The overall achievement of the Geography of the Qing Dynasty mainly includes two aspects: First, the development of traditional public land learning，The second is the introduction and absorption of Western geography。Liang Qichao explicitly referred to the study of traditional geography and foreign geography in the "Introduction to the Qing Dynasty Academic Introduction"，It is two ways for the development of geography in the Qing Dynasty。Study on the Geography of the Qing Dynasty in the current academic community，Especially Zhao Rong and Yang Zhengtai wrote "History of Chinese Geography (Qing Dynasty)" (Business Press 1998 edition)、Guo Shuanglin's "Late Qing Geography under the West Tide" (Peking University Press 2000 Edition)、Zou Zhen's "Western Geography in the Late Qing Dynasty in the Late Qing Dynasty in China: Centers for the Communication and Influence of Western Geography in Western Geography from 1815 to 1911" (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 2000) is represented。Former scholar Yu explained the thoughts and extensions of the Qing Dynasty geography，This overlooks the total score of the development of geography in the Qing Dynasty。The latter two books focused on examining the process of Qing Dynasty geography in the late Qing society and the direction of Western studies in the Qing Dynasty.。The above -mentioned works are two dimensions of the two dimensions of traditional public land and Western geographical knowledge，The system clarified the development context of the Qing Dynasty geography。

When the "Siku Quanshu" compiled in the Qing Dynasty，At the time of Qianjiakao's prosperity。Many research masters participate in the four libraries，The importance of the study of the public in the same place，The development of traditional geography in the Qing Dynasty helped a lot。At the same time，The ban on the ban on the script of the Qing Dynasty caused a large number of geographical classics to be burned，also deeply trains the geographical writing of the DPRK。It can be said，The compilation of the "Siku Quanshu" has a disadvantage to the development of the Geography of the Qing Dynasty。

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The repair of "Siku Quanshu" directly prompted the geographical category to become more perfect，and finally form a classification paradigm。The geographical research of the Four Kuoguan Ministers，It also became the representative of the official research Bet365 app download of the Qing Dynasty，Make up the official absence of Qianjia's research。Since the formal establishment of "Sui Shu · Jing Ji Zhi"，The Catalogs of the official collection of officials have different degrees of changes to varying degrees，The return of geographical books roughly follows the geographical cognition of different periods and the context of book development。With the prosperity of geographical writing，Segmentation of geographical categories becomes the meaning of deserves，Beginning with Zheng Yi's "Tongzhi" analyzed the geographical class as "Geography、Metropolitan Garden、Junyi、Figure Jing、squares、Chuandu、Famous Cave Mansion、Film、Working、Barbarian "Ten Categories。Ming and Qing private book catalogs roughly follow the example of "Tongzhi"。

early Qing Dynasty，Although official books such as "Continued Tongzhi" and "Continuous Documents" adopt Zheng Yan's "Tongzhi" geographical book segmentation method，But the specific separation is different。until the "Siku Quanshu" changes the name of the name，Only determine the geographical details as "palace book、General Zhi、Metropolis County、He canal、border defense、Mountains and rivers、Monument、Miscellaneous、Travel Notes、outer discipline "，and become a paradigm for geographical classification in the Qing Dynasty with a desk of the Directory。Jiaqing period，Zhou Zhongfu's "The Secretary of the Zheng Tang" fully follows the sub -category of "Siku Quanshu"，Ten categories such as palace books under geography。And "Love Ri Jinglu Collection", "Tieqin Copper Sword Tibetan Catalog", etc. Although there are no small eyes under geography，But the order of geographical books also fully follows the method of the ten categories of "Siku Quanshu"。From this perspective，After the classification of geographical books in "Siku Quanshu"，Most of them are inherited by the Qing Dynasty catalog，Geographical purpose division and renovation to form a relatively unified standard。

For a long time，When we talk about the study of the Qing Dynasty research instead of the school time of the end of the Ming Dynasty，All emphasized the intention of the rulers of the Qing Dynasty，Especially the Qing government's open history museum、Siku Pavilion, etc.，Extension of the Guard，The development of Qianjiakao's study was promoted from the official position，But when the context of the achievements of scientific science or the development of science is described，I did not intentionally intentionally interested Bet365 lotto review in the official knowledge group of the Qing Dynasty。Actually，The summary of the "Four Kuquan Books" compiled by the four -watance ministers and compiled，Involved a large number of research content，The best reflection，The geographical evidence of the Four Kukani Museum also has the merits。Under the study of Qianjia's research，The research of the official group of the Qing Dynasty was ignored，The content of the examination of the Siku Museum helps to make up for this seam。The geographical research of the Four Kuoguan Ministers，Essential territory changes and county -yi along the way，Correction ginseng。Here,，The research methods and results of the four -watance ministers are an important supplement to Qianjia's research，Can show the development and achievements of the evidence of the Qing Dynasty more comprehensively。It is undeniable that it is，Due to the restrictions compiled by "Siku Quanshu"，The content of the court ministers cannot be fully presented，Lone Existence is the endless layer。At the same time，Mixed hands，Rehearsing a lot of evidence。

　Not conducive to geographic books circulation

The Standards and Destruction Book Standards，profoundly affects the reading practice of geographical books in the Qing Dynasty。"Siku Quanshu" includes 150 kinds of geographical classics，432 species of visits，The two adds only more than 500 species。Compared with the geographical books of the previous generations of vast.，Books received in "Four Treasury Books" can be described as few morning stars。A large number of geographical classics are burned、Load in Startence，greatly affects the circulation of geographical books between Xuelin and scholars between the Xuelin forest of the Qing Dynasty。

Taking Gu Zuyu's "Reading History Fang Public Minutes" and Gu Yanwu's "Book of the World of the World" and other military geographic books as an example，"Siku Quanshu" only puts the "National State Disease Book of the World" in the eyes，and "Reading the History of History Fang public", not included。In this kind of approach，It has accumulated the farewell of the four libraries and even the court。In their opinion，The main purpose of "Reading History Fang public" is to record "the appropriateness of the ancient and modern war guards，Sites of Lost and Loss of Death and Death "，The core content is to clarify the strategic value of the geographical situation in the military，The place where the clouds "start (standing)，The general trend of the world is determined "，It seems to have an instability or guidance of the meaning of war。"Book of the World Bet365 app download of the World" attaches importance to studying the essence of soldiers in various places、Situation，Gu Yanwu deeply feels the importance of military defense，Therefore, the situation in all parts of the country、Dangerous、Guard、Castle、Guanzhai、Island Reef、堠、militia、Candidate、Ma Zheng、Pacific field、Equipment for military force、Grain and grass supply、Tun Tian、Materials in farmers' uprising and other social turmoil。"Four Treasures Summary" is "Edit and has no example，The manuscript that has not been completed "is also the reason for"，List "The Book of the World of the World" in the Starting Eyes。But the deeper consideration of the four -librarus ministers is likely to be，They know the peasant uprisings described in the book、Social turmoil and other easy -to -inducers，and the supply of danger and food and grass in various places is the secret of the court，Do not promote it。

From this we can think of，"Reading the Minutes of the History" and "The Book of the National State Diseases of the World" will definitely not be described by the "Siku Quanshu"，Siku Pavilion ministers will not guide Shilin to write similar works。Therefore, after the two books are self -contained，It has been circulating in the form of a manuscript。until the occasion of Jiadao，Fangyou engraved business，To learn from people's inconvenience。Qing Dynasty minister Ruan Yuan (1764-1849) believes that "The Book of the National State Diseases of the World" "，Ran Qiang half of the copied hand，and the only way to save in the Siku Book，The folk cannot be positive "，That's what it means。

　　Writing from geographical books

The compilation of the "Four Kibu" profoundly affects the wind direction written by the Qingren geography。Taking the writing of the northeast as an example，Most of the geographical books checked in the Qing Dynasty are mostly related to Jianzhou、Liaodong and other places，Because the local is the place of Longxing in the Qing Dynasty，The court implemented a ban policy for it，Don't want outsiders to know its inside。These classics have been banned after the four storage museums are banned，There are few circulation between Shilin，Geographical Revolution in the Northeast China is also annihilated，To a certain extent, it trains the scope and scale of geographic books written by scholars。

In ancient Chinese geographical classics，There are many "Yuanhe County Chronicle", "Yuanfeng Nine Domains", "Taiping Huanyu Ji", and "Circulating Sea Maps" and so on.。and after the compilation of the "Siku Quanshu"，Especially after the banned book bet365 live casino games and text prison，The contemporary geography of the Qing people is quite withered，Scholars are mostly buried in previous generations of works，Burning Ointment Subsida for Life，No wonder Liang Qichao believes in the "Introduction to the Qing Dynasty" that "So the Land in Zhongqing，Also biased in archeology "。

Northwest History and Earth School, which has emerged on the occasion of Jia Dao，It seems to be a refutation of the aforementioned view。Northwest History and Earth Science Studies can be described as opening a generation of research fashion，Especially the geographical revolution and territorial changes that dare to study the DPRK，The scholars of this school meet each other and gradually gather，Form an arrow stack effect，Promoting the development of the historical and ground research in Northwest。Liang Qichao concluded that "Since Qianlong has many things，Scholars between Jiadao are paying attention to Northwest Xinjiang、Qinghai、Tibet、Mongolian geography，and Xu Song、Zhang Mu、He Qiutao's most famous "。But we will Qi Yunshi、Xu Song、Zhang Mu、He Qiutao and others' geographical writing after reading one by one，It will find that the common characteristics of these writings are "empty"。Except "Mongolian Nomad" specializes in the relationship between the Mongolian tribes and various ethnic groups of the Qing Dynasty and the relationship between contemporary history，Other historical books are mostly compiled by the history and land of the northwest of the past.，Real research with contemporary history is difficult to fit。Even the "Qianlong Mansion and County Map of the Qianlong Hall" written by Hong Liangji in the late Qianlong period，Although the title of the book belongs to Hong's calendar，But it is not a real contemporary geography book，It's just the festival of "The Unification of the Qing Dynasty"。Here,，"Book Activities for Book of Siku"，As a result, Wenwang gradually dense，The reading and writing of the Qing Dynasty are limited，To a certain extent hindered the writing of geographical books at that time。

　　Geography becomes one of the "four keys" in the history of governance

"Four Kibu Quanshu General" advocates that the history of the history of governance needs to be familiar with geography，The students of the Qing Dynasty gradually realized the importance of "geography" for the governance of history，and eventually evolved into the "four keys" of history (the official system、Historical Geography、Activity and Literature Catalog)。Qianlong Ben，Quanzuwang said in the "Duanxi Lecture Hall" bet365 best casino games stated "the study of the husband's land，The heaviest to read the history "，The first to propose the history of governance needs to be the study of the place of public，The importance of geography to history of geography。After the "Sku Quanshu General" advocate，Gradually becoming the consensus of the Qing people。"Reading History Catch" is mentioned "Reading History and Geography，The situation without knowing its situation "，Museum ministers further believe that those who are governed by historians need to be familiar with geography，Fang can know the situation in the world。Later、Geography、He canal、Military Law and the like，All are cut in the world，Do not say "，The role of geographical cutting is used for the first time，Therefore, it should be a necessary knowledge for those who are governed。

After the General Mets of the Book of Siku，The importance of geography is becoming more and more prominent，History of governance needs to pass through the public place and other records.。Qian Daxin proposed "On the History of the History" in "Two History Examinations"，Shi Jingfang，Times Clan "，Later, it evolved to "Book of Entrance B，Forty years of hunting，The theft is that the historian should discuss three ends: the place of public、Said official、Clan "，Qian's self -described 40 years of academic experience，Geographical、official system、clan is a necessary knowledge for history，Geography is even more important to be promoted to the first essential of history。On the occasion of Jiadao，Ding Yan's "Yizhi Zhai Wing Banknote" is accused of the Ming Dynasty scholars of "Ji Ji Ji Zhenu Nourishing"，Then explain the sparse strategy of Ming people's schooling，Gai is caused by ignoring the learning of the public，This promotes the "essentials of history，Most of the place of public "，What you said and the whole ancestor、Qian Daxin and others coincide。Li Zhaoluo, a geographical scientist at the same time as Ding Yan，Good at the local area test，The author has "Geographic Following the Revolution of the Dynasties", "Period Geographic Zhi Yun Ji Shi Shi", etc.，Later through Li Hongzhang engraved，Preface to advocate "the study of the husband's land，The first essence of reading history。Governance and Xingshi，The reason for the disease，The situation is important，Sites of the victory of the soldiers，胥 "。Tongguang period，Librar Geng Wenguang is famous for his "Secretary of the Tibetan Tibetan Tibetan"，It is hailed as the first large -scale comprehensive Bet365 app download proposal in the "Supreme Book Summary of Siku Quanshu" by later generations。In the method of governing history，Geng's except for the learning of the directory，Also proposed the "year number、Officer、Geography is the most suitable memory "。"Directory proposed by Geng Wenguang、Year number、Officer、Geography "is the pioneer of the" four keys "of the history of the rule，Can be described as premium。

In the historical evolution of the same vein since the Qing Dynasty，Geography has always become one of the necessary knowledge。Geography is regarded as the essence of history，Although the fate is advocated by the ancestors，But it is widely accepted by the scholars through the "Supreme Book of Siku Quanshu"，Publicity with Qian Daxin and others to obtain cognition，The consensus of becoming a researcher。So，The importance of advocating geography by exploring the "Siku Quanshu"，Then the geography is the development context of the rule of history，It can clearly outline a side of the development of the Qing Dynasty geography。

　　(Author is an associate professor at the School of Humanities of Hangzhou Normal University)