In the middle of the Qing Dynasty，Unprecedented national unity，The domestic market is basically formed，In addition, the authorities develop the economy、Purpose of Maintaining Governance，Reform -for -duty System，Policy that attaches importance to the business economy，It has contributed to the development of long -distance trafficking trade，"The value of long -distance trading products in 1788 is about 173 million two，Nearly 1/2 of the value of the entire market circulation goods，The total value of market products at that time was 387 million "。Development of commercial trade、Elastic business policy "promoted market expansion、Division of labor and the professional Smith Power of the Region "，Then it drives the prosperity of urban business。Urban population professional structure is immersed in commercial trade，presents obvious "commercialization" traits。This article focuses on the time and space of the city along the middle and middle of the Qing Dynasty，Number of merchants、Professional changes、Initial analysis of the commercialization of the professional structure of the population in the labor market。

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　In the middle of the Qing Dynasty，With the expansion of the commercial road、The expansion of the domestic market and the large -scale development of commercial trafficking，The footprints of businessmen are all over the city and rural market，"Wealthy businessmen，full of domestic "。Hankou from the lower reaches of the Han River to Xiangyang、Fan Cheng until the upper reaches of Ankang、Hanzhong，A huge number of guests with "Hui Ke" and "West" appeared，At the same time, the activity of the businessmen at the same time is also very active。

Huishang is mainly involved in salt industry、Tea、cloth industry、Qianye and other industries。Hong Shujian, a native of Yixian County，"Industry Salt，It is the general merchant of Hankou "; Wu Meitang, a man in Li County, also" Karma Hanskou "，"rich and curious"bet365 Play online games ; Wuyuan people Wang Yuanshe，"Zhuang Jia Hanyang，Home gradually Yu，嗣 偕 侄 侄 "; Li Liyu，"Anhui Hui Ningborn，New Town of Trade "，After returning to the hometown treatment after illness，After healing the disease, "Sui Ji Zhi Zhi，Back to the town with ulcers，Decisive life and death like a god，Poor Acting Needle and Give Diet "。During the Kangxi Xin ugly years，The Hui Merchant Wang Yiyuan, a businessman in Tianmen, Hubei, "the old bitter mud in the south of the county to Yuezhen"，Then "donate to repair soil surface stones，From Longtan Bay to Zhujiaqiao，Ten Thirteen Miles "，"Traveling to Tour"。Shan Shanshan businessman has strong business strength，The main industries involved are cloth、Dangdang、medicinal materials、Tea、Mountain goods, etc.。"Jingsha Bamboo Branches" once described: "Lao West，篾。Buying and selling all returns to Hankou，Poor business cold sand head。"Laohekou in the middle of Hanshui has folk ballads:" The club (Shanxi Guild Hall) is like the Golden Palace，The next Hall (Shaanxi Guild Hall) iron flagpole "，Fully demonstrated the strong capital of Shanxian merchants。

Merchants from all over the country due to the needs of business trading，Choose to settle in the city of Hanjiang River to become a local new resident.。Wu Changgeng, who was the guidance of Wuchang Mansion,，"Xianshi people，Migrate Hanyang with a businessman "。Wang Wenning of Hanyang，Ancestor from Pucheng, Shaanxi，"Moving the House on the Han Dynasty"。Ding Yongchun in Shanxi "Trade in Valley，Fan Yan is the female wife "，Sui settled in Gucheng。Except Huishang、Shan Shaan merchants，Businessmen from other places integrate into the city of the Han River，Complete identity transformation is not in a few。Ding Renjing during the Qianlong period，"Pioneer Zhejiang Shangyu"，Because of the ancestor "Xingjia Hanyu"，and "Hand of Hanyang"。Zhejiang Shang Lu Xiong Qian、Jiangnan merchant Chen Dexin for a long time because of the long -term business Yuhua，Eventually marry a wife and have children，Become a local merchant。In addition，Residents of various cities along the Hanjiang River due bet365 live casino games to business activities，Change the place of residence，It is also very common for changing the origin。Pan Qiyu, who was originally born in Puyang, "" Living in the south of the county in the county，Sui Xiangren "。

Except for customers，Local residents have a strong atmosphere，Footprints all over the country。such as，Wang Tianyi from Caidian, Wuhan，"His father，Yu Yunnan and Guizhou at the beginning of Kangxi，Between the water and West National Lishi Bashi，Twenty years off home "。Hanyang Wang Dazhang，Because of "Falling in the Home"，For "Try to raise a relative"，Sui "Fan Rite Xiaoxiang，Confer Ganzi with Anti -Affairs "。Xiangyang Wang Yue Bao，"Father Zhenzhong，Trade a country，long -term soundless consumption，Bao Xun Father several years，In the Wu Yan Hostel "。Puyang Guo Renbin "Daoguang's last year Jia Yu Chongyang，The old hunger，Yunmi reduced price，Very much live "。Puyang Jiang Hongzhang "Trading in Shaanxi for a long time without consumption"，So that the wife Liu's "negatively begged the city"。Xunyang Wu Yizhen "Serving Jia and Suggaming in Shu"。Hanzhong Europe Ding'an "Trade Shanxi，Years，Dead Zezhou "。

Statistics of the lack of detailed population occupational structure，It can no longer know the exact number of urban merchants along the Hanjiang River in the early middle and middle of the Qing Dynasty，But the business in the population is relatively high，The operator or Jiaye has become atmospheric。

　　from Confucianism to Jia

Relatively loose business policy in the middle of the Qing Dynasty，Make the businessman's status gradually improve，Merchants can associate with officials and gentrys and have close relationships，Legal and authority is not lower than the people。Because of this，For the consideration of profit，"And it is indeed beneficial to map，So attract people from all levels to business "。In many social classes，Confucianism has mastered knowledge，More direct in the process of turning to business、Quick and successful。

There are roughly two roots of Confucianism to Jia: one is because of the unable to support Confucianism because of poor family poverty，I have to turn to Shang Jia。In Hanyang，Ding Yan bet365 best casino games "Family Poverty"，Afterwards, I have to "take Jia trafficcase，Seeking Yu Lixian "; Wu Yan" cannot be salty with family poverty，Abandoned and served Jia "; Yao Binru" Family Career Confucian，Poor poverty，Abandoned and serving Jia "。Lei Xiangyun in Hanzhong "Six years old，Jia Jia Jia because of abandonment "。The other is to turn to Shangdao because of the hope of Confucianism.。Hanyang Yao Peixiang，"Never read the book for a child，Go to learn Jia "; Xiao Zhuoming" Pioneer Patriotic "，After "abandoning the child industry，Serving Jia Xiaomin "。Ankang Peng Yingke，"If the Confucian Confucianism is not available，Start with business "。

Regardless of poverty，It is hopeless because of the career of the official career，Merchants from Confucianism to Jia have retained the many traits of traditional Confucian students。Remember Confucianism on the one hand，Don’t forget Zhou Ji poor。Hanyang Ding Bo，Abandon Confucianism because of family poverty，But "The nephew of the taught son is prescription，Qi You embarrassed，Popular shirt。Encounter local righteousness，Happy to follow "。Optical monitor Ding Xi's predicate，"Get up with cargo and be happy，Those who are not weakly married to unsolved the bag to help you help you and add shirt "。On the other hand, I miss the karma of Confucian students，Do not forget the identity of my scholar at all times，Even the demand for future generations。Zhong Xiang Li Ruke，Although "Family Xi Xi Confucianism"，After changing the business，and "Start from Business from Business"，But "The year old often cares about the descendants of the descendants，More than a variety of ways，I don't know so "，The descendant of the trainee said: "Erweng Confucianism，Abandoned Confucianism，Fortunately, the agglomeration and flatness differences are avoided by the more，Yi Tianye，Ran Erion has never tasted forgotten for one day。"Wu Sheng, who lives in the Zhongxiang Shi brand, has Fu Shi to show his meaning:" Early year -old entered the market 廛，Multiple operations，Nai Hui Poetry Book Industry，Waste for a long time。Yuliwu dare not dare，Stars accumulated in the stars。Bet365 app download How can you open your children and grandchildren，It is still special。”

　　Trade and trade labor

The development of the city's commercial economy along the coast of Hanjiang，directly drive the prosperity of the labor market，The dock feet karma is typical。Pier Footfront "appears with the birth of the commercial economy，It also rise and fall with the commercial economy。Business with vitality among hundred industry，Make the loading and unloading industry have abundant power，This becomes an industry that has become a living in cities and towns and bankruptcy farmers. "。

Ankang in Shaanxi，Wharf workers are called "back feet"，or "Foot"，The person in charge of each dock is called "foot"。Foot "in charge of the regional code administration、loading and unloading、Passion and other matters。​​Footmen from the city without professional poor and farmers in rural farmers "。The most prosperous time，Only、There are more than 40 officials on the pier in the dock。Another like the mouth of Hubei Laohekou，In the early Qing Dynasty, there were often military prisoners who were detained from all provinces in the south，I only have to act as a dock -in -footer for life.，After the establishment of organizations, one after another，A power formed on the dock，"Mainly the Jiangxi military prisoners formed 'Qianhehui'，The site is located in Hunan Street，Supreme in Hunan Street Wharf，Main transportation of coal、Porcelain, etc.。At the same time, there is a long victory class established by the local footfall、Four Shengban、Lime Class、Jin Shengban, etc.，Main bamboo row、wood and lime。Another as Xiangyang, Hubei，Due to convenient transportation、There are many docks，"About one thousand people who loaded and unloaded the cargo"。

The competition between the docks of each dock is very intense，To maintain the basic order，Delivery between various rows，Do not interfere with each other。"Hankou Bamboo Branch" contains this: "The size of the dock is divided into class，Division of the boundary does not relax。Hi Seda funerals and fight for the price，Difficulties in red and white things。"" Fancheng，"Each pier is exclusive，bet365 best casino games Each business has its own help，Each has its own forces，It is difficult for outsiders to insert "。Baihe, Shaanxi，The dock feet are divided into big foot classes and small footsteps，Among them, "Small foot shifts carry firewood、charcoal、Lime and brick and tiles are karma，Often 20 or thirty people are working，Responsible for the head "。

Urban commercial development along the coast of Hanjiang，The population of all strata is keen on business，formed a professional structure with strong commercial colors。Hankou Town was about 1395 residents during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty，More than 6,000 people，In the 12th year of Qianlong, there were 33209 households in residents、99381 people，Jiaqing has further increased to 36929 households in 18 years、129183 people。The population of the population in Hankou Town was surged in the middle of the Qing Dynasty，Not exactly from the natural proliferation of the population，Most of the growth should be attributed to merchants across the country attracted by the prosperous business of Hankou Town and a dock worker related to business development。Other Xian Tao Town, Liyang, Hubei，To the middle of the Qing Dynasty，There are more than 600 households in the town in the town;，There are more than 200 merchants at the most prosperous when the most prosperous time，More than 1,000 people from the business population。

First，A surge in urban business population，directly affects the basic appearance of the development of the city along the Hanjiang River in the middle of the Qing Dynasty。One aspect，The space layout in the city has changed，Business space gradually spills，Form a relatively independent city collection。On the other hand，The coast of Hanjiang has basically formed a clear level、Functional commercial city system。In this system，At the top is Hankou，The secondary person is Hanzhong、Fancheng，The bottom level of this system is a large commercial town along the coast。

Next，The "commercialization" of the professional structure of the population breaks the limitations of China's inherent "taxi industry and commerce" class，is a weapon to enhance social liquidity。The commercial practices of the city along the middle of the bet365 live casino games Qing Dynasty in the middle of the Qing Dynasty showed，Population flow in the traditional society across regions can be performed in an orderly manner under the induction of business profit，Confucian scholars as one of the scholars，Give up Confucianism into business for the need for survival，Not a disregarded move，Some have made greater contributions to society due to the success of business。

Last，The "commercialization" of the professional structure of the population is a fertile soil for cultivating the spirit of the contract。Traditional Chinese society has always been based on ritual legal persons。The prosperity of urban business breaks the scope of the agricultural civilization exchanges limited to the acquaintance circle，is a standardized behavior of behavioral behaviors，All parties attach importance to establishing a contract，Observe the contract。Hankou is the "alien" of traditional Chinese cities，Not only is commercial developed，It is more in accordance with the strong atmosphere of the contract。

(Author Unit: Jianghan University Urban Research Center)