Palace，Refers to the Forbidden City Palace in Beijing; Garden，Also known as court gardens or royal gardens，Refers to Li Gong Yuyuan distributed in Beijing and across the country。The palace in the Forbidden City of Beijing in the Qing Dynasty and Jingshan, distributed in and outside the imperial city、Xiyuan Sanhai、Nanyuan、Three Mountain Five Garden and other Royal Royal Garden，Summer shelter villas from all over the Beijing、Shengjing Palace and other small and small palace，Together, the palace garden system of Yiyong Duoyuan。From the historical features played by the palace garden in the Qing Dynasty，One Palace Stable Political Center，Although Yuyuan is more，But naturally take the length of time of the Qing Emperor's residence and residence as the standard，Phaserally highlight the status of a certain imperial garden，In fact, it becomes the political deputy center of the Politics of the Palace of the Forbidden City。There is a clear generation，From Beijing and even the whole country，Gradually formed the geographical distribution pattern of Palace Garden in Yiyong Duoyuan。Corresponding to it，The place where the emperor of the Qing Dynasty handled government affairs，or in Yuyuan，or in Yuyuan，This has formed a palace binary pioneering mode under the political system of imperial power。

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The Qing Dynasty was the peak period of the development of classical gardens，Construction Technology、Art standard、Historical status、Academic value has reached a higher level。Garden becomes a medium for cultural communication in this period，In the domain、Cultural exchanges outside the domain play an important role。The formation of the Palace Palace of the Qing Dynasty is the result of the development of the cultural heritage and deep communication of the Chinese garden cultural inheritance。Cultural exchanges in the domain，It mainly includes the internal garden system of the Qing Dynasty (mainly refers to the Royal Garden、Certificate of Garden and Private Garden) and ancient and modern garden culture、Manhan Culture、The integration and intersection of the north and south regional culture; cultural exchanges outside the bet365 best casino games region，The main manifestation is the east -west garden、Architecture、Art、Aesthetics and other aspects of cognitive and practice mutual collision and communication。Garden represents superb construction technology、Excellent aesthetic ability and high -quality living standards，And the emperor is the representative of the main privilege class that enjoys the beauty of the garden。It can be said，The large -scale construction of the Royal Garden of the Qing Dynasty entered the daily life and government practice of the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty，The result of the development of classical garden culture，Multi -level exchanges of Chinese and foreign multi -level in ancient and modern China have contributed to the establishment of the Qing Dynasty Palace System。

The Palace Palace of the Qing Dynasty and Gongyuan Dual Politics Mode，From convenience and optimization of emperor life、Gegasm comes，The fundamental purpose is to show the imperial power，It is the product and specific performance of imperial political politics。Gongyuan dual -governance mode is synchronized with the prosperity of the Qing Dynasty。Shunzhi、Kangxi Two Dynasties，It is a period when the governance model is opened to the foundation。Shunzhi Chao Yuyuan scale generally inherited the foundation of the Ming Dynasty，Juyuan Government with temporary and appropriate colors。Qingdi personally participated in the construction of Gong Yuyuan，and give it the historical function under the bet365 live casino games political power of the imperial power，Beginning with Emperor Kangxi Living for a long time Changchun Garden。The Qing Dynasty Wu Zhenzheng said，Emperor Kangxi "is one year old，Fortune River Ban，Three of the Spring Third "。The significance of Li Gong Yiyuan's significance to the life of the Emperor Qing was highlighted，Its role and status in the handling of government affairs are also strengthened。Gongyuan dual -governance model is formally established in the process of building and using Changchun Garden，and fix it with the development of large -scale government practice activities。

Kangxi once，The construction of the Changchun Garden and the Summer Resorting Villa as a sign，A Palace Multi -Garden pattern in Beijing and Beijing has been formed one after another。At the same time，Gongyuan collaborative cooperation，Forms Royal Gate Listening to Political Political、See the bureaucrat、See the bureaucrat、Elected bet365 live casino games Officer、Reading Martial Arts Law、Give Banquet Mongolian Prince、Seeing a chain of government affairs such as foreign envoys，Gongyuan's concept of no different concepts gradually enters people's hearts。Emperor Kangxi pointed out in the "Summer Summer Villa": "One swim and one dynasties，It is not the rest of the crowd;，Do not forget the safety of history。persuaded Geng Souting，Wangfeng's Basket Insurance; Maozhi West Cheng，Le Shi Ruoyu Celebration，This residence of the summer resort is also。"Garden beauty has natural scenery，There are also manual construction，The concept of the Junjian Garden Park refers to the while enjoying the garden scene，Keep the same government processing status as in the Forbidden City Palace，The so -called "Ten Thousand Ten Thousands，Did not drop without dropping，No difference with the palace "。

Gongyuan Dinary Political Model is a combination of Kangxi Emperor's Garden Construction and Political Public Practice，It can effectively expand the geographical scope where the emperor visits it in person，Make protection efficiency of administrative operation on the premise of improving the living space of the monarch。Kangxi period，In Government Practice、Garden concept、All aspects of public opinion laid the basic pattern of the development of the palace garden in the Qing Dynasty。

　Gongyuan dualist management model institutionalization

Yongzheng、The Qianlong period was the stage of institutionalization of Gongyuan binary governance model。Yongzheng once，The Beijing Garden Political Political Center has realized the conversion from Changchun Garden to Yuanmingyuan。Emperor Qianlong added built nationwide、Expansion、New Li Gong Yuyuan，Perform functional zone of the Gong Yuyuan in Beijing，"Changchun is in Fengdong Dynasty，Yuanming is giving up with Heng，Qingyi、Jingming Yishui can pass，Think for a few clearance，Sanzhi Chenghuai ";、Systems and other systems，Therefore, the palace and garden pattern of Beijing and the outside world tend to be standardized。

Qianlong once，The landscape of Li Gong Yuyuan often has a unified political meaning。Take Yuanmingyuan as an example，Jiuzhou Qingyan、Wanfangan and other classical garden landscapes，Haiyan Tang、Yuanxun Guan, etc.，Transmitting Corning Ning Four Seas、Guotai Min'an's political concept。Emperor Qianlong took the garden landscape as a unified form of expression，bet365 Play online games Including internal and external domain，also symbolizes space and time。Wide imitation of Nanjing through the Royal Garden of Beijing、Hangzhou、Suzhou and other places Jiangnan Famous Garden and Landscape Famous Wins，The internal connection of the Gong Yuyuan in the Beijing and outside of Beijing tends to be tight，Gongyuan collaborative function is more significant。The Gongyuan structure shaped by the Qianlong era represents the political ideal of the Emperor Qing Emperor，From the concept of the Qing emperor reflected in the Emperor Qianlong's imperial poetry，Institutionalization of the pattern of Gongyuan、Based on the premise of standardization，The fundamental tied to the emperor's one who maintains the balance and maintain the dual government，It mainly relies on the emperor's own diligence and restraint。Emperor Qianlong You Qingyi Garden with Xingxing，Limited "Out of the Chen and go to，Back to noon "。He proposed in "The Postscript of the Yuanmingyuan": "The husband and emperor are in the past of the court，There must be a place where you can watch and watch，，Suitable for nourishing sex，Loss of it，False of the playables。"" In the Royal Poem，Emperor Qianlong repeatedly emphasized: "Every time you meet you，Affairs of the dining place，Expo play，Xuan to the Minister，Introduction to officials as usual，Elimina for the Lingjue，This direction is also。"Qianlong period，Often move back to the Forbidden City before the winter solstice，After the beginning of the spring, it is stationed in the Yuanyuan Mingyuan。Therefore, the Qing Dynasty Bao Ting sighed in the poem: "Recalling the heyday of the past，Winter Palace Spring Garden Migration。"Winter Palace Spring Garden is a manifestation of Gongyuan binary governance model，It is also the historical epitome of Shengqing。

　　The Gongyuan system is difficult to maintain after Jia Dao

After Jiadao，Gongyuan pattern is increasingly declining，It is difficult to maintain。The model established by Emperor Qianlong was facing a crisis in the Jiaqing Dynasty，Yuanming Garden Wheel Class、Systems and other systems are facing obstacles from the bureaucratic system and it is difficult to implement，Shi Yiyi move，Qinzheng and restraint and the luxury enjoyment shown in the living life cannot continue to harmonize in harmony。Daoguang Chao，There are successive departure from Gong Yuyuan to decline。With the decline of the bet365 live casino games political power of the imperial power，Charter Chen's questioning of Gongyuan dual -governance model is increasing，Xianfeng Ten Years (1860) Yuanmingyuan was burned，It marks that the governance mode of Gongyuan is temporarily disintegrated in Beijing。To the Guangxu Dynasty rebuild the Summer Palace，Gongyuan dual -governance model once reappeared in the northwest suburbs of Beijing，But imperial power is in a weak state，Gongyuan pattern is no longer。

Passing of the imperial power of the Qing Dynasty，The Beijing Garden Political Political Center in the dual -governance model has gone through the historical changes from Changchun Garden to Yuanmingyuan to the Summer Palace，and the Palace Palace Political Center changes in the short -term migration with the Qing Emperor's departure location。Garden Judu Minzheng has developed into the political characteristics of the Qing Dynasty，The function of the garden is placed at the height of imperial power，Obtained the political system of the Qing Dynasty for a period of time、The height coordination and recognition at the level of the bureaucracy，and then become a symbol of the prosperity of the dynasty。

　　The advantages and disadvantages of Gongyuan Dual Politics Model

Gongyuan dual reason，It is the specific manifestation of the central authority of the monarch of the monarch of the Qing Dynasty to its peak state，Stable in the rule of the dynasty、Economy rich、When the imperial power is strong，Not losing is to ensure the emperor's enjoyment and ensure that social governance is cheap government processing mode。Establishment of Gongyuan Dual Politics Model，Not only did it promote the historical development of the Royal Garden、strengthened its political status，And with the emperor's travel place, a series of measures that help government operations，Enhanced the strain color of the government affairs processing activities of the Qing Dynasty。The Gong Yuyuan and the Forbidden City Palace inside and outside the city echoes the palace of the Forbidden City，Effectively guaranteed the Qiyuan Yuyuan in the Qing Dynasty、South Tour、Fuling、West Tour、The upload of the government order and the relative stability of the regime during the autumn period。Qing Emperor frequently out of the palace、Out of Beijing，Objectively make your vision unprecedented，Can be exposed to more actual、Inspect the people's sentiment，Urges yourself to be diligent in political affairs、Care about the people，Adaction bet365 best casino games to local conditions、Improved and coordinated the central and local relations at the same time。From the perspective of urban development，Gongyuan pattern has a different degree of radiation effect on the social development of the location，Building away from Gong Yuyuan one after another、Add Eight Banner Guards、Repair roads and other measures，Injects vitality into the local economic development of Beijing City and Palace.，Social groups of all levels, especially officials and scholars, provide support for cultural development。

but，Gongyuan dual -governance model is essentially the result of imperial power Zhang Da。The governance mode based on the imperial power system，narrow pattern，The main body of the service is the imperial power，The dominant elements of the effect of checking and balanced politics also come from the imperial power。The subjective diligence and self -control of the emperor，is the core force that promotes the operation of the binary government of Gongyuan，But the emperor's advertisement does not mean the actual situation of government affairs，Uncertainty that is different from person to person。other，Although the garden landscape is known as moving the sky，But just manufacture phantom，Not equal to historical realization。The atmosphere created by Gongyuan is easy to cause diligence to the emperor of the Qing Dynasty、Political illusions achieved by the cultural illusion of time -reducing and unified goals。Compared with the place where the monarchs of the Qing Dynasty,，Gongyuan is undoubtedly narrow。As far as the area is concerned，Gongyuan obviously cannot represent the actual local customs of the country all over the country。For humanities,，"Yuanxian Xianhua created by garden buildings，The King of the Structure "is far from the actual practice。The effectiveness of Gongyuan Dual Politics Model is more reflected as politics of the country、Economy、Military、The results of cultural development，Convenient one、Services。Therefore，The Palace Palace of the Qing Dynasty and Gongyuan Denta Governance，Although the system is grand、System specification，but limited efficiency，Difficulty in inside and outside、Economic decline、In the late stages of the imperial power and weakness，Finally collapsed。

The establishment of Gongyuan System in the Qing Emperor is in the form of garden buildings.，Europe once appeared Bet365 app download in court architecture that reflects the Chinese classical garden style。For example，French Palace and Fengdan Bailu、The British -Chinese hybrid garden, etc.。Classical garden is the crystallization of the development of the cultural development of the Qing Dynasty，Palace culture as a representative of high -quality material culture at that time，The historical process of globalization was the first to be involved in it。Obviously，In the Qing Dynasty emperors satisfied with the great power of the heavenly dynasty created by Li Gong Yuyuan、Time of the Political Fantastic Scenery of the Fang Fang Fang，Western countries have opened a substantive revolution at the level of technology and system。In the face of global social development，Gongyuan binary governance model that serves and is limited to the imperial power system can only become a history of restricting the development of society in the Qing Dynasty。

(This article is the Beijing Social Science Research Fund Base Project "Changchun Garden and the Kanggan period Beijing Garden Construction Research" (16jdlsb004) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: The Institute of Qing History of Renmin University of China)