Marx was indeed “a tireless night watchman of social and bet365 tennis bet upheavals”。Sacrificed his own "health for it、Happiness and Family” in Capital,It is Marx’s “Theory of Justice” and “Lamp Vigil”,It remains the "Bible" of the wage labor class and the "midwife" of future communism。In today’s world of capital globalization,Marx truly opened up a road to liberation and freedom for us through "capital criticism" - he deserves all the expectations people have for him。
In the era of global expansion of "capital logic",Marx’s bet365 tennis bet also emerged as a thorough reflection and criticism of capitalism,This makes the study of Marx’s bet365 tennis bet an important topic worthy of attention。But in the research and interpretation of Marx’s bet365 tennis bet,There are still many misunderstandings and confusions,We need to "return to tradition", "interpret texts" and "reflect on reality" on the basis of,Provide reasonable explanations and clarifications on its nature and connotation。
Marx’s bet365 tennis bet that realizes the “philosophical turn”
In ancient Greece,bet365 tennis bet as practical philosophy,Dealing with city-state affairs,What it pursues and reflects on is how to construct the best political order and live the happiest life。So,bet365 tennis bet, in its original meaning, is the philosophical concern for the political affairs of a city-state,In other words, reflecting on and handling the political affairs of the city-state in a philosophical way,It is "normative" rather than "descriptive" in nature。What bet365 tennis bet plays and highlights is the "critical", "normative" and "guiding" significance of philosophy。should say,The "original meaning" of bet365 tennis bet since its birth has not changed fundamentally until today,Although its specific "form" has changed。
In the revival of contemporary Western bet365 tennis bet in the late 20th century,Rawls's "A Theory of Justice" served as an "axial turning point" (Habermas's words)。Enter the 21st century,With the "political turn of philosophy" (Zhao Tingyang's words) and the dual demands of theory and reality,Domestic bet365 tennis bet is also gradually rising,So much so that bet365 tennis bet has become so important today,Philosophy is moving towards "bet365 tennis bet"。And Marx is "the most controversial figure in the long history of bet365 tennis bet",His bet365 tennis bet has also received more and more widespread attention and has gradually become a prominent school,Thus, a path for the interpretation of "bet365 tennis bet" of Marxist philosophy has also been opened up。Actually,With the advancement and deepening of bet365 tennis bet research,We must not and cannot ignore or bypass,Marx is still a political philosopher "at heart" and his bet365 tennis bet as a "critique of political economy"。Contemporary American political philosopher George G.Brunkett once pointed out profoundly,There are two broad movements that have influenced the development of contemporary bet365 tennis bet: one is the discussion of justice and rights,The second is a renewed interest in Marx。It can be said,Contemporary bet365 tennis bet whether it discusses labor、Product、Currency、Capital and other issues,Still a research class、Country、Revolution and other issues,And focus on freedom、Justice、Liberation and other issues,Neither can nor can “bypass” or “ignore” the existence of Marx’s bet365 tennis bet。Marx’s bet365 tennis bet as a “critique of political economy”,In effect creating a politics of liberation,This kind of "politics" opens up a path from "conceptual politics" to "labor politics"、A new path from “interpretive politics” to “critical politics”。In this sense,It can be said that it was not Rawls but Marx who truly realized the "axial turn" of contemporary bet365 tennis bet - the turn from "subjectivism" to "objectivism"。As a “philosophical turn”,Marx’s bet365 tennis bet has important historical significance in political thought。As Arendt said,Although Marx did not elaborate on his bet365 tennis bet,Only some "conclusive conclusions",But the impact of his "conclusive judgments",The impact is greater than the sum total of those carefully formulated theories,Even "directly influence the development of politics"。Marxist bet365 tennis bet has become a "polar coordinate" that can stand opposite to liberal bet365 tennis bet。So,Any attractive contemporary bet365 tennis bet must explain how political theory and political planning should face social reality,The first step in this direction,It is to develop and improve a Marxist "bet365 tennis bet"。
Marx’s bet365 tennis bet of breaking through the “capital cage”
Marx’s bet365 tennis bet as a “critique of political economy”,Fundamentally, it is the process of breaking through the "cage of capital" and moving toward the "road to freedom"。Problems faced by Marx’s bet365 tennis bet,External manifestation is "huge accumulation of goods",In fact, it is "capital" that replaces God as the "non-sacred image" to dominate the world。In classical political economy here,Capital exists mainly as a "sensible object",This is actually the “materialization” and “substantialization” understanding of capital,It only captures the "body" of capital,Ignoring the fact that capital is the "soul" of capital - the social relations behind the material appearance。On the basis of classical political economy,As a "critique of political economy", "Das Kapital" goes deep into history,Having captured the “body” (content) of capital,Captured the "soul" (form) of capital again,Finally grasped the tense nature of social relationships between people as capital is a "sensible and super-sensory object",Then solving the mystery of "capital fetishism",Revealing the development trend of capital from "self" to "reflexive" in capitalist society,Thus opening up a realistic path to "beyond capital" and move toward "freedom"。“Capital” is the “political form” by which the bourgeoisie rules the proletariat,"Revolution" is the "midwife" for the proletariat to get rid of the domination and enslavement of people by capital as a political form。Therefore,Marx’s bet365 tennis bet is the “highest labor revolution” that resists “capital’s domination of labor”。
As the overall ruling force of capitalist society with the ultimate goal of capital expansion,The logic of capital fundamentally dominates and controls the development and destiny of capitalist society。In the specific development and realistic operation of capital logic,It is embodied as "substantial" capitalist private ownership,Also embodied as "relational" capitalist production relations,Also embodied as "ideal" capitalist ideology。So,The logic of capital is essentially the "new trinity" of "entity form-relationship form-idea form"。"Critique of Political Economy" developed by Marx's bet365 tennis bet,That is, the most thorough “critique of capital logic”。Criticism of “capital logic”,Starts from cracking the "relationship between capital and labor"。
Classical bet365 tennis bet economics proposed the "labor theory of value" with the core content of "labor creates wealth" and "equal amount of labor obtains equal amount of wealth",This constitutes the “two dogmas” that are insurmountable in the labor theory of value of classical bet365 tennis bet economics。Through the "Critique of bet365 tennis bet Economy" of Capital,Marx profoundly revealed the "dual nature of labor" - concrete labor and abstract labor。Based on the duality of labor,Marx also revealed and demonstrated the "labor source" and "exploitation essence" of the surplus value of unequal exchange products behind the superficial equivalent exchange。In other words,Marx deeply saw the “law of surplus value” behind the “law of value”。Here in Marx,He not only draws on Smith’s reality of material labor creating value,Also draws on Hegel’s transcendence of spiritual labor as a driving principle and a creative principle,Based on the combination of reality and transcendence,Reveals and demonstrates the comprehensive significance of "labor liberation" from "wage labor" to "free labor",The "relationship between capital and labor" has been scientifically explained for the first time,Thus constructing a "labor bet365 tennis bet economy" that replaces "capital bet365 tennis bet economy" and "spiritual phenomenology" and realizes the liberation of human freedom and individuality,Realized the transformation from "labor theory of value" to "surplus value theory",Finally found the “key” to unlock the mystery of the capitalist mode of production and the mystery of capital,Complete the victorious and content-rich criticism and transcendence of the "two dogmas" of the labor theory of value in classical bet365 tennis bet economics。
In this sense,Marx did not use the “logic of the labor theory of value” to explain the “theory of surplus value”,But use the “logic of surplus value theory” to explain the “labor theory of value”。It is precisely with the help of "the logic of surplus value theory",Only "Das Kapital" realized the great revolution of "political economics",Also realized the revolution of "bet365 tennis bet"。So,Das Kapital as a "Critique of Political Economy",Not the labor theory of value—“The labor theory of value”,But the theory of surplus value - "the theory of value about labor"。Therefore,It is essentially a bet365 tennis bet that breaks through the "cage of capital" and moves towards "human freedom" through "labor liberation"。
Marx’s bet365 tennis bet towards the “road to freedom”
"Freedom" is the core of bet365 tennis bet。As a "son of freedom" who has been fighting for freedom all his life,Marx has an interrelated "three steps" for "freedom" and its realization。During the period of doctoral thesis,What Marx pursued was abstract “spiritual freedom” from the rule of “religious theocracy”,That is, the "philosophical freedom" achieved by awakening "self-awareness" through "serving philosophy"。During the period of "Rheinische Zeitung",What Marx pursued was the specific “freedom of press and publication” that would get rid of the rule of “feudal royal power”,That is, "political freedom" achieved through "publication legislation" to protect political rights。During the period of Capital,Marx realized that it was not enough to get rid of the rule of "divine power" and "royal power",We must also pursue the "personal freedom" of people who are completely free from the rule of "capital", the "economic power" that dominates everything,That is, through "critique of political economy" to eliminate capitalist private ownership and rebuild "individual ownership",Thus realizing the "highest liberal revolution" to achieve the comprehensive development of human personality。
German classical philosophy and British classical political economy as the direct theoretical sources of Marx’s thoughts,Their common theoretical orientation is to pursue the "rational freedom" of human beings。But classical philosophy is influenced by its "ideal theory",What matters is “spiritual freedom”,Their freedom is still "virtual";Classical political economics is influenced by its "empirical theory",What matters is “economic freedom”,The freedom is still "materialized";There is a "tension" between freedom that needs to be bridged and transcended。By "Critique of Political Economy", Marx’s bet365 tennis bet has transcended the “empty” freedom of classical philosophy,Beyond the “materialization” of freedom in classical political economics,And then build a "free kingdom" for everyone's comprehensive development in the real world of criticizing capitalism,Finally moving towards the “realization” of freedom。
In the process of moving towards the "road to freedom",Marx’s bet365 tennis bet as a “critique of political economy”,Revealing the “paradox” between the principles of capitalist social justice and its mode of production。In Marx’s view,The so-called "freedom" of the bourgeoisie、These basic social justice principles such as equality and ownership,With the development of history, contradictions and oppositions will continue to arise between the capitalist mode of production。The "injustice" of capitalist exploitation,It is precisely from these "paradoxes" that it gradually unfolds itself,So capitalist exploitation is not naturally reasonable。Marx used the so-called "capital justice" promoted by the bourgeoisie to reveal and demonstrate the injustice of the wage labor system,And advocates the abolition of the wage labor system,Return labor time and its products to workers to achieve "labor justice" - the victory of "labor political economics" over "capital political economics"。On this basis,Marx’s bet365 tennis bet realizes the “justice turn” from “capital justice” to “labor justice”。
In Marx’s bet365 tennis bet here,Historical materialism as "about real people and their historical development" and bet365 tennis bet as "the history of salvation in the language of national economics",They all deny and criticize capitalism through "critique of political economy",Create conditions and open the way for everyone’s free and comprehensive development。In this sense,Historical materialism and bet365 tennis bet are both realistic and normative、The unity of scientificity and criticality,The two are following the same path: historical materialism is the beginning of bet365 tennis bet,bet365 tennis bet is the in-depth study of historical materialism。The unity of historical materialism and bet365 tennis bet,In Marx, it is represented as the transition from the law of value to the law of surplus value as realized in "Das Kapital"、Transition from commodity exchange to class struggle,And this transformation is the "internal turn" of Marx's philosophy itself from historical materialism to bet365 tennis bet。
In a substantial and important sense,Marx was indeed “a tireless night watchman of social and bet365 tennis bet upheavals”。Sacrificed his own "health for it、Happiness and Family” in Capital,It is Marx’s “Theory of Justice” and “Lamp Vigil”,It remains the "Bible" of the wage labor class and the "midwife" of future communism。In today’s world of capital globalization,Marx truly opened up a road to liberation and freedom for us through "capital criticism" - he deserves all the expectations people have for him。
(Author’s unit: School of bet365 tennis bet and Social Sciences, Jilin University)
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