Assyriology is a discipline of the ancient two river basins (MESOPOTAMIA) and the disciplines of the history and culture of the surrounding areas by discovering and interpreting the Cuneiform literature。Wedeing symbols (Sumerian is GAG、GUor Santak，Akkardo is Sikkatu、or Santakku) is the ancient two river basin and its surrounding areas have been used for more than 3,000 years of writing symbols，The iconic symbol of becoming the regional culture，wedge -shaped text literature is an important carrier of Western Asian culture with ancient two river basins as its core，Reading Wedding Writing Documents are the most important means of Assyrian Studies。

　　bet365 Play online games

The Sumerian was the earliest creator of the earliest civilization of the ancient two river basins，They not only invented the wedge writing symbol at the end of 4,000 BC，Certain ten city -states were established in the south of the two river basins。3,000 Join BC，ELAM people in the southwest of Iran and Ebla people on the Mediterranean coast also use wedge -shaped symbols to write their own language。24th century BC，King Akkadian Kingdom, conquered Sumel City State，The Akkads use the wedge -shaped symbols created by the Sumerians to write their own language Akkarde。21st century BC，Ur III (UR III) controlled the two river basins and the surrounding area，Sumerian re -becomes a general language。

2,000 BC BC，The Ami Liner enters the Lord of the Main River Basin，Established in the south、Larsa (Larsa)、Eshnnuna and the Kingdom of Babylon，ASSUR City State State State State and UPPER MESOPOTAMIA KINGDOM were established in the north.。The Abeli ​​has no invention text，So in the use of Akkardi text，Babylon language formed in the south of the two river basins，Assyrian language is formed in the north of the two river basins，Hittite (Hittite) and UGARIT and other bet365 best casino games surrounding ethnic groups also use wedge -shaped symbols to write their own language。

The late period of 2,000 BC，The Kassite Dynasty、The second dynasty and other regimes of Yixin and Mitanni Kingdom in the north of the two river basins continue to use Babylon，The Central Assyrian Kingdom established in the north continues to use Assyria。14th century BC，Ancient Egypt、Heri、Kingdom of Midani、Central Assyrian Kingdom and the Garcitter dynasty frequently exchanged，Akkardi is a common language for exchanges in various countries，wedge -shaped symbols have also been passed to the east coast of the Mediterranean，wedge -shaped writing symbols have become one of the important writing symbols in the region。

1,000 -year -old BC，The Assyrian Empire conquered most of West Asia and northern Egypt，Urartu people use wedge -shaped symbols to write their own language。but，With the flow of the Arami people，Arami letter text that is simple and easy to use gradually become popular in Western Asia，Wedding writing symbols face challenges。

mid -6th century BC，Persian Ahmumanid dynasty rise，Although the Persians write their own language with wedge -shaped symbols，but，Arami is the common language of this huge empire，The range of wedge -shaped symbols further shrinks。Alexander's East Expedition，Greeks and Romans have successively entered the Main Western region，The culture of the two river basins tends to be annihilated，wedge -shaped writing symbols are not read。

　　Interpretation of wedge -shaped writing symbolsBirth of Assyrian Studies

In the ancient two river basin culture, after the death of the two river basins，The works of the Hebrew Bible and Greek Roman historians have sporadically preserved the historical culture of the ancient two river basins，Attract European humanist scholars to explore the East。1160-1173，Benjamin of Tudla (Benjamin of Tudla) in Spain traveled to Westaa，Opening the upsurge of Europeans exploring the East，But wedge -shaped inscriptions did not attract their interest。1602，Gua Academy Professor Antonion De Geuvea，The first mention of wedge text to Europe。1616-1621，Italian antique Bet365 app download dealer and scholar Peter Della Valle (Pietro Della Valle) traveled to the West Asia，For the first time in the letter, display the wedge text symbol。1700 years，Professor Thomas Hyde, the University of Oxford University, called the wedge symbol "cuneiform" for the first time，But I did not realize that it was a writing symbol。1765，Danish explorer Karsten Niebuhr accurately and completely copied the inscription of the ancient Popos wedge -shaped text of Persepolis，Help the decipher of the wedge symbol。

1802，Georg Grotefed, Greek Teacher Georg Grotefed, Germany, successfully read some ancient Persian wedge symbols。1835-1837，British scholar Henry C. Rawlinson copied the Behistun inscription，Successfully read the ancient Persian wedge symbol。1844-1845，Danish scholar N. L. Westergaard successfully read more than 20 Erad Wedge symbols。From the 1940s，British and French archeological teams in the capital of the Assyrian City Holzabard、Nimuudu and Kuyun Kikki to carry out large -scale archeological excavations，Get a large number of stone carvings and mud documents with wedge -shaped symbols。

1845-1848，Irish Rev. Edward Hincks has made breakthrough progress in cracking ancient Persian wedge symbols。1851，Rolinsen Published Belishi Dun inscription translation，Basic Reading Akkardian wedge symbol。1857，British mathematician William Henry Fox Talbot translated an article that has just discovered.，He suggested that the Royal Asian Society invites Loringon and Xingx to translate the above inscriptions alone，French linguist Jules Opppert in London is also invited to participate in the translation of inscriptions。May 25, 1857，The appraisal organized by the Royal Asian Society in the UK shows that the translations of the above scholars are basically the same，Relevant scholars' efforts to crack the wedge -shaped writing symbol have been recognized，It marks the birth of Assyrianology。

Because early archeological excavations are mainly bet365 Play online games concentrated in the Assyrian area north of the two river basins，The excavated wedge -shaped text is unearthed at the Assyrian Empire site，Their language is called "Assyrian"，Therefore, this science is called Assyrianology，but but，The scope of its research is now included in West Asia and North Africa, which has been unearthed by the unearthed wedge -shaped text。At the end of the 19th century，Sumel City State Site and Sumerian wedge -shaped text literature was discovered，On the basis of reading Sumerian wedge -shaped text，Assyrian studies have produced an important branch -Sumerian。Since the 20th century，With Heri Language、Successful interpretation of wedge -shaped symbols such as Eura and Ugaritt，Assyrian Studies have appeared again in Hebi Xue、Eura Xue and Ugaritt, etc.。

　　Economy of Wedding Text Literatureand Assyrian Studies

With Persian language、Akkardi、Sumerian、interpretation of many languages ​​such as Heri and other languages，Western scholars lift the climax of Western archeology，A large number of precious cultural relics see the day，Museums of European and American countries with 100,000 wedge -shaped texts。1861-1884，Rollingsen and other British Association of British Assyrians sorted out and published 5 volumes of "West Asian Wedding Text inscriptions" (The cuneIFORM INSCRIP-TIONS of Western Asia）。1896-1990，Rollingsen and other British Association of British Assyrians sorted out and published 5 volumes of "West Asian Wedding Text inscriptions" (CUNEIFORM Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum) Volume 58。1910-1967，French scholars sort out and publish "Louvre Wederation Literature" (Textes CuneIFORMES MUSEUM DU LOUVRE) 31 Volume。In addition，Small and medium -sized wedge -shaped text literature compilations。The publishing of a large number of bet365 best casino games wedge -shaped text documents provides first -hand materials for Assyrian Studies，Promoting the development of Assyrianology。

bet365 best casino games wedge -shaped text documents accumulated a certain amount，Assyrian scholars start to compile reference books。1956-2010，The Institute of Oriental Studies at the University of Chicago compiled 21 volumes of the "Chicago Assyria Dictionary" (The Assyrian Dictionary of Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago）。1965-1981，Akkadisches Handw? 觟 RTERBUCH。1974-2006，The University of Pennsylvania compiled the "Pennsylvania's Sumel Dictionary" (Pennsyl-Vania Sumerian Dictionary），Now in the form of an online dictionary, it is used by Assyrian scholars in all countries。other，European and American Association scholars have also compiled a number of small Akkardi and Sumerian dictionaries and their supplements。

Early Assyrian scientists' understanding of Akkardi and Sumer is generally not accurate enough，Related wedge -shaped text Latin (transliteration)、Translation and annotations require collation，The project of re -organizing and translating wedge -shaped inscriptions from the 1980s。From 1987，Finnish Associate Scholars Union and European and American Association colleagues compiled and translated "Assyrian National Archives" (State Archives of Assyria），22 volumes have been published so far。From 1987，Scholars such as the Canadian Association and other Chinese scholars organized translation and translation "Wang Ming of the two river basins" (The Royal InScriptions of Mesopotamia），19 volumes have been published so far。Another，Extreme literature sorting and translation projects similar to the two wedge -shaped text collections mentioned above。

With the advancement of information technology，Assyrian scholars began to digitize wedge -shaped text literature。Where，The most influential and scale research project is the "Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative" supported by the University of California Los Angeles, which is supported by Chinese scholars, including Chinese scholars, including Chinese scholars, including Chinese scholars, including Chinese scholars.bet365 live casino games ，About 400,000 pieces of clay documents published in 170 have been registered and Latinized，Two -thirds of the original text and pictures of scanning。The DataBase of Neo-Sumerian Texts，It brings together about 120,000 wedge -shaped text in the Ur third dynasty period。Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literates supported by Oxford University has published more than 350 Sumerian literary works。The number of other wedge -shaped text literature digital projects in ten counts。

Wedding text literature based on the published，Taking a reference book，International Assyrian Studies have achieved attractive achievements in the past and a half century，Involved in language、Politics、Economy、Literature、Religious、Architecture、Art、Technology and daily life and many other fields。Archaeological sites of the two river basins were originally mainly excavated by developed countries in Europe and the United States，The wedge -shaped text literature obtained is mainly collected in museums and private hands in developed countries; Iraq、Turkish and Syria and other countries consciously protect national cultural relics after independence，Start collecting the unearthed wedge -shaped text literature and other cultural relics。European and American scholars enjoys convenient conditions to master wedge -shaped text literature，Assyrian studies have a higher level of research，And the Assyrian Studies in Western Asian countries and other regions started late，Research level is relatively low。

1984，According to Lin Zhichun、Initiative of scholars such as Zhou Gucheng and Wu Yuzheng，Approved by the Ministry of Education，Northeast Normal University Establishs World Classical Civilization History Research Institute，Assyrian studies are one of the key disciplines，A batch of excellent Assyrian students entered the study institution of famous European and American Assyrian Studies Research Institutions。Enter the 21st century，With the growth of domestic talents and the return of overseas students，The Institute of World History of the Chinese Academy of Social bet365 Play online games Sciences and Peking University、Fudan University and many other colleges and universities and research institutions have also carried out Assyrian teaching and research，Chinese Assyrian scholars have increased the number of research projects funded by the State Social Science Fund，my country's Assyrian Studies in China。

(The author is a researcher at the Institute of World History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)