Finili thinks，The generation of slave society should have three elements at the same time: private and concentrated land; fully developing market and commodity production; insufficient internal labor supply in the community prompting employers to turn their attention to external。Through inspection of the narrative of the management of farmers' slaves in the "Agricultural Chronicle"，We can find，The slave society characterized by slave labor in the mid -2nd century BC has been formed in Rome。

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As the first agricultural book of Rome，The value of "Agriculture" in Gatu lies in it with simplicity、Realistic way presents changes in the structure of the Roman agricultural organization structure in the mid -2nd century BC，The emergence of medium -sized farms with profit -making purposes。

The writing style of "Agricultural" is loose、Random，More like agricultural manuals that provide guidance for friends or neighbors of agriculture and animal husbandry。Due to the expression of not adding powder decorations，Researchers can see the real agricultural organization and practice of real agricultural organizations in some Bet365 lotto review parts of Italy in the 2nd and earlier period of AD，The business mode described in "Agricultural" is therefore being crowned "Villa" (Villa)。The size of this type of farm is medium (the area is about 100-240 Usugra, 1 Judo is about 1/4 hectares)、Full facilities、Mixed Agriculture and Animal Husbandry，Planting and processing olives、Grape、Willow trees and other economic crops are the main，Except partial self -sufficiency，The rest of the sales profit。

The emergence and formation of the plus map is the result of land concentration and urbanization。The middle and late stages of the Republic，Most of Italy's fertile agricultural land is concentrated in the hands of a few rich people。According to Aquan records，Due to the barrenness of the war、Land that has no time to allocate can be occupied freely，As a result, the rich occupied most of the uniplied land，and start to swallow the neighboring area or the place of their poor neighbors，The "Lee Sini -Suxtufa", which aims to limit the maximum positive possession of personal land, has not been effectively implemented。The increase in the number of Romanized cities in Italy has expanded the agricultural product market，Vast real estate began to bring richer profits to its owners。Especially after the Hannibal War，Newly added public land and owl，and the relatively loose land policy provides Bet365 app download convenience for the speculative activities of the rich around the rich。Farm for the purpose of profit began to appear in Italy，They or Tian Lianyu Mo，or scattered all places。The farm replaced the early small farm，Farmers are displaced，Forced wandering to the city，Farmers mainly use slave labor。

The main purpose of farming production is to sell products。Got Futu buy a lot of real estate in life，Nearly thousands of Judge mentioned in "Agricultural Records"。As Pulutak said，As the asset increases，Gamu began to invest more money in the real estate that can continue to bring rich profits。

　　Slave becomes the main labor force of the farm

The important reason why slaves become the main labor force of the farm are the sharp increase in the number of slaves brought about by the externally conquest。Before the large -scale prisoner of war slaves enter，Roman slaves mainly exist in the family，Provide services for the host without engage in production，A large family, including slaves, indicates that the owner is rich enough and status。Another，There is also a "debt slave"，Until 326 BC "Potidia Pipiria France" completely abolished the "debt slave"，Roman citizens are exempted from the risk of being slavered by their own people。

Due to the expansion of real estate demand for slave labor，Roman conquest large -scale slavery incident is increasing。From 297 BC to 167 BC，Bet365 lotto review Total about 700,000 prisoners of war slaves was transported to Rome。other，Through bandit plundering、Trade、Disappointed and natural breeding slaves are even more difficult to estimate。According to scholar estimates，1st century BC，The total number of slaves in Italy may exceed 1 million people。Aboriginal people in the Mediterranean were brought to Rome as a slave for various reasons，A considerable proportion of them lives in the countryside，Entering agricultural production。Slave does not need to take service、Labor that can engage in high -intensity work for a long time，Rome with a relatively short -short shortage of free labor，It has become a stable labor resources for farmers。Compared with family slaves，Slaves engaged in labor in the farm are the main sources of owners' income，It is also the creator of Roman social wealth。

According to the picture，16 people in the vineyard of 100 Utahges，Including a male housekeeper、A female housekeeper、Ten scattered workers，Put the cattle、Donkey Gao、Pigry and one of the gardeners of the willow tree; a 240 Utah olive garden requires 13 slaves，Except for male and female housekeepers，Five of the scattered workers、Three names in the cattle、Donkey Gao、One of the pigs and shepherds，Also with slave guard。It is worth mentioning that the slave housekeeper。Bet365 lotto review Butler's position is very important，"Agricultural Records" introduced the responsibility of the farm housekeeper，Including: Guarantee farm safety、Supervise and guide agricultural production、Requirement for buying operations、A verification of the account and recovered or loaned money by the owner、Prepare clothing and clothing for the farm slaves and the dispute between slavery，Appreciation of good punishment, etc.。The above -mentioned complicated work can be completed with the help of the housekeeper's wife -the female housekeeper。Gotu requires higher requirements for slave housekeepers。They can not only read and write，Agricultural knowledge，and need to be excellent in order to obey imitation。The housekeeper also obtained the living conditions better than other slaves、Freedom of travel and even marriage right。Under the authorization of the host，The steward can set up your own family。This is a reward for its hard work，Reflected the trust of the owner，It has strengthened their attachment to the farm，Make it as the responsibility of the agricultural rural affairs。

Selection and management of general slaves，Jiaotu also made suggestions: you need to be able to do heavy work、Moderate age、Strong learning ability。Slaves that make mistakes will be put on feet，Reduce diet distribution，Also Bet365 app download take more jobs。As for sick slave、The old slave is "one sold"。Pru Tak thinks，The cruel behavior of treating slaves to add maps is not acknowledged any maintenance except for people and the world.，is a sign of extremely despicable nature。It is not difficult to find，At that time, the slaves had become an extremely important group in the Roman social structure。

"Agricultural Chronicles" indicates，to the mid -2nd century BC，Rome already has the "three elements" formed by the formation of slave society in Finish，That is the land concentration (farm)、The full development of market and commodity production (change in land production nature)、Farm slave group formation (labor group outside citizen collective)。The emergence of the plus map and the gradual maturity of its business management model，It is an important sign of Rome's entertainment of a typical slave society，It was also the origin of the big real estate of the slave owner。From a certain angle,，The magnificent historical picture of the Republic is expanded from this。Just as Engels emphasized in "Anti -Dulin Theory"，"No slavery，There is no Roman Empire "。

　(The author is a professor at the School of History and Culture of Huazhong Normal University; Ph.D. at the School of History and Culture, Huazhong Normal University)