Can pragmatism equal to the theory of meaning? There is no difference in the academic community，But what is not controversial is，Practicalism first came out as a meaning theory，And its meaning theory still has strong academic vitality。

The practical family family is very huge，Development and evolution has exceeded one and a half centuries。Where different practicalists in different periods，The interpretation of meaning theory is not the same，But in general，Among them, the most representative of which is the theory of the symbolic significance of Porsh and the theory of Dewey's action meaning。

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Pragmatism is founded by Peloss，The sign of his birth is the "Establishment of Faith" and "How to Make Our Concepts Clear" in the 1870s。It is in these two documents，Pelsh proposed the core proposition of the theory of pragmatism，This claim was later James、Dewey and others to develop further，So with pragmatism，This is a classic narrative that is widely circulated about how pragmatism is born。But，If we put our vision more open，I will find it，In fact, as early as the 1960s，Pelsh has already proposed a symbolic meaning theory，The practice of pragmatism in the 1970s is the logical result of the early set of the doctrine。

Modern philosophy tradition is generally a psychological philosophy tradition，The "My Thinking" opened by Descartes laid the direction for this tradition。Peersh starts with the characteristics of inspection，For the first time, it challenged this tradition。His difficulties are: Is there no symbolic thought? Through argument，He concluded: thought bet365 Play online games is not just my inner activity，The essence of thought is a symbol series; understanding the characteristics of thought，To understand the characteristics of the symbol。symbols consist of three elements，Object、symbol、Significant explanation item，The meaning interpretation item here is another symbol。Objects cause symbols to produce，But the meaning of the symbol is given by another symbol，Symbols determine the object through meaning。No other symbols (meaning interpretation items)，One symbol and object is unable to correspond to。Because of this ternary structure of the symbol，Make thoughts must be continuous、in the symbol chain。From this，Perse thinks，Descartes' intuitive、I can't think as a starting point for philosophy，Only in the public symbol series，Thought is possible。

But if the symbol can only be understood in the symbol series，The meaning of the meaning can only be another symbol，How to avoid semantic backwardness becomes an unavoidable problem。Perola ten years later (1878)，I gave my own answer on this problem，So we have a classic expression of the theory of pragmatism。According to this classic expression，The meaning interpretation item is no longer another symbol，but the actual effect of the experienced experience: "Considering what effects we think of the object of our concept，These effects have some actual significance that can be imagined。This is here，The concept of these effects is all our concepts of this object。"" From Perse's view，If a concept can not bring any practical effects at our experience，So this concept is meaningless。If the actual effect brought by the two concepts is the same，So they are not two concepts, but just two expressions of one concept。Use the actual effect of the concept rather than another symbol Bet365 app download as the meaning interpretation item，Pierr not only provides an operable method for clarifying the meaning of the concept，I also found a new solution to solve the problem of the semantic backsturming left in the early days。

It should be said，This expression is novel，but also vague。What is the effect? What is practical significance?。Due to the influence of some friends due to the "metaphysics club"，At this time, Porsh has a strong name tendency，His statement on the guidelines，Especially his explanation of the meaning of the concept of "hard"，clearly show this tendency。James has grabbed this famous theory tendency of Porsh，When talking about the actual effect，equivalent to "What kind of feeling will we expect from it (referring to concept -quoted)"。James's interpretation has the majority of believers in the later new empiricalism，Practical Guidelines are more regarded as a confirmation standard。

Pelsh cannot accept James's psychological interpretation method on Practical Guidelines，So in 1906's statements on pragmatic standards，We have seen different sayings: "I understand practicalism as a method that uses the meaning of certain concepts，Not the meaning of all concepts，The meaning of those who I call the 'reasonable concepts' (Intellectual Concepts) ... The concept of reason-they are the only indicator load (Sign-Burdens that is appropriately named' Concept '' (Sign-Burdens ) - In essence, the significance of a general behavior of a conscious creature or an object of no life，Therefore, conveying a certain kind of thing that is not just feeling，Instead, it conveys something more than any facts that exist，That is, ‘Would-Acts’ (‘will do so’、‘Would-DOS’ (‘will do so’)。”

Compared with the expression of the 1970s，New interpretation Bet365 lotto review here is mainly important differences: first，He particularly emphasized，Practical Guidelines only applies to his so -called "rational concept"，The concept of cognitive content。This avoided James without the blue and red soap，Application of pragmatism standards to all concepts。Second，He explicitly pointed out，The so -called "actual effect" does not refer to the feeling of the individual at present，Instead, it refers to the habit related to future action。The "habit" here is not the natural habit of Hume -，Instead of predicted objective behavior habits，It is a specification guidance for possible action。This corrects his early misunderstanding of the only name tendency。

　　The meaning is established on the basis of behavioral habits

Persia's Practical Guidelines finally associate meaning with behavior habits，Explanation item of using behavioral habits as the meaning of symbol，Therefore, it provides a solution to the early semantic backstur of semantics。but，Why can you use behavior habits as meaning interpretation items? This，Pelsh did not further explain，Dewey's meaning theory just fills this blank。Dewey's perspective of survival practice (experience) further elaborates Pelo's pragmatism standard，The foundation is laying on the action mode, that is, the behavior habits of Porsh。

From the perspective of Dewey，As a person who is a life body，Not the onlookers of the world、Thinkler，but the actor in the world。There are diverse ways to act early in the environment，These methods were originally the present、Random、accidental，There are some ways，Since they are more suitable for the environment，More conducive to human survival，After years of screening，Naturally retain、Fixed，Bet365 app download An action mode or behavioral habit of becoming an adult，A common form of dealing with the environment。Through educational，This mode or habit is instilled to each member of the community，Domestic effect on them，Make them adopt a more stable way when facing the surrounding environment，Actively exerting a role in the environment，The environment can be classified as a result，With meaning。Slowly，With a table、Dressing of objects and other objects。Dewey's original words are said: "These behaviors occur when it happens，All are isolated，and it is special ... As they gradually accumulate，Irregular changes are deleted，The common features are selected，Get strengthened and combined。A behavioral habit gradually formed，Corresponding to this habit，At the same time, an image of an object or situation is formed at the same time。So，We can not only recognize or not only know this speciality ... but also portray this special object as a person、Tree、Stone、leather, etc.。”

In this process，Two points are worthy of special attention: First, the use of tools，The second is the formation of the community。Use of tools，enable people to link the current things with far away things，Form a web formed。Objects formed an organic overall because of their instrumental characteristics，The meaning of a single object is specified in the overallness of the object。The existence of the community guarantees the standardization of behavior habits，Ensure the stability of the Internet。

The meaning of this meaning based on behavior habits was originally quietly hidden in the practical life of people and the environment.，The emergence of language has brought revolutionary transformation。Language not only makes the original concealed Bet365 lotto review meaning of the net clear，And further formed an independent world，and starting from this in turn acts on the environment，Give the environment new meaning。

The birth of the language is due to communication activities between members of the community，It guarantees the common behavior response of the community facing the environment。This communication already exists in the animal world，Borrow the concept of Fengte，Dewey uses "posture" to explain the communication method between animals，Language is actually a more advanced sound gesture。When people communicate in language，The significance that was originally generated by behavior habits obtained greater accuracy、Generalality and inheritance。Behavioral habits shaped objects，Meaning the rough material。After the language is generated，People directly use words to correspond to objects，It seems to be a natural match between words and objects。The misunderstanding here is: treating objects and words as a direct corresponding appearance relationship。Actually，The reason why the words can correspond to the object，It is because the behavior behind the language is the behavior habit。It turned out to be an object of behavior habits，Give the object meaning，Now the language is replaced by the language，Language is a world classification，Make special things universal meaning。Language and the world (the collection of objects) has a homogeneous relationship，It is a humBet365 app download An action mode or behavioral habit。Dewey firmly advocates，It should be understood in the sense of the verb，The significance of the name comes from the action of human -shaped objects: "meaning is not a spirit (psychic); it is first a behavioral attribute，Followed by the attribute bet365 live casino games of the object。"" "behavior or practice plays a basic role。”

The meaning of language is equivalent to behavioral habits，Once I understand this，Why the meaning of the meaning of the symbol is the behavioral habit of the symbol，It is not difficult to understand。It can be said，Dewey used the philosophy of action to make a good comment on the theory of Peross's meaning theory，Survival Practice、Behavioral habit，is the true source of language meaning。

　　(The author is a professor at the Institute of Foreign Philosophy of the School of Philosophy of Zhejiang University)