The overall achievements of bet365 bonus bets in the Qing Dynasty mainly include two aspects: First, the development of traditional bet365 bonus bets，The second is the introduction and absorption of Western bet365 bonus bets。Liang Qichao clearly referred to the traditional bet365 bonus bets of the Qing Dynasty as the study of foreign bet365 bonus bets in "Introduction to Qing Dynasty Academics"，These are two paths for the development of bet365 bonus bets in the Qing Dynasty。Current academic research on Qing Dynasty bet365 bonus bets，Especially "History of Chinese bet365 bonus bets (Qing Dynasty)" by Zhao Rong and Yang Zhengtai (Commercial Press 1998 edition)、Guo Shuanglin's "bet365 bonus bets of the Late Qing Dynasty under the Western Tide" (Peking University Press 2000 edition)、Zou Zhenhuan's "Western bet365 bonus bets in China in the Late Qing Dynasty: Focusing on the Spread and Influence of Translated Western bet365 bonus bets from 1815 to 1911" (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2000 edition) as the representative。The former book is good at expounding Qing Dynasty geographical thought and its expansion，Overview of the overall achievements of the development of bet365 bonus bets in the Qing Dynasty。The latter two books focus on examining the process of bet365 bonus bets in the Qing Dynasty during the social changes in the late Qing Dynasty and the trend of bet365 bonus bets in the Qing Dynasty after the introduction of Western learning。The above works are from the two dimensions of traditional bet365 bonus bets and Western geographical knowledge，Systematically clarified the development of bet365 bonus bets in the Qing Dynasty。

When the "Sikuquanshu" was compiled in the Qing Dynasty，At the time when the Qianjia Textual Research School was flourishing。Many famous textual research experts participated in Siku Museum，And advocate the importance of the study of bet365 bonus bets，It contributed a lot to the development of traditional bet365 bonus bets in the Qing Dynasty。At the same time，The banning of books in the Qing Dynasty resulted in the burning of a large number of geographical classics，A geographical writing that profoundly disciplined the scholars of the dynasty。It can be said，The compilation of "Sikuquanshu" had mixed advantages and disadvantages for the development of bet365 bonus bets in the Qing Dynasty。

　　Determine the categories of bet365 bonus bets books

The compilation of "Sikuquanshu" directly promoted the improvement of geographical categories，And finally form a classification paradigm。The geographical textual research achievements of the Siku officials，Also became a representative of official textual research in the Qing Dynasty，Making up the official vacancy in the Qianjia textual research。Since the formal establishment of geographical categories in "Sui Shu·Jing Ji Zhi"，The catalogs of official and private collections have been modified to varying degrees in the past dynasties，The placement of bet365 bonus bets books generally follows the geographical cognition and book development of different periods。With the rise of geographical writing，The subdivision of geographical categories becomes the proper meaning，Beginning with Zheng Qiao's "Tongzhi" analyzing the geographical category as "bet365 bonus bets、Capital Palace、County、Illustration、Fangwu、Chuandu、Mingshan Cave、Chaopin、Service、Ten categories of barbarians。The catalogs of private collections in the Ming and Qing Dynasties generally follow the example of "Tongzhi"。

Early Qing Dynasty，Although official books such as "Xu Tong Zhi" and "Xu Wen Tong Kao" adopt the subdivision method of Zheng Qiao's "Tong Zhi" bet365 bonus bets books，But the specific placement is different。Until "Sikuquanshu" changes its name，The geographical details were determined to be "Palace Book、General Message、Metropolitan counties、River Channel、Border Defense、Mountains and rivers、Monuments、Miscellaneous notes、Travel Notes、外记”，And became the paradigm of geographical classification in bibliographic works since the Qing Dynasty。Jiaqing Period，"Zhengtang Dushuji" written by Zhou Zhongfu completely follows the bet365 bonus bets classification of "Sikuquanshu"，Establish ten categories such as palace records under bet365 bonus bets。Although there are no subcategories under the bet365 bonus bets category in "Ai Ri Jing Lu Collection Records" and "Tie Qin Tong Jian Lou Collection Collection" etc.，But the order of arranging bet365 bonus bets books also completely follows the ten categories of "Sikuquanshu"。From this perspective，After the "Sikuquanshu" determined the classification of bet365 bonus bets books，Mostly inherited by bibliographers of the Qing Dynasty，The classification, merger and reorganization of geographical categories have formed a relatively unified guideline。

　　　　，When we talk about the textual research bet365 bonus bets Qing Dynasty instead bet365 bonus bets empty talk about the nature of mind in the late Ming Dynasty，Both emphasize the intentional advocacy bet365 bonus bets rulers bet365 bonus bets Qing Dynasty，Especially the Museum of Enlightenment History bet365 bonus bets Qing Government、Siku Hall, etc.，Recruiting scholars，Promoted the development of Qianjia textual research from an official standpoint，But when describing in detail the achievements of textual criticism or the development context of textual criticism，Not paying attention to the official intellectual groups bet365 bonus bets Qing Dynasty。Actually，Abstracts written by Siku officials and the compiled "Textual Research on Sikuquanshu"，Involving a lot of research content，It best embodies the textual research thoughts and textual research achievements bet365 bonus bets Siku officials，The geographical textual research bet365 bonus bets officials bet365 bonus bets Siku Library also has many contributions。Under the textual research of Qianjia Dynasty，The textual research of official groups in the Qing Dynasty is easily ignored，The textual research of Siku Chen helps to bridge this gap。The geographical textual research bet365 bonus bets officials in Siku，Pay special attention to territorial changes and the evolution of counties and cities，Correction and reference。In this case，The textual research methods and results bet365 bonus bets Siku officials are important supplements to the textual research bet365 bonus bets Qianjia Dynasty，Can more comprehensively display the development and achievements of textual criticism in the Qing Dynasty。It is undeniable，Due to the constraints bet365 bonus bets compilation of "Sikuquanshu"，The content bet365 bonus bets court official’s textual research cannot be fully presented，Isolated evidence emerges in endlessly。At the same time，A mixed bag of outstanding skills，There are also many inaccuracies in textual research。

　Not conducive to the spread of bet365 bonus bets books

Standards for the storage and destruction of books established during the compilation of "Sikuquanshu"，Profoundly influenced the reading practice of bet365 bonus bets books by scholars in the Qing Dynasty。"Sikuquanshu" records 150 kinds of geographical classics，432 species in existence，There are only more than 500 kinds of the two together。Compared with the vast sea of ​​bet365 bonus bets books in previous dynasties，The collection of books in "Sikuquanshu" can be said to be as few as morning stars。A large number of bet365 bonus bets books were burned、Inventory，Greatly affected the circulation of bet365 bonus bets books among scholars and the reading of scholars in the Qing Dynasty。

Take military bet365 bonus bets books such as Gu Zuyu's "Minutes of Reading History Fangyu" and Gu Yanwu's "Book of Benefits and Diseases of Prefectures and Countries in the World" as examples，"Sikuquanshu" only places the "Book of Benefits and Diseases of All Countries and Prefectures under Heaven" in its inventory，The "Minutes of Du Shi Fang Yu" are not included。In this approach，Contains the concerns of the ministers and even the imperial court。In their opinion，The main purpose of "Reading History Fang Yu's Minutes" is to record "the advisability of using troops to fight, defend and attack in ancient and modern times，Trace of success and failure”，The core content is to clarify the strategic value of geographical situation in military affairs，The so-called "place where trouble (founded)"，We must examine the general trend of the world and then make a decision"，Seems to instigate or guide the war。"The Book of Benefits and Diseases of Prefectures and Countries in the World" attaches great importance to the study of military commanders in various places、Situation，Gu Yanwu deeply feels the importance of military defense，Therefore, detailed excerpts of the situation across the country、Danger、Health Center、Castle、Guanzhai、Island Reef、罽堠、Militia、Inspector、Ma Zheng、Grassland、Military equipment、Grain and grass supply、Tuntian、Information on peasant uprisings and other social unrest。"Siku Synopsis" starts with "There is absolutely no order in the ordering"，The reason is that it is an unfinished manuscript，Include "Book of Benefits and Diseases of the Counties and Countries of the World" into the inventory。But Siku Chen’s deeper consideration is probably，They are well aware of the peasant uprising described in the book、Social unrest can easily induce scholars，The dangerous locations and food supplies in various places are the secrets of the imperial court，Do not publicize it。

It can be expected from this，"Minutes of Fang Yu's Reading History" and "Book of Benefits and Diseases of Prefectures and Countries in the World" will definitely not be recorded in "Sikuquanshu"，The ministers of Siku will not guide scholars to write similar works。So after the two books were completed，Always circulated in the form of transcripts。Until the occasion of Jiadao，Fang Youkengben streaming，It is inconvenient for scholars to read the book。Ruan Yuan (1764-1849), a famous official in the Qing Dynasty, believed that "The Book of Benefits and Diseases bet365 bonus bets Prefectures and Countries bet365 bonus bets World" "has been widely circulated，Ran Qiang was cut off by a hand，And only the inventory is listed in Sikushu，There is no way for the people to be right”，That’s what it means。

　　Hindering the writing of bet365 bonus bets books

The compilation of "Sikuquanshu" profoundly affected the trend of bet365 bonus bets writing in the Qing Dynasty。Take the writing in Northeast China as an example，Most of the bet365 bonus bets books banned in the Qing Dynasty were about Jianzhou、Liaodong and other places，Because this place was the land of Longxing in the Qing Dynasty，The imperial court implemented a ban policy on him，Don’t want outsiders to know the inside story。These classics were banned and destroyed by Siku Museum，Rarely spread among scholars，The geographical evolution of the Northeast region has also been forgotten，To a certain extent, it disciplined the scope and scale of bet365 bonus bets books written by scholars。

In ancient Chinese bet365 bonus bets classics，There are many classics that describe the bet365 bonus bets and world of the dynasty, such as "Yuanhe County Chronicles", "Yuanfeng Jiuyu Chronicles", "Taiping Huanyu Ji", "Chouhai Tubian" etc.。After the compilation of "Sikuquanshu"，Especially after the ban on books and the literary prison，The contemporary geographical writings of the Qing Dynasty are quite poor，Scholars often bury their heads in the writings of previous generations，Burning ointment to carry on the sundial for life，No wonder Liang Qichao believed in "Introduction to Qing Dynasty Academics" that "the bet365 bonus bets of the Qing Dynasty"，Also prefers archeology"。

The Northwest School of History and bet365 bonus bets that arose during the Jiaqing and Daoist periods，Seems to be a refutation of the previous point of view。The study of northwest history and bet365 bonus bets can be said to have started a generation of research trends，Especially the courage to study the geographical evolution and territorial changes of the dynasty，The scholars of this school got to know each other and gradually gathered together，Formation of arrow stack effect，Promoted the development of northwest historical and geographical research。Liang Qichao concluded that “there have been many events since Qianlong”，Jia-Daoist scholars are gradually paying attention to northwest Xinjiang、Qinghai、Tibet、Mongolian bet365 bonus bets，And Xu Song、Zhang Mu、He Qiutao is the most famous artist"。But we will Qi Yunshi、Xu Song、Zhang Mu、After reading the geographical writings by He Qiutao and others one by one，You will find that the common feature of these writings is "hollowing out"。In addition to "Mongolian Nomads" which specifically records the Mongolian tribes and the relationships between various ethnic groups in the Qing Dynasty, it has a contemporary history，Other historical books are mostly collected and compiled from historical writings on the history of northwest China，It is difficult to reconcile reality with contemporary historical research。Even the "Illustrated Records of Qianlong Mansion, Prefectures and Counties" written by Hong Liangji in the late Qianlong period，Although the title of the book belongs to the period of the Hong family，But not a contemporary bet365 bonus bets book in the true sense，It’s just an abbreviation of "The Unification of the Qing Dynasty"。In this case，Book banning activities during the compilation of "Sikuquanshu"，Resulting in the density of the literary network，The reading and writing of scholars in the Qing Dynasty were restricted，To a certain extent, it hindered the writing of bet365 bonus bets books at that time。

　　bet365 bonus bets has become one of the "four keys" to governing history

"The General Catalog of Sikuquanshu" advocates that those who write history must first be familiar with bet365 bonus bets，Qing Dynasty scholars gradually realized the importance of "bet365 bonus bets" in the management of history，And eventually evolved into the "four keys" (official system) for governing history、Historical bet365 bonus bets、chronology and bibliography) one。Qianlong period，Quan Zuwang called "the study of husband's bet365 bonus bets" in "Duanxi Lecture Hall Policy Questions"，The most important thing for readers of history”，Be the first to propose that the study of history must be based on the study of bet365 bonus bets，Emphasis on the importance of bet365 bonus bets in the management of history。Advocated by the "Sikuquanshu General Catalog" later，Gradually becoming the consensus of the Qing people。The synopsis of "Yue Shi Jin Tie" states: "Reading history does not understand bet365 bonus bets，No way to know the situation”，The minister further believes that those who write history need to be familiar with bet365 bonus bets，Only then can we know the situation in the world。Later, "astronomy was mentioned in the summary of "Special Notes"、bet365 bonus bets、River Channel、Art of War and the like，All for practical purposes，It must be said”，The first analysis of the practical role of bet365 bonus bets in the world，Therefore it should become essential knowledge for historians。

After "Sikuquanshu General Catalog"，The importance of bet365 bonus bets becomes increasingly prominent，To govern history, one must first understand the geographical location and so on, and there are endless records in books。Qian Daxin proposed in "Twenty-Two Historical Examinations" that "historians first understand the official system，CIJINGYUDI，Jiben Clan”，later evolved into "Yuhao Du Yi Book"，Forty years of experience，It is said that there are three aspects that historians should discuss: Yudi.、曰official system、曰 clan”，Qian’s autobiography of forty years of academic experience，With bet365 bonus bets、Official system、Clan is the necessary knowledge for governing history，And bet365 bonus bets has been promoted to the first importance of governing history。On the occasion of Jiandao，Ding Yan's "Yizhizhai Wenchao" accused Ming Dynasty scholars of "divided public records and geographical records breed forgery"，further elaborate on the Ming Dynasty’s scholarly approach，Result from neglecting the study of bet365 bonus bets，To promote the "Essentials of Classics and History，Most of them are in Yudi”，What he said and Quan Zuwang、Qian Daxin and others coincidentally。Li Zhaoluo, a geographer who was contemporary with Ding Yan，Excellent in geographical research，Author of "Charts of Geographic Evolution through the Past Dynasties" and "Modern Interpretation of Geographic Records of the Past Dynasties" etc.，Later inscribed by Li Hongzhang，The preface first advocates the "study of husband's opinion and bet365 bonus bets"，The first essential point for reading history。The rise and fall of governance，Reasons for beneficial diseases，Significance of the situation，The traces of military success and defeat，Xu then observed it”。Tongguang period，The bibliophile Geng Wenguang is world-famous for his book "Ten Thousand Volumes of Essence Building Secretaries"，It was praised by later generations as the first large-scale comprehensive synopsis-style bibliography after the "Sikuquanshu General Catalog"。In terms of methods of governing history，In addition to focusing on the study of general catalogs，Also proposed "year number、Official official、bet365 bonus bets is best to memorize”。"Table of Contents" proposed by Geng Wenguang、Year number、Official official、bet365 bonus bets is the forerunner of the “four keys” to governing history，It can be said to be foresight。

In the continuous evolution of historiography since the Qing Dynasty，bet365 bonus bets has always been one of the necessary knowledge。bet365 bonus bets is regarded as the essence of history，Although it originated from the advocacy of Quan Zuwang，But it is widely accepted by scholars through the "Sikuquanshu General Catalog"，And gained recognition after being promoted by Qian Daxin and others，Become the consensus of researchers。Therefore，Promote the importance of bet365 bonus bets by exploring the "Sikuquanshu"，Then explore the development context of bet365 bonus bets as the key to governing history，It can clearly outline one aspect of the development of bet365 bonus bets in the Qing Dynasty。

　　(The author is an associate professor at the School of Humanities, Hangzhou Normal University)