Research on bet365 apuestas’s thought since Zhang Taiyan in the early 20th century、Liang Qichao、Hu Shi and others revealed the origin，Later became one of the prominent schools in the study of academic thought in the Qing Dynasty。Since the mid-Qing Dynasty Jiang Fan、After Fang Dongshu and his two colleagues started the academic paradigm of "Controversy between Han and Song Dynasties"，The research on bet365 apuestas’s thoughts also continues the ideological model of the “Controversy between Han and Song Dynasties” to a certain extent，It’s just that the ideological content and form of both sides have changed。In the late Qing Dynasty，Zhang Taiyan earlier discovered the positive content in bet365 apuestas’s thoughts from the perspective of sympathy，Great commendation for the people-oriented content of bet365 apuestas’s philosophy。Liang Qichao、Hu Shi and two others focused on praising bet365 apuestas’s “anti-Neo-Confucianism” ideological content，Liang affirmed bet365 apuestas’s criticism of the human nature-restricting side of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming dynasties and created the “emotional philosophy turn”，Hu believes that bet365 apuestas’s philosophy got rid of the semi-religious and semi-metaphysical content of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties and contained the scientific spirit。Wang Guowei’s research on bet365 apuestas’s thoughts shows a certain degree of complexity，Early affirmation of the "reason" theory in bet365 apuestas's philosophy，And identified in the philosophical works of the Qing Dynasty for three hundred years，bet365 apuestas's "Yuan Shan" and "Mencius' Character Meanings" are the most valuable。But later on issues related to the study of bet365 apuestas's "Shui Jing Zhu"，Disapprove of bet365 apuestas's "prudence" in his behavior，And thus lowered the evaluation of his ideological achievements。Qian Mu uses the usual thinking of historians，Carefully examine the sources of bet365 apuestas’s academic thoughts，For bet365 apuestas’s study of Jiang Yong and Zhu Xi’s studies、Inheritance relationship of ideas，Gived extremely detailed examination，And based on Zhu Xi's extensive "Gewu" thought of "taking into consideration all the things in the world" as the standard，Extremely dissatisfied with bet365 apuestas's narrow "Gewu" spirit of only "Gede famous things in the Six Classics"，Thinks that bet365 apuestas “still has the spirit of a Sinologist”。

　After the 1940s，Chinese Marxist Mr. Hou Wailu’s research on bet365 apuestas’s thoughts，Mainly abandoning the research results of Hu Shi and Qian Mu，Try to give a more pertinent evaluation。But Mr. Hou himself uses Wang Fuzhi’s philosophy as the standard，Failed to give a sympathetic understanding of the characteristics of bet365 apuestas’s thoughts，Overall, the achievements of bet365 apuestas’s thought are undervalued。After the 1950s，The mainstream paradigm of research on bet365 apuestas’s thought is materialism and idealism、Developed in the form of discourse in which dialectics and metaphysics are opposed to each other，Affirmed the materialistic nature of the "Qi Theory" thought in his philosophy，Criticized the metaphysical thoughts expressed in its epistemology，The people's nature and the nature of early enlightenment thought contained in his criticism of Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism's proposition of "killing people with reason" in his social thought were greatly commended。After the 1990s，A few scholars try to introduce modern Western language ideas，For the Chinese language thought and methods pioneered by bet365 apuestas and the Qianjia scholars he represented，Conducted more in-depth research，Created a new aspect of bet365 apuestas’s philosophical research。A few scholars have also tried to introduce the perspective of philosophical hermeneutics，Characteristics of bet365 apuestas’s philosophical hermeneutics based on linguistics，Made a preliminary exploration。But this research path is still in testing，Not yet widely accepted in academia。

Key words，With the extensive contact between Chinese society and Western society，Western academic ideas have been introduced into Chinese academia in large quantities，The study of bet365 apuestas’s thoughts has also expanded a broader academic space，Basically escape the influence of the academic paradigm of the "Controversy between Han and Song Dynasties" formed in the late Qing Dynasty。Facing the rich academic legacy formed since the 20th century，How will contemporary research on bet365 apuestas’s thought develop its new academic direction，And be able to more truly grasp the achievements of bet365 apuestas’s thought？Because of the limitations of the times，What are the misunderstandings in bet365 apuestas’s thinking？New exploration is needed for these。

　　Exploration and reflection in the study of bet365 apuestas’s thought

From the perspective of philosophical hermeneutics，All ideological research has its own explicit or implicit academic "foresight"。On the one hand, the academic “foresight” possessed by researchers will obscure some visions，On the other hand, it will also show some profoundness and rationality under the perspective of "foresight"。But how to avoid using a certain philosophical "foresight" as a criterion to judge the level of bet365 apuestas's thoughts、Gains and losses、Achievement，This is another academic method misunderstanding that we should avoid in the contemporary study of bet365 apuestas’s thought。Some scholars who study Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism and therefore have theoretical sympathy and identification with Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism，bet365 apuestas’s philosophical and metaphysical achievements are often criticized from the abstract metaphysical perspective of Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism，Disagree with bet365 apuestas’s criticism of the bad social effects of Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism—“killing people with reason”，Then criticizing bet365 apuestas’s philosophy truly creates the possibility of “killing people with courtesy”。This is not only from an apologetic standpoint，And it also has a profound and thoughtful meaning。

Nearly 30 years，Domestic Confucian research shows a comprehensive promotion and expansion of Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism、Research on Yangming’s Psychology，And the trend of highly deepening and refining，The research on bet365 apuestas’s thoughts is in a relatively deserted state。Overview of a small number of related books and papers published in the past ten years，There is a happy side，There is also a worrying side。Look at the positive side，For bet365 apuestas’s thoughts on language、Research on hermeneutical thoughts has been advanced，A book like Li Changran's "bet365 apuestas's "Yuan Shan" Expressions" (2014) is more in-depth、Discloses in detail the changes in thoughts centered on "Original Goodness" in bet365 apuestas's philosophical texts，And borrowed Saussure’s linguistic theory to conduct a very innovative exploration of bet365 apuestas’s linguistic philosophy and hermeneutic thoughts，There are many victorious meanings among them，Have new eyes and ears。Xu Daobin's book "Research on bet365 apuestas's Criticism" (2007)，A more comprehensive and detailed examination of bet365 apuestas’s writings、phonology、Exegesis、Collation、Compilation、The study of identifying forgeries，Although he is not good at studying bet365 apuestas’s thoughts，But through a comprehensive study of bet365 apuestas’s academic thoughts，It helps people better understand bet365 apuestas’s thoughts from a methodological perspective。

The worrying problems are mainly reflected in the following four aspects。First, the awareness of the problem is relatively old，Old tune again。The main reason is that some scholars who studied bet365 apuestas’s thoughts，Lack of basic understanding of new developments in bet365 apuestas research in recent decades，The research results of previous sages that we pay attention to are often Liang Qichao、Related discussions by Qian Mu and others，I didn’t even study Hu Shi’s research results carefully。Relevant research results of domestic and overseas academic circles in recent decades，It is also not within the scope of some new papers。The second is that we know relatively little about bet365 apuestas’s philosophical literature，Often limited to a few of the most famous works (such as "Explanation of Mencius' Character Meanings", "Yuan Shan", etc.)，Basically I don’t know much about the large amount of material on philosophical research methods in his letters。Third，bet365 apuestas’s ideological documents are often understood as “synchronic”，For the forward and backward development of thoughts、Lack of basic understanding of representation differences。Fourth，A few scholars have a sense of “defense”，Because I prefer Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism，Criticizing bet365 apuestas’s philosophical method in order to defend Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism。Some people prefer Qian Mu，Almost completely unaware of Qian Mu’s “derogatory” ideological tendency shown in his research on bet365 apuestas’s thoughts，Often take Qian Mu’s comments about bet365 apuestas’s thought and apply them directly，And use it as your own research conclusion。This does not meet the requirements of modern humanities academic research。

　　The current new direction of research on bet365 apuestas’s thought

On the occasion of the 300th anniversary of bet365 apuestas’s birth，How to better carry out bet365 apuestas research，We should focus on the following four aspects。One，An in-depth and detailed summary of bet365 apuestas’s scholarship in the past century、The results of ideological research，In particular, we must reflect on the gains and losses of various research paradigms (or academic approaches)，Such as "Controversy between Han and Song Dynasties", "Early Enlightenment Theory", "Materialism", "Dialectics and Metaphysics", etc.。Only these discussions can be given a more pertinent academic evaluation，Absorb its reasonable ideological core，Sublate the shortcomings，Only in this way can we truly solidify the academic foundation for our further research。Part 2，Based on the newly published "bet365 apuestas Chronicle"，A more in-depth and detailed summary of the main scholarship in "The Complete Book of bet365 apuestas"、Chronology of ideological documents，It would be best to compile a "chronology of bet365 apuestas's academic thoughts and works"，Let latecomers grasp the changes in bet365 apuestas’s thoughts more accurately、Development trajectory。Third，Deep into the inner conceptual system of bet365 apuestas’s thought，And the time when its main philosophical concepts were formed、Expression change、To sort out academic origins, etc.，And then grasp the structure of his thoughts more clearly。Currently，There is actually no consensus in the academic community on the portrayal of bet365 apuestas’s philosophy。As to whether his thoughts are new Neo-Confucianism、New Taoism or Principle Theory，There is no exact answer。How to accurately portray the overall appearance of bet365 apuestas’s philosophy，It is an extremely important issue in the current research on bet365 apuestas’s thought。Fourth，Should be in a broader perspective of comparative philosophy，Examine bet365 apuestas’s thought and his contemporary European philosophers、Similarities and Differences in the Thoughts of East Asian Philosophers，The ideological issues it focuses on may have enlightening significance for the discussion of various issues in today’s human society。

In addition，Understanding the limitations of bet365 apuestas’s thought，As well as the highly controversial issues encountered in the study of bet365 apuestas’s academic thought in the past century，New historical materials also need to be provided，For further clarification，Or give a more plain explanation。Some people in academia like to criticize bet365 apuestas from the perspective of morality and personality，But few people pay attention to and reveal that he echoes the theory of "the origin of Western learning" since Kangxi，And the negative impact it had on the study of the entire history of natural science in the Qing Dynasty。On this issue，As a minister of Siku，He was also granted by Emperor Qianlong to be born in the same Jinshi class，To maintain political correctness，bet365 apuestas accepted and seriously demonstrated the view of "the origin of Western learning"，The same is true for his contemporary Qian Daxin。On this issue，The limitations of bet365 apuestas’s thinking，Since it is his personal，It is also a common feature of traditional academics。But bet365 apuestas in his largest philosophical work "Mencius's Symbols of the Meanings"，But he shows great independence of thought and critical consciousness，And positively criticizes the officially supported Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism for including the theoretical tendency of "killing people with reason" in ethical theory，Proposed the idea of ​​"receiving love with love" and "no harm will be achieved"、Wang Daobei’s new political ideal and social ideal that enables everyone in the world to "realize their emotions and fulfill their desires"。In an era that lacks the light of thought such as Qianjia Textual Research，bet365 apuestas embodies the upright spiritual character of traditional Confucian scholars and the noble sentiment of asking for orders for the people。

bet365 apuestas was a Confucian scholar during the Yongzong and Qianlong periods，His personality contains a "crazy" spirit and a "harsh" attitude。He himself is not a saint，He is just a relatively upright Confucian scholar，Therefore, there is no need to demand moral perfection from him for some unsatisfactory things in his life。As a historical figure of a special era，We mainly look at what new value and content his thought provides compared with his predecessors and contemporaries，Without having to map his ideas to what we need today。This way，We may be able to more appropriately evaluate his academic and ideological contributions。

　(The author is a professor at the School of Philosophy, Wuhan University)