closedness、Patience decadent thought。early 15th century，Byzantine intellectuals can not see any hope in reality，Decide to fully deny Byzantine Tradition，Turn to ancient Greek culture to seek the country for saving the country。Second，Vintage State Construction。Byzantine intellectuals abandon the Romans，Go to the vibrant Beropo Pinnisia as a Greek，I hope to establish an ideal country in accordance with the ancient Sparta model on the basis of Plato theory。For this，The leader of Moria Cultural Renaissance Pulitoffeng (1355-1452) entered the monarch's court，Politics、Military、Tax、Trade and other fields propose specific reform recommendations。third，Establish new religion。Pribeng believes that Christian mystery and isolation do not provide the Byzantin people with living motivation，Decide to use ancient Greek culture to restore the enthusiasm of the people to resist the Ottoman Empire，So I used the ancient Greek religious external characteristics to build a new pure philosophy and religious system。

The influence of Moria's cultural rejuvenation has double -sidedness。The impact on culture is positive，reflected in three aspects。Byzantine scholars compile translation of ancient Greek classics，great contributions to retaining human cultural heritage; well -known scholars such as Pribeng and other well -known cultural circles with Western European cultural circles，It has played a role in promoting the rejuvenation of the Renaissance in the introduction of ancient Greek culture into the West;、Literature、Education、Art、Architecture and other aspects，Receive the life of the East and the West。but，The impact of the rejuvenation of this culture on the Byzantine Empire is negative。First，Byzantine scholars did not make any improvements to ancient Greek culture，Forcibly copying the classical national model hindered the Byzantine Empire's advance in the times。Next，Raise the Greek identity of Byzantine，Although it can enhance national self -confidence and cohesion，But it also means the exclusion of other nations and culture，It can only make the weak Byzantine regime more isolated。Last，A rational new religion is too advanced for the people at that time，The impact on Christianity will cause the Byzantians to lose their religion's centripetal force，Inspiring the chaos caused by the late Empire's contradiction caused by the Eastern and Western churches。

1341，John VI was passionately declared in public: If Bet365 lotto review we surrender the Latin people on the Berobenneani Peninsula，will make Adika、Veoritia Latin's side eyes，We will extend their power from Berobenneson to Constantinin like before，Next, please return to the Serbian and other barbarians。In fact，Molia Monarch has really done my best to realize this great ideal。but，For a limited strength、The island nation with constant internal fights，Northern to conquer the Principality of Athens and Casatoni, and even control the coast of the Aegean Sea，This task is too heavy。Besides，Various powers of the Balkans will not tolerate the overflowing of the Byzham forces from the Permunnenian Peninsula。Perhaps it is because the island's political significance has little political significance，Molia's monarchy can be able to settle in the century。Fero Dorod I of the misjudgment of the situation led the army to rush out of the peninsula，The bells of the dead country sounded。As for the Mo Lijia cultural revival of Bytin intellectuals proud，There is not much benefit to the revitalization of the empire，Even has a large negative effect。

(Author Unit: Institute of World History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)