Since the 1970s,Both microhistorians and global historians have made fruitful explorations in historical methods。Microhistory began in the late 1970s,By absorbing sociology、Research Methods in Anthropology and Religion,It was very popular in European and American circles。The Return of Martin Guerre by Natalie Zemon Davis、Emmanuel Levalladouri's "Montailyou" and Carlo Ginzburg's "Cheese and Maggots: The Universe of the Sixteenth-Century Miller" are both classics of microhistory。Since the late 1990s,Global historians are concerned about large-scale population movements、Exchange of goods、The bonus bet365 of the spread of disease and the exchange of scientific knowledge and religious ideas,Also examines the bonus bet365 of individuals or groups across nation-state or imperial boundaries,Then explore the global connections behind them。
But,There is an unbridgeable gap between micro bonus bet365 and global bonus bet365。In the spatial dimension,Historical research can basically be divided into macroeconomics、Meso and micro levels。Traditional micro bonus bet365 mainly studies bonus bet365 at the micro level,Focus on the study of small histories of small places or small people,But ignores the big bonus bet365 at the global level。Global bonus bet365 mainly studies historical phenomena from a global perspective,But they often ignore the interaction with small places。Micro bonus bet365 is more like a historian using a microscope to study a small place,Global bonus bet365 is more like a historian looking down at the entire earth with a telescope。Due to different emphasis in research scale,There is often a lack of meaningful dialogue between traditional microhistory and global bonus bet365。Also,Due to the huge difference in research scale,Micro bonus bet365 and global bonus bet365 have limitations in dealing with meso-level bonus bet365。
The emergence of global micro-bonus bet365 is precisely to break the barriers between micro-bonus bet365 and global bonus bet365,Although related studies have their own merits。Donald R. Wright) published "The World and a Small Place in Africa: A bonus bet365 of Globalization in Newmi, The Gambia" in 1997, which is one of the important masterpieces of global micro bonus bet365,Its main research is on the interaction between Newmi in The Gambia and the world。In addition,"The Travels of a Liar" by Natalie Zemon Davis、Bitter Union: A Divorce Drama in the Dutch East India Company of the Seventeenth Century by Leonard Blussé、The Ordeals of Elizabeth Marsh by Linda Colley and The Inner Life of Empire by Emma Rothschild focus on the study of mobile individuals or family members across the globe Experience within range。On the subject of research,Except for studying moving individuals or groups,Global historians also study static individuals。In The Global Entanglements of Local People: Zhu Zongyuan and His Conflicting Worlds,Dominic Sachsenmaier’s study of Zhu Zongyuan, a Confucian scholar in Ningbo, Zhejiang during the Ming and Qing Dynasties,And in "The Stranger in Edo Castle: The Life of a Rebellious Woman in the Bakumatsu Era",Amy Stanley’s examination of the Japanese servant Tsuneno in the first half of the 19th century is a masterpiece of global bonus bet365 of the still man。Obviously,Global micro bonus bet365 draws on and absorbs the research methods of micro bonus bet365 and global bonus bet365,Attempting to integrate local bonus bet365 into global historical processes。
Global microhistory attempts to integrate local and global bonus bet365,But there are inevitable limitations when dealing with meso-level bonus bet365。Compared with micro bonus bet365 and global bonus bet365,The Mediterranean world advocated by Fernand Braudel, a representative of the French Annales School, is both a regional whole,It is also a meso-level research scope。The Mediterranean world breaks through the research fields of traditional nation-state or empire bonus bet365,However, because the research object is not global, it cannot be directly investigated from a global perspective。Similar to the Mediterranean world,Indian Ocean World、Regional wholes such as the Pacific World and the Atlantic World also fall within the scope of meso-level research。Although the Indian Ocean World、The activity space of certain individuals or groups in the Pacific and Atlantic worlds crosses the boundaries of traditional empires or nation-states,But their footprints have not spread all over the world。In this case,Traditional microhistory and global microhistory in explaining the Indian Ocean world、The validity of individual or group histories in the Pacific and Atlantic worlds has been questioned。
Micro-Atlantic bonus bet365 is a meso-level bonus bet365,Just right to supplement traditional microhistory and global microhistory。In European and American circles,Atlantic bonus bet365 attempts to analyze the nation-states in the Atlantic world、Study empires and islands as a whole。In addition,Atlantic bonus bet365 uses a maritime perspective to study bonus bet365,Attempting to challenge the traditional land-centered view of nation-state or empire bonus bet365。Inspired by the study of micro bonus bet365 and Atlantic bonus bet365,Micro-Atlantic bonus bet365 attempts to combine micro-bonus bet365 and Atlantic bonus bet365。Micro-Atlantic bonus bet365 studies individual figures within the Atlantic world、Villages and cities,Also explores the interconnections between small places and the Atlantic world。In the spatial dimension,Micro-Atlantic bonus bet365 is between micro-bonus bet365 and global micro-bonus bet365。In research methods,Micro-Atlantic bonus bet365 absorbs micro-bonus bet365、Research methods of global bonus bet365 and Atlantic bonus bet365。On the research object,Micro-Atlantic bonus bet365 has many similarities with traditional micro-bonus bet365 and global micro-bonus bet365,Although they are quite different due to different research scales。But,Traditional micro bonus bet365、Micro-Atlantic bonus bet365 and global micro-bonus bet365 are not completely exclusive,The combination of the three can be used to deal with the micro level、bonus bet365 at the meso-level and macro-level。In a sense,The three complement each other。
Randy J, Department of bonus bet365, Tulane University, Texas, USA.Sparks (Randy J. Sparks) is one of the important representatives of micro-Atlantic bonus bet365。In the 2004 monograph The Two Princes of Calabar: An Atlantic Odyssey in the Eighteenth Century,Sparks mainly examined two African princes in Calabar on the west coast of Africa, Little Ephraim Robin John and Ancona Robin Robin John. The experience of finally returning to my homeland after going through ups and downs。1767,A civil war breaks out in Calabar,Causing two African princes to be captured by European slave traders,Subsequently trafficked to Dominica in the West Indies。Soon,Two African princes were trafficked to Virginia again,They attempted to escape from slavery by escaping。But,After being captured,They were sold again by slave traders。They seized the opportunity to attempt a second escape and made their way to Bristol, England。Fortunately,With the support of abolitionists in Britain,They finally gained freedom and successfully returned home。While collecting historical materials at the John Rylands Library in Manchester, England,Sparks found 9 original manuscripts left by two African princes in the correspondence of Methodist minister Charles Wesley。These manuscripts tell how two African princes suffered from slavery and how they fought for freedom。With the support of abolitionists and Methodists in Britain,Two African princes converted to Christianity。But,After returning to his homeland in Africa,Two princes rejoin the Atlantic slave trade。In addition,Sparks discusses the conflict between their Christian faith and their involvement in the slave trade。"The Two Princes of Calabar" mainly tells the experience of two African princes in the Atlantic world,It is a typical micro-Atlantic bonus bet365 masterpiece。
Same as "The Two Princes of Calabar","Where Blacks Were Slavemasters: An African Port in the Era of the Slave Trade" published by Sparks in 2014 is also one of the important masterpieces of micro-Atlantic bonus bet365。In the second half of the 18th century,Annamabo (Annamaboe or Anomabo), located in today's Ghana, is the main slave export port city on the Gold Coast of western Africa。In the Atlantic Slave Trade,Annamabo and the Asante tribe in interior West Africa、West Indies、Charleston, South Carolina、London and the city of Newport, Rhode Island have established an inseparable trade network。With Liverpool、London、Cádiz、Nantes、Charleston、The same business center in New York and Kingston on the island of Jamaica,The Port of Annamabo is an integral part of Atlantic world trade。In research methods,Sparks uses biographical and microhistorical methods to study the slave trade in the port city of Annamabo,Also analyzes its trade and cultural connections with the Atlantic World。Sparks attempts to study Atlantic bonus bet365 from a local African perspective at the port of Annamabo,Attempting to challenge the mainstream narrative framework of Atlantic bonus bet365 in Europe and America。
In the field of micro-Atlantic bonus bet365,Sparks made important contributions。"The Two Princes of Calabar" mainly focuses on the transatlantic experience of two African princes。In comparison,"Where Blacks Were Slaveholders" focuses on the connection between the port city of Annamabo and the Atlantic World。Publication of these two monographs,Explain that micro-Atlantic bonus bet365 can combine traditional micro-bonus bet365 and Atlantic bonus bet365。Explanation of Sparks’ exploration of micro-Atlantic bonus bet365,A micro-Atlantic bonus bet365 that brings together the local and the Atlantic world holds great promise。Sparks’ discussion of microscopic individual characters and port cities,Also encourage future generations of scholars to engage in more original research on micro-Atlantic bonus bet365。
Micro-Atlantic bonus bet365 has important inspiration and reference significance。Except micro bonus bet365 and global micro bonus bet365,Micro-Atlantic bonus bet365 helps to further understand the relationship between local and regional wholes。The research objects and research methods of micro-Atlantic bonus bet365 can be directly applied to micro-Indian Ocean bonus bet365、Micro-Pacific bonus bet365, micro-Mediterranean bonus bet365 and other fields。In other words,Mesolevel bonus bet365 should not be limited to the Atlantic world,It should also be expanded to the Indian Ocean、Other meso-level regions such as the Pacific and Mediterranean。Obviously,For other meso-level historical research,The research methods and research results of micro-Atlantic bonus bet365 can be used as reference。
(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Foundation’s general project “Racial Violence in the Process of Urbanization in the United States” (21BSS021)
(The author is an associate professor of bonus bet365, School of Social Sciences, Suzhou University)
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