Oswald Spengler was a thinker in the late 19th and early 20th centuries。His book "The Decline of the West" was conceived during bet365 bonus bets War I，Published after the war，This is a work that deeply awakens and reflects on Western civilization。In this book Spengler proposed the theory of cultural morphology，Breaking the Ptolemaic system of history，Created a new perspective on understanding the bet365 bonus bets。After Spengler，Civilization as a unit of study，Become a historian、Philosopher、New tools for politicians to analyze the bet365 bonus bets。

　"bet365 bonus bets Historical Morphology" has shortcomings

Spengler’s view of historical civilization has a strong speculative color，He created a philosophical system called "bet365 bonus bets Historical Morphology"，And arrogantly believes that this is "a philosophy about the future that can be produced from the metaphysically exhausted Western soil，One in the later stages，The only philosophy that the psychology of Western Europeans can possibly produce"。Spengler divided the bet365 bonus bets into the "natural bet365 bonus bets" and the "historical bet365 bonus bets"。In terms of bet365 bonus bets view，Spengler is an idealist，The object of his research is not the real bet365 bonus bets itself，But the form of the bet365 bonus bets。Both the "natural bet365 bonus bets" and the "historical bet365 bonus bets" are cognitive worlds。In epistemology，Spengler’s “waking consciousness” epistemology is incomplete，Only at the level of perceptual perception (understanding)，Lack of scientific understanding of the observed objects、Logic analysis and research。He is less rational than Kant，Compared with Marx, he lacks practice。Spengler believed that form and reality are identical，He did not forcefully separate "things in themselves" and "phenomena" like Kant did，But he shows that what he recognizes is form，Instead of the bet365 bonus bets itself，This is completely different from Marx’s belief that the object of perceptual certainty and perceptual activity is the bet365 bonus bets itself。Spengler thinks，bet365 bonus bets history is a systematic expression of the past，It is an inner assumption，It is a manifestation of the ability to feel forms。We feel bet365 bonus bets history，Empirical bet365 bonus bets History，Believe that bet365 bonus bets history can be read like a map。But，To this day，All we know are its various forms，rather than its form itself，That is a mirror image of our own lives。

Spengler’s historical philosophy is romantic，From Fichte’s adaptation of Kant’s ideas。Spengler thinks，Real life、History only knows facts，There is no truth。He replaced the mechanical concept of cause and effect with the concept of "organism"；Replacing the concept of historical progress with the concept of growth，Replacing a logical necessity with an empirical necessity。This kind of organicism and fatalism based on the philosophy of life，It’s irrational，Finally led Spengler to mysticism and relativism。Spengler claimed that his philosophy was indebted to Goethe and Nietzsche，especially adopts Goethe’s concepts of becoming and becoming，But Goethe’s concepts of becoming and becoming emphasize the generation and change of things，Have a simple dialectical vision。Spengler applied becoming and becoming to the development process of culture from the "historical bet365 bonus bets" to the civilization of the "natural bet365 bonus bets"，But he believes that culture will lose vitality when it reaches the mature stage of civilization，Towards decline。Marx and Engels also applied "becoming" and "becoming" to the description of bet365 bonus bets development，But Marx and Engels placed becoming and becoming in the perspective of dialectical development。Marx、Engels believes that for dialectical philosophy，Nothing is final、Absolute and Divine。It reveals things and the short-term characteristics within them，In addition to the continuous process of becoming and past，In addition to the endless rise from low level to high level，Nothing can last long in the face of dialectics。

　Trials and mistakes in breaking through “bet365 bonus bets-centrism”

Spengler thinks，Philosophies in the past almost all targeted the “natural bet365 bonus bets”，And he wants to examine the "bet365 bonus bets of history"，Look at the living bet365 bonus bets as the carrier of life。The living bet365 bonus bets is not uniform，But it is divided into different cultures (forms) based on the sense of the bet365 bonus bets (soul) of the people living in it，Each culture has its own "historical bet365 bonus bets"。Spengler observed that there are eight advanced cultural forms in the bet365 bonus bets: Egyptian culture、Babylonian Culture、Indian Culture、Chinese Culture、Classical Culture、Arab Culture、Western culture and Mexican culture。Spengler thinks，The history of all mankind does not exist，What exists is only the history of each culture。He tried to break through the "Eurocentric" history writing model，Write a bet365 bonus bets history of human civilization。Spengler pointed out，Traditional Western history writing，Always regard Western culture as a pole，Other cultures are forced to humbly revolve around this pole，He called this historical narrative the Ptolemaic system of history。Spengler tried to break this Western-centered writing of history，He brought Indian culture、Babylonian Culture、Chinese Culture、Arab Culture、Egyptian Culture、Mexican culture and other cultures regard the bet365 bonus bets scene as having the same status as classical culture/Western culture，Strive to write a bet365 bonus bets history composed of various cultures，He called this historical narrative constructed with culture as the unit the Copernican discovery in the field of history。

Spengler’s historical narrative intends to break through the unified logic of Western historiography，Get rid of the Western-centric narrative vision，But intentionally or unintentionally, he highlighted the superiority of Western culture。Spengler believes that eight types of advanced culture exist in the bet365 bonus bets，Seven species are dead，Only Western culture is in the "Warring States Period" of civilization expansion，Thus Spengler affirmed the rationality of the imperialist wars of Western countries in the early 20th century，And it provides theoretical support for the external expansion of Western countries and the Faustian national colonization of other nations。Spengler denies the unity of bet365 bonus bets history，Advocates that every culture is produced in a unique soil。But he stipulates a priori that every culture is organic、Fateful，But it has returned to the unity and regularity of history。Spengler saw the differences and uniqueness of various cultures，But ignores the similarities between various cultures。Spengler tried to break through the traditional Western Eurocentric theory and write a bet365 bonus bets history，But in terms of data citation, I still focus on classical culture and Western culture that I am more familiar with。And his historical writing based on cultural soul，Existence emphasizes philosophical explanation，The situation of underestimating historical facts。

Spengler’s view of historical civilization，Especially the theory of civilization decline，Causing strong repercussions in the bet365 bonus bets。According to Spengler Culture、The theory of organic inevitability and fatal inevitability of civilization development，All civilizations will eventually decline。The reason why he proposed the idea of ​​the decline of civilization，Related to the disappointed attitude towards capitalist industrial civilization。Spengler’s entire ideological system is full of resistance to modern civilization，Full of a pessimistic tone，He emphasized that the present (life) is the coordinate of comparative morphology，The contemporary capitalist bet365 bonus bets in his eyes is rational、Materialistic、Mechanical，Noble disappears、Serious pollution、Full of the haze of war。Through this, he looked back at the tranquility and beauty of medieval life (cultural stage)，This strong nostalgia comes from the beautiful imagination generated by the sense of distance in time，But the reality is the sense of oppression and tension brought to him by the expansion of a great power。Spengler pointed out when discussing the reasons for the outbreak of bet365 bonus bets War I，The final stage of the development of civilization is that of Caesarism or imperialism，Based on this setting，He explained the inevitability of the outbreak of bet365 bonus bets War I (the inevitability of expansion when civilization develops to a mature stage)。He said that the approaching war is taking place at a turning point that was destined hundreds of years ago in a huge historical organism within certain limits。

Will civilization really follow Spengler’s direction of living organisms and eventually die out？The civilization cycle theory of Toynbee, another historian of cultural form, may give the answer。Toynbee uses the theory of challenge and challenge to explain the rise and fall of civilization，He pointed out the origin of civilization、Growth and decline are in a mutual relationship of challenges and challenges，Facing challenges，Civilization that successfully challenged and survived，Civilization that fails in the challenge will decline。For the continuous growth of civilization, it is not enough to have only one limited movement from turbulence to balance，To transform this movement into a recurring rhythm，There must be an “impulse for life”，This impulse of life keeps growing，Promote challenges and achieve another challenge by meeting challenges，Every cycle starts again、Alternation of Yin and Yang，Promote society to continuously move forward in balance and turmoil。According to Spengler’s theory, we find that all peoples (agricultural civilization) who pay attention to experience are precisely awakened to consciousness，And today’s bet365 bonus bets with rapid industrialization and urbanization (industrial civilization) requires rationality and logic、Operations and rules can construct a well-functioning order。Human souls may lack the feeling of freedom and growth due to changes in the landscape，But order and rationality are exactly what the bet365 bonus bets needs today。Human society has developed to a new stage，The creativity of experience must eventually be transformed into rational creativity in order to better adapt to the needs of new social development。Today’s bet365 bonus bets is increasingly becoming a whole，In the process of globalization，Interactions between civilizations，Continuously enriching the connotation of civilization。From a short-term perspective，There will inevitably be conflicts between civilizations。But human society itself is a community with a shared future，Between the continuation of life and the survival of civilization，The future form of human civilization will be mutual respect、The new form of pluralism。

　　(The author is an associate professor at the School of History, bet365 bonus bets and Tourism, Liaocheng University)