In "Das Kapital"，Marx through the concept and category system of political economy，Comprehensive exploration of the political prerequisites and conditions for the possibility of Bet365 lotto review，For example, the comprehensive disintegration of traditional social relations and the establishment of universal commodity exchange relations，While completing political liberation, workers have nothing so much that they must sell their labor power in a free way，etc.。And through comprehensive dialogue and critical transcendence of Western political philosophy since modern times，Reveals the realistic path of human liberation from the political liberation of Bet365 lotto review to the all-round development of human beings and its world historical trend。

The political philosophy criticism of Bet365 lotto review in "Das Kapital" is first reflected in the overall criticism，That is, Bet365 lotto review is an overall design rather than the result of individual free choice，Therefore the path to criticism and transcendence must be holistic rather than individual。Marx pointed out: "No matter how subjectively an individual is detached from various relationships，He is always the product of these relationships in a social sense。Compared to any other point of view，My point of view is that individuals cannot be held responsible for these relationships。"Contemporary Korean-German philosopher Han Byung-cheol also pointed out，In the empire of Bet365 lotto review，“Everyone surrenders to the dictates of the capitalist economy”，As an overall system，The "no one rules" shown in it，It is to present the capitalist system，This system covers everyone”。People living in this system，"Self-exploitation" expressed as freedom。This is because modern Bet365 lotto review is "clothed with freedom、The cloak of self-actualization and self-improvement。I am not forced to work here、The exploiter who alienated me。Opposite，I exploit myself willingly，I naively thought it was self-realization”。

In Han Bingzhe’s view，This overall systemic violence “involves all members of a social system，Turn them into victims without discrimination，Therefore, class antagonism and hierarchical relationship are not prerequisites。This kind of violence does not require a relationship of hostility and dominance。The subject is neither the person in power，Not the ruling class，But the system itself。Therefore，It has no agents of oppression or exploitation”。In Marx’s view，The decline of physical strength and intelligence brought about by Bet365 lotto review、Died in infancy、The torture and anxiety of overwork “do not depend on the good intentions or bad intentions of individual capitalists。Free competition makes the internal laws of capitalist production act as external mandatory laws for every capitalist”。That is, the universalization and absoluteization of Bet365 lotto review through the exchange value system，Making the struggle for survival an absolute principle，No longer care whether life is good or whether humanity is liberated，Thereby giving human beings "a stiff coat on life itself"。

Marx stated in "Das Kapital"，Comprehensive and thorough exchange valuing through social relations，Formed as an individual、Modern Bet365 lotto review in which desire and self-preservation are the core of its essence，Although it has developed the ability to recognize the legal rights of others、Respect the human rights of others，Formally fair buying and selling ethics and "being human"，And recognize the legal personality of others as “human beings”。But in the way of human existence, people are attributed to self-interest、Independent individual”，The people who are the bearers of this relationship are "opposed to each other"，For political thinkers of Bet365 lotto review represented by Ferguson and others，“Private interests protect commerce and prosperity better than the careful arrangements of the state”；“No competition between countries，No war，Civilized society itself is difficult to find a goal，Or a form”；“A person who has never struggled with other people，Ignorant of half of human emotions”。And Machiavelli pointed out more explicitly，People in capitalist society "are ungrateful... and pursue profits"，Because "human nature is bad，At any time，As long as it is beneficial to you，People cut this bond (favor) in two”。

Therefore，For Marx，The human right of "freedom" of Bet365 lotto review is not based on the combination of people，But the opposite，Built on the basis of separation between people”。“The individual can exist only as a producer of exchange value，And this situation already contains the complete denial of the natural existence of the individual。”For individuals with Bet365 lotto review，As Hobbes argued，“Happiness is the continuous development of desire from one goal to another”。The result of the development of Bet365 lotto review is therefore not the self-realization described by bourgeois consciousness、Self-affirmation、The expression of self-determination and individuality，But "How powerful is currency，As strong as I am。The characteristics of money are me - the characteristics and essential power of the currency holder。Therefore，What I am and what I can do，This is by no means determined by my personality”。

Therefore，The cultural spirit of capitalist civilization cannot develop caring for others with benevolence as its core due to its self-interest and materialized nature.、Responsibility、The culture and social spirit of family and country sentiment，Thus blocking the possibility of realizing human positive existence。Dolmey profoundly pointed out in "The Twilight of Subjectivity"，As a "punishment" for the mutual indifference of social relations formed by modern Bet365 lotto review，People are "perpetually imprisoned in its self"，Condemned to see the world like a knight in a castle”。Listen、Resonance is no longer the main axis of social relations for the narcissistic subjects of Bet365 lotto review who are "addicted to themselves"，People are no longer able to enter each other’s inner world，Experience the mountains and flowing water、Bound together like water and milk、The meaning of life of mutual support，It is difficult to realize the human liberation problem of "human society" and "social humanity" mentioned by Marx: "Man finally becomes the master of his own social union，Thus becoming the master of nature，Become your own master—a free person。”

For the freedom of self-realization advocated by the ideology of Bet365 lotto review，In Han Bingzhe’s opinion, it is just a kind of compulsion，“It forces people to be like themselves，Define yourself only by yourself、Write yourself、Create yourself。The law of authenticity imposes coercion on oneself，Forcing myself to keep questioning、Eavesdropping、Peeping、Surround yourself。In this way，Intensified narcissistic self-involvement”。Due to this self-involved narcissistic subject, he cannot care and care about others in the depths of his spirit and soul，Ultimately leading to the disastrous consequences of being able to understand the world only in one’s own shadow。Furthermore, Bet365 lotto review emphasizes the complete commodification and exchange value of people themselves，Causes each individual to always produce itself、Market yourself、Show yourself、Manage yourself，Providing oneself as goods to others is the main line of life and life，Bet365 lotto review thus transforms the traditional exploitation of others into the self-exploitation of all classes。As Marx pointed out，Even capitalists，"As a capitalist，He is just capital in person。His soul is the soul of capital”。

Promote "evil", "antagonism", "conflict" and "competition"，Modern Bet365 lotto review that creates lonely individuals，Not the so-called "natural result"，But as Kant said in "Critique of Historical Reason"，The so-called "starting from evil" of modern Bet365 lotto review is nothing but "human creation"。The communication relationship in modern capitalist society was also described by Ferdinand Tönnies in "Community and Society" as "an artificial aggregation of individuals"。This is what Max Weber called "experts without souls"，Those who indulge in lust have no heart”，Described as thoroughly "secular" by Charles Taylor。Smith pointed out in "The Theory of Moral Sentiments"，For this society，"Personal physical condition、Wealth、Status and reputation，Considered to be the main object on which he depends for his comfort and happiness in this life”。Bet365 lotto review must therefore be spiritually difficult to escape from the crisis and dilemma of secularization and non-sacred nihilism，Excessive emphasis on competition and opposition will further breed religious fundamentalist terrorism、Populism or Burnout Society，Even neo-fascist racism、Conservatism、The arrival of an era of deglobalization and continued conflict and confrontation between nation-states，In turn, it will backfire on the possible space for the improvement of individual material life brought about by universal commodity exchange。

Although as early as the early 19th century，Tocqueville was already aware of the serious problems of individualism，And states that “Individualism is a thoughtful and calm feeling，It causes each member of the community to separate himself from the majority of his peers，Distancing yourself from family and friends。So，Once he establishes a small circle of his own，He happily leaves the whole society behind...individualism，Good deeds that at first only weakened public life，But in the long run，It attacks and destroys all others，Until it falls into complete selfishness"。However，Only Marx can truly clarify，The absoluteization of individualism is the result of the thoroughness and absoluteization of the social exchange relationship set by Bet365 lotto review，instead of starting point。Therefore，The way out lies in dissolving the absolutism of capitalist social relations in political totality。

The crisis of modern Bet365 lotto review is not just its complete reification，It is more about the powerization of this materialization logic。It manifests itself as the problem of poverty and untouchability within a country as the polarization of rich and poor，In the world and global scope, it is manifested as the problem of center and periphery world system。Bet365 lotto review developed from the exchange value system，By colluding with technology，In denying the meaning of direct labor with labor time as its content，That is, while devaluing direct labor，It also firmly limits workers to the level of relying on direct labor to make a living，This leads to the difficult problem of poverty and untouchability in civil society that Hegel found difficult to solve in "Principles of Legal Philosophy"。Marx analyzed the logic of capital growth，Reveals the dilemma that is difficult to explain and answer in the ownership logic of free exchange in modern Bet365 lotto review: "The law that keeps the relative surplus population or industrial reserve army in balance with the scale and capacity of accumulation pins workers to capital，Nailed Prometheus more firmly to the rock than Hephaestus's wedge。This law restricts poverty accumulation that is compatible with capital accumulation。Therefore，One pole is the accumulation of wealth，At the same time on the other pole，That is, in terms of the class that produces its own products as capital，It is poverty、Labor torture、Slavery、Ignorance、The accumulation of boorishness and moral depravity。”

Different from Hegel’s attempt to solve the dilemma of surplus population and de-laboration of production through colonization，Marx advocated active national governance，Lead the population who make a living through direct labor to the new labor force population whose occupation is invention and artistic creation。Therefore，Different from the usual understanding of Marx’s Capital as a critique of capital exploitation，Marx began with the manuscripts and preparatory works of Capital such as "On the Jewish Question" and "Krotznach Notes" in 1843，I advocate that the criticism of political economy should first be understood as political criticism，In order to obtain liberation, the issue must shift from the criticism of religion to the criticism of the state，Then understand and grasp the issue beyond Bet365 lotto review as a shift from political liberation to human liberation: the unity of human positive essence and positive existence through active national governance，And thereby promote the transformation of production from labor time as the main axis to free time as the main axis，And overcome the poverty and untouchability of contemporary rich-poor polarization at the political and economic level、The problem of center and edge。

The new political economy that takes invention as a profession inherently requires the realization of people’s active existence。"In the field of political economy，Enemies encountered by free scientific research，Not just the enemies it encounters in all other realms。Special properties of the materials studied by political economy，Putting the fiercest thing in people’s hearts、The most despicable、The worst emotion，Calling the Nemesis of private interests onto the battlefield to oppose free scientific research。”For Marx，The new political economy demands that free scientific research be restored to its rightful place，The core lies in the ideology of transcending capitalist civilization individualism and self-interest，Reunderstanding the individual as a member of the community。Rather than what Robert Bellah criticized the modern Bet365 lotto review represented by the United States，For the ideology of modern Bet365 lotto review: "The meaning of individual life is to be one's own master，I just wish I couldn’t give myself life。Much of this process... is negative，Contains individuals and families、The rupture between the concepts of community and inheritance。”

This new type of labor takes creation and development as a profession，It’s not just what Habermas described: “Marx gave labor an explanation of production aesthetics，And view labor as externalization、The cyclical process of objectification and possession of essential power。”But understand individual labor as socialized、Community work based on the existing knowledge tradition of mankind，As Marx said，“The foothold of old materialism is civil society，The foothold of new materialism is human society or human beings in society”。On the one hand, it is the other side of the field of material production，On the other hand, it provides a new foundation for further development in the field of material production。The fundamental thing is to make the educated realize that their "inherent power" is social power，It is the state that organizes this power and therefore no longer separates social power from workers in the form of capital，Only until this time，The political criticism of Bet365 lotto review and the construction of a new civilization are possible。And through the construction of community, the individuals living in it can resolve the dilemma of nihilism spiritually and culturally。

Hegel once pointed out，What position does a nation occupy in the development stages of world history，It mainly depends on what stage of world spirit the nation embodies。As an externalization of the world spirit, "world history is nothing more than the progress of 'freedom' consciousness，This is a progress that we must recognize in its inevitability”。The development of world history to this day，Bet365 lotto review has obviously transcended the negative freedom of pure individualism and developed to "becoming a human being"，And the reflective and legal freedom to recognize others as human beings，Contemporary and future human civilization is already calling for new freedom based on the principle of community and comprehensive human development，It requires long-term national governance in the new era，Return human relationships to people，Thus fundamentally providing solutions to fundamental human problems。This is also based on the feelings and responsibilities of family and country、The outstanding Chinese traditional culture with responsibility as its core is of great significance to China and the world。The dialectical unity of material civilization and spiritual civilization，Through the historical and political practice of unifying the positive essence and active existence of human beings，Complete the fundamental solution to the fundamental problems of mankind given by world history。

　　(The author is a researcher at the Contemporary Foreign Marxism Research Center of Fudan University、Researcher at the Institute of Ethnic Studies at Fudan University and the Research Base for the Four National Ministries and Commissions to Strengthen the Consciousness Bet365 lotto review Chinese Ethnic Community)