Human remains are the most common in archeological excavations、The most important but most easily ignored relics。The morphological characteristics on the remains are the most basic biological characteristics of human beings，It is affected by human genetics，It is an important part of the human genetic structure。When there is no major disaster or a large -scale hybrid, the population is extinct，Human morphological characteristics remain relatively stable，and different people maintain their own characteristics。At the same time，Chemical elements contained in human remains、Homotoin、Genetic information, etc., provided us with important materials for us to understand the ancient people and ancient society。So，Human remains are studying human origin and evolution、Physical features、health status、Genetic information、Food structure、Migration and fusion aspects，It has an irreplaceable effect on other relics。

early 20th century，Europe and America、Scholars and explorers in Japan when investigating or archeological excavations in China，Pay attention to the collection of human remains and fossils，and be handed over to anthropologists to conduct research。This kind of study believes，There is a closer relationship between prehistoric people and modern Chinese people，indirectly subverted the "Chinese Culture West" theory of some scholars' claims。The founder of modern Chinese archeology, Mr. Li Ji, to explore the origin of Chinese civilization and the origin of Chinese people，Reading anthropology at Harvard University, USA，and "The Origin of the Chinese" obtained the first doctorate in anthropology in the Chinese people。After that，He was in the preside over the excavation of Anyang Yinxu，Always pay attention to the collection of human remains，Carry out a special arrangement research。After the founding of New China，Archaeological excavation attaches great importance to the collection of human bone information、Sorting and research。Current，All kinds of research institutions and universities have collected hundreds of thousands of human bone information，Established the origin of Chinese people、evolution、Development、The structure of time and space of migration and fusion，also carried out multi -disciplinary cooperation research and cultural integration research。

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Research on human fossils，At least 450,000 years ago，Modern people who have an anatomical sense consistent with the characteristics of modern human body have already appeared in mainland China。They have a large brain capacity，Skilled mastery of fire technology，It will manufacture and use complex tools，With preliminary aesthetics and beliefs。Research believes，Although there are certain differences between their physical characteristics and modern Chinese，But their relationship with modern Chinese is the most closely，In many aspects, even the relationship between the same vein。Beijing Shandong people, about 30,000 years ago, and Liujiang, Guangxi, who are also late Homo sapiens，represents the North China type and South bet365 Play online games China type，They have the physical characteristics that are very similar to modern North China and South China。This indicates tens of thousands of years ago，The Chinese at that time had presented the "alien" phenomenon of north -south differentiation。

According to the many unearthed research on human fossils and human bone materials,，Origin of Chinese civilization、evolution、Development、The key stage and core area of ​​prosperity，China different era、Although ancient people in different regions are slightly different in form，But all belong to the big Mongolian race，That is the yellow race，Just the different types of the Mongolian race，No mixed phenomenon of Eurba people and Nigro races or large races has not yet been found。That is to say，The origin and formation of Chinese civilization are independently completed by the ancient Chinese people with the main body of the Huaxia people，No large -scale human beings replace or extinction。This is the biological basis formed by the unique Chinese civilization，It is the endless Chinese civilization、The endless anthropology foundation，It is also the unity of national culture、Highly national identity of the genetic foundation。

Pursuing the ancestors 

Early New Stone Age，Ancient people in China and archeological culture basically present point -like distribution，The number of unearthed quantities of human bone materials shows，No phenomenon of large -scale cultural exchanges and crowd fusion。Xinglongwa Culture and Pei Li Gang Cultural Pier in the middle of the Neolithic Times，Both the scale and the communication of the crowd have been greatly improved.。According to the study of human remains of different sites，The physical characteristics of different cultural people at this stage have formed their own characteristics，Inheritance as a stable gene。

Through the current archeological discovery，We can basically determine the "Ancient Northeast Type" represented by the Inner Mongolia Xinglongwa Culture, which is about 8000 years ago,、"Ancient and Central Plains Types", which is mainly about 9,000 years ago, and the physical characteristics of the "Ancient South China Type", which is mainly about 10,000 years ago, is about 10,000 years ago.。The characteristics of these people，initially determined the physical type and genetic structure of the prehistoric people of China，Late the foundation for the later and modern Chinese。Carbon and nitrogen stabilization isotope content in human bones can display the food structure of the ancients。Stable Homornestan Studies have shown that Jiahu people used hunting as the main means to make a living，Subsequent fishing industry gradually increases; late population growth，Increase agricultural ingredients，Taking rice agriculture and animal breeding as the main food source。锶 锶 in human bones can analyze the migration and fusion of the ancients。Jiahu Site 锶 Byotopen analysis display，Five of the 14 individual individuals studied in the study are migrants from migrants，High proportion of foreign population，And showing a trend of increased migration rate from morning to night。Population expansion at this stage、Primitive agricultural development and frequent cultural and crowd exchanges，Make Chinese civilization start to your own development path。

6000-5000 years ago，Social bet365 live casino games productivity develops rapidly，Popularized large -scale expansion，Research Discovery、A frequent and close communication between different cultural populations。Research Discovery，Start at least in the late stage of Yangshao Culture，Ancient people in the Central Plains began to migrate and expand surrounding a large scale，Starting the process of "Yang Shaohua" in a large scale of different people。People with the characteristics of the "ancient and China type" physical characteristics are along the coast of Shandong、Northeast to Xiliao River Basin、North to central and southern Inner Mongolia、West to western Shaanxi、Northern Jiangsu and Jianghuai areas all discovered，This is highly consistent with the scope of the distribution and influence of Yangshao culture，Explain that the development of culture has a close relationship with the migration flow of the crowd。At the same time，We also found，Ancient people in other regions also began to appear in the hinterland of the Central Plains，Henan Lingbao Xipo Yangshao Cultural Cemetery, which is about 5,300 years ago, found signs similar to ancient people from the Mongolian Plateau or the Xiliao River Basin。Obviously，The flow of the ancient people at that time may be two -way rush，But the people in the Central Plains are mainly spreading around。

At the same time，Differentialization has gradually appeared within the distribution of crowds in the Central Plains region，Site in Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi、People with different morphological characteristics at the core of the Sanmenxia Temple Digou site and the Dawenkou site in Shandong，That is, differentiation has begun to appear in the same type of ancient population，Show the large -scale Yangshaoization of the crowd at that time and the internal differentiation of small -scale internal differentiation。

At this stage, the living model of different regions and people's food structure have also changed，At the same time, the classification of the food structure and the tomb shape appears。Henan Lingbao Xipo Yangshao Cultural Site's staple food is mainly cream and 黍 (about 80%)，There are certain meat intake，May use home pigs and wild deer as the main meat resource; high -grade tomb human bones show more meat intake，Explain that people's dietary structures were differentiated and classified。Hemodu Culture and Songze Culture of the Yangtze River Basin at the same time，Food of the ancient people is mainly rice，At the same time, accompanied by a certain amount of fishing and hunting，Basically established the economic pattern of China's "South Daei"。

5000 years ago，The Yangshao Culture in the Central Plains is gradually declining，Crusher and culture gradually shrink inward，Shandong Dawenkou culture expands greatly，Take the west to the south。Dawenkou cultural crowd to south of Huaihe River，Cross Luxi West、East Henan to Henan Zhong and Southwest Henan，Site in Gongyi Shuanghuashu, Henan、Xichuan Xiawanggang site, etc., all found the cultural factors of Dawenkou and the physical characteristics of different people。This kind of prehistoric culture and physical characteristics of the Central Plains region is the cultural pattern of prehistoric and bronze eras in Chinese prehistoric and bronze eras、Even the culture of later generations has a profound impact，Some cultural phenomena even spread to this day。

Bet365 app download 锶 Hematin research display，Shandong Zhangqiujiaojia site in the core area of ​​Dawenkou Cultural Cultural Cultural Cultural Cultural Cultural Culture Culture Culture Culture Site is very small in non -local population，The proportion of foreign populations of the middle and upper layers is less，There may be a class gap in the migration of the crowd。Stable Homornestan Research also shows that there are differences between people with carnivore intake at different levels。The middle and late stages of Yangshao culture and the cultural stage of Dawenkou，Regardless of the shape of the tomb、Food structure or crowd migration，The classification of the society is relatively serious，The prototype of civilization has basically formed。

Longshan Cultural Pier，Communication and conflict between different types of people，It may even lead to the demise or break of a highly mature culture。Although different forms of people appeared in the same site in the same site in the prehistoric cemetery of Qingliang Temple in Ruicheng, south of Shanxi，However, the site of the Tao Temple of Xiangfen, Shanxi has occurred in the case of inconsistency between the early and the middle population and the late population。At the same time，锶 Homotoqin Study Show，The proportion of the late foreign population of Tao Temple exceeds 70%。This is by no means a normal settlement population structure，It can only be the result of large -scale social conflicts and crowd replacement。In the late stage of Tao Temple, there was a situation where the early and middle tombs were damaged and damaged by the remains，These all indicate that large -scale social turmoil and social conflicts may occur between the middle and late period of Tao Temple。Based on archeological discovery such as a series of people in the Shenmu Shiwu site in Shaanxi in recent years，and morphological research on human bone relics，We have reason to believe，The crowd of the Shijie site may cause the disaster to extinguish Tao Temple culture，Even residents of Tao Temple ruins were forced to move north，This is highly closed with the conclusion of anthropological research。These people in the north have a great impact on future generations，Even northern Shaanxi、The first Zhou culture in Longdong and other places has caused a huge impact。Many Longshan cultural sites have appeared in the case of human remains being damaged，even appear in the Shi Ji site，This culture with people's heads as sacrifice products has caused a great impact on the sacrifice culture of Anyang Yinxu。Social contradictions and large -scale crowd flow accelerate the formation of early countries to a certain extent。

Research results of human bone ancient DNA research unearthed from Yuzhou, Henan, Henan during the Longshan period，Ancient Waidian Longshan Cultural People and Modern Han's genetic distances recently，At the same time, the residents of the residents of Yuzhou, Henan, Henan in the Longshan period, have the inflow of the genetic components of southern East Asia，and this component presents a state of continuous inflowing in the formation of modern Han nationality。Ancient people in the Central Plains in the Central Plains maintained a relatively stable state in the genetic structure，At the same time, there is an inflow of foreign genes，The integration bet365 Play online games of the crowd and the exchange of culture have certain synchronization。

Formation of the Community of anthropology in ancient China 

Enter the Bronze Age，The integration and differentiation of the crowd are more obvious，Different forms of different forms of cultural groups have appeared in the Qijia cultural crowd in the Ganqing area northwest。Research on Limited Materials of Limited Materials in the Erlitou Site of Luoyang, Henan Province，Although most residents may be the descendants of the Longshan Cultural crowd in the Central Plains region，But there are also from the Haiyu area、Archaeological culture and anthropology clues in the Ganqing area and the northern region。

The phenomenon of buried men, women, and children who have appeared in the well in the two miles of the two miles have not been discovered in the past，This phenomenon related to sacrifice provides us with a useful perspective for understanding the social relationship and crowd source at that time。Stable Homorne Study Show，Erlitou's food is mainly Xiaomi (80%-90%)，There are also a small number of people eating rice。锶 Homotoqin Study Show，The proportion of foreign populations of the two miles exceeds 30%，And the proportion of foreign population in the Qinghai Lajiaqi cultural site of Qinghai is only 13%。Ancient DNA Studies Show，The ancient crowd of the Erlitou site is the closest to the people in the eastern Asia in sequence mutation，and modern Shanxi、Henan、The Han people in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in Shandong have a close genetic relationship。other，The ancient population of the two miles of the two miles has rich genetic diversity and the characteristics of multi -maternal origin，Explain that the source of the Silou site is diverse。

Yin Shang was a climax of the migration and integration of large -scale people。Oracle Display，Shang Wang continued to conquer，Captive residents from all over the place as slaves and sacrifice。At the same time，Highly developed commercial civilization has attracted people from all over the world。Human bone information unearthed in Yinxu，At that time, there were people with different forms from various places in the capital。The scale and sources of these different groups are far more than going，Some people are from Northwest、North、Central China and even South China。锶 Homotoqin Study Show，At least more than 20%of individuals are from other places，The proportion of population in the upper and foreign population is higher。Some scholars even thought that there may be components from the Eroba race at the time of the Shang Dynasty，and the businessman itself may originate from the Beijing -Tianjin -Hebei -Liao area，This shows that the business dynasty itself is a diverse and unified culture and migration peak with a variety of people。

Anthropological Materials of the Western Zhou Dynasty and Xianzhou，The culture of the Western Zhou Dynasty itself is created by a variety of culture and different forms，First Zhou Culture and Residents can even go back to Jinnan during pre -historical period。In the Western Zhou Dynasty, there are a large number of people of different types of constitution，and，Under the stable social structure of the Western Zhou Dynasty，The crowd with the main body of "Ancient and Central Plains" continues to spread to the Sifang，Enter the Hexi Corridor area，Enter Bet365 app download the two lakes to the south，Enter the north of Ningxia and central and southern Inner Mongolia，Bringing fresh "blood" in culture and genes。In recent years, a series of anthropological materials unearthed from the tomb of Chu Wang Tomb，The physical characteristics of the nobles of the Chu State and the local people have certain differences，They may be the northern crowds from the Central Plains region，Migration from the north after being seized。In the study of the Qin people，Human bone research has also discovered some oriental factors in the Qin people cemetery，Conquest with the origin of the Qin people's Oriental Oriental。This may be related。This large scale、The flow of people in the large space is conducive to the rule of the upper layer，On the other hand, it also promotes cultural communication、Integration and prosperity，laid the foundation for the formation of Chinese culture for the unification。

West weekend，Zhou Dynasty's power decline，and to the east of Pingwang，The northern crowd and the northwest crowd entered the Central Plains on a large scale，To a certain extent, the physical characteristics of the crowd of the Central Plains at that time。The Eastern Zhou Dynasty was another orgasm of the migration and fusion of large -scale crowds。Apart from the social conflict between different forms of people or groups，The phenomenon of "peaceful coexistence" in archaeological research。Ruins of Tang Hue County, Hebei、Zhangjiakou Bai Temple site、In the Eastern Zhou site such as Inner Mongolia and Linkl Tucheng Site，Both of them have two different forms、Different students' modes、Phenomenon of living on the same land with people of different cultural customs。It is this long -term peaceful coexistence、Genes and cultural influence、regardless of each other's life，Together with the prosperity of culture and the mind of "Rong Nai Da"，It also created the basics of the humanology of Qin Shihuang in the world。

The foundation of anthropology of Chinese civilization 

Chinese civilization has been the only in the world that has continued since ancient times、Civilization that has never been interrupted。2020，General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized during the 23rd collective study of the 19th Central Political Bureau，Archaeological results "illustrates the diversification of the Chinese nation and the Chinese civilization、The formation process of the integration of home and the country，reveals the values ​​that Chinese society depends on survival and development of the Chinese nation's daily use "。The Chinese Civilization Source Project starting in 2001，It is to "the origin of Chinese civilization、Formed、The historical context of development，The formation and development process of the diversified pattern of Chinese civilization，Comprehensive research on the characteristics of Chinese civilization and its reasons ", etc.，"Use biology、Molecular biology、Chemistry、Earth Learning、The latest technical analysis of frontier disciplines such as physics and other disciplines Ancient Chinese relics，Make the exploration of Chinese civilization has a solid scientific and technological analysis basis，Expand our cognition of our history of civilization for more than 5,000 years "。

Chinese civilization is different from other ancient civilizations in the world，Have your Bet365 lotto review own unique origin、Formed、Development Road，Have your own cultural characteristics，Unique in the development of world civilization。We have our own environmental characteristics，The background and stage as an ancient human activity，Unique living model and technical system with adaptation and utilization of environmental development，Have your own management system and social cultural system，With its own aesthetic and belief culture。This series of cultural uniqueness and continues to this day、Deep foundation for civilization that has never been interrupted，is the basis of unified anthropology。

Origin of Chinese civilization、Formed、The core area and key node of development research，Research on human fossils and human bone materials shows that the ancient Chinese people have maintained the consistency of the Mongolian breeds on the one hand，No genetic ingredients or races of other races are found，The core foundation of the Chinese nation is based on the Huaxia people，It is constantly absorbing fresh blood accumulation of other ethnic groups; on the other hand,，The genetic structure of ancient Chinese humans is not static、So self -tied，Instead, it continuously integrates the excellent genetic ingredients of other people，At the same time, it also spreads its own genes to Sifang。It is this constant conflict、Fusion，The continuous integration of different groups and culture has laid a solid basis for the unified and development of the Chinese nation。This solid anthropology foundation is the foundation of biology that is endless in Chinese civilization，It is also the heart of the Chinese nation、Basis of national identity。Chinese nation no matter what kind of setbacks encounter，No matter where the reproduction and migration go，As long as this anthropological foundation is still stable，Where will Chinese culture be spread，continuously，Endless life。

(Author Unit: Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)