As one of the most famous and socially influential philosophers of our time，Martha C. Nussbaum has always dared to challenge tradition、Not afraid to reveal personal experiences、Famous for being a pioneer who strives to expand the boundaries of philosophy。As a continuation of his famous work "The Fragility of Goodness"，The analysis object of "The Knowledge of bet365 new user promo: Written Between Philosophy and Literature" is not limited to the philosophy and tragedy of ancient Greece，Instead, it extends the tentacles of inquiry to the differences and even separation between contemporary literature and philosophy。In this book，Nussbaum pointed his reflection directly at the utilitarian and Kantian theories that were the mainstream in the field of ethics at that time，and the more general mainstream of contemporary British and American philosophy。She asked sharply: If we want to ask such a fundamentally important question as "how should people live"，If we want to understand the universal yet mysterious phenomenon or life form of bet365 new user promo and emotion，Then，The current philosophical research that advocates rational argumentation and excludes literary narrative，What kind of enlightenment can it provide us？In other words，A philosophical thinking that eliminates all irrational factors，Can it provide us with real help，It allows us to better understand the external world and ourselves？

　For this question，Nussbaum’s own answer is obviously no。In her opinion，Contemporary British and American philosophy either completely ignores the role of literary narrative in philosophical research，Or simply deny that literature has any positive role or value in philosophical thinking。This tendency is certainly not unique to contemporary British and American philosophy，But since ancient Greece、Since the separation of philosophical arguments (logos) and mythological narratives (mythos)，On the ever-present ancient dispute between "poetry and philosophy"。This dispute still has an important impact on our philosophical reflections to this day。In the introduction to "The Knowledge of bet365 new user promo"，Nussbaum looks back on his educational experience，Clearly and vividly shows what is necessary for a soul eager for knowledge and self-knowledge，Brought by the separation and opposition between literature and philosophy，Not so much intellectual progress，It is better to say that it is deeply confused and at a loss。

Based on Nussbaum’s autobiography，Before she officially entered the field of ancient philosophy，I often think about ethical issues and explore the truth through reading novels。In the book，She has very touching memories of her reading experience when she was young: "I... in the silent brown attic，Or sit in a patch of tall grass for hours - read with bet365 new user promo，And think about many questions。In an open field，With great joy，Confused，Reading，Let the wind blow over my shoulders。”That time，Her reading、Thinking and life are integrated，She is in Dickens、Jane Austen、Euripides、Shakespeare、Questions about the meaning of human life in the literary works of Dostoevsky and others，Also think about passion、What do the irrational parts of bet365 new user promo and desire mean for moral life。When she entered Harvard University to pursue a graduate degree，She found herself having to choose between literature and philosophy。She is torn apart by these two opposing forces，Gradually feeling confused、Embarrassment and dissatisfaction。For example，she complained，Although classics and ancient philosophy both study ancient Greek authors，Although both Plato and Aristotle are recognized as important ancient authors，However, the reading list of the Classics Department only includes one work by Aristotle, namely "Poetics"，The philosophy department regards Plato’s “Symposium” as a literary work，Not included in the must-read list。As for the important tragedians and poets，is completely excluded from the field of ethical reflection and philosophical research。This separation at the disciplinary level not only reflects narrative and argumentation、The rupture between literature and philosophy at the conceptual level，At the same time, it in turn further intensified the opposition between the two。In Nussbaum’s opinion，This situation is both for literature and philosophy itself，For those who are deeply concerned about ethical life，Loss or even damage caused，Far greater than the possible gains and benefits。

It is based on this very real personal experience，Nussbaum revisits the possible positive relationship between literature and philosophy in "Knowledge of bet365 new user promo"，Trying to explain the rationality and urgency of combining the two within the framework of ethical reflection。The entry point she chose is bet365 new user promo，In other words, the possible role and influence of irrational emotions in moral life，And the relationship between emotion and ethical knowledge。Nussbaum tries to argue，For certain understandings and insights，For certain truths，Only through narrative，Through stylized literary expression，In order to reveal them。She describes her theoretical motivations in the book: "Philosophy often sees itself as a way to transcend humanity，A new kind given to human beings、God-like actions and attachments。Another philosophy I explore is seeing oneself as human and a way of speaking about humanity。This will only attract people who really want to be human，They see life as it is，Including its surprises and connections，Its pain and sudden joy，A story worth having。”One sentence，Nussbaum sought a different philosophy，This philosophy can free us from the shackles of traditional intellectualist philosophy，Make up for the shortcomings caused by simply emphasizing rationality and transcendence，Thus achieving a true spiritual fulfillment and achievement。In this achievement，We can get the truth at the same time、Knowledge and bet365 new user promo。

In order to realize this theoretical ambition，Nussbaum specifically selected several individuals who, in her opinion, combined narrative and argument exceptionally well、Style and reflection、Literary author and philosopher of form and content，Careful reading and exploration of their representative works。These authors are Henry James、Marshall Proust and Aristotle。Without a doubt，This list selected by Nussbaum，Will cause a lot of controversy or criticism。But anyway，These authors do have one thing in common: they all affirm the value of secular humanity，Both cherish and carefully deal with the special and even trivial details in daily life in their writings；They all firmly believe it，Through exploration and questioning of these details，Can help us get about bet365 new user promo、Rational understanding of human nature，Finally helps us answer the big question "how should people live"。At this point，The chapter "Knowledge of bet365 new user promo" with the same title as this book can be said to provide a typical example。

"The Knowledge of bet365 new user promo" chapter mainly explores the following question: Can we obtain knowledge about bet365 new user promo？What kind of writing method can most fully and appropriately present the knowledge of bet365 new user promo？To illustrate this point，Nussbaum analyzes and compares two literary texts，One is the masterpiece "In Search of Lost Time" by Proust, the master of modern French literature，The other is Ann Beatty's short story "Learning to Engage"。In her opinion，Proust’s protagonist only survives after the one he loves leaves，Only through great pain can you realize that you actually have a deep bet365 new user promo for the other person。This understanding of bet365 new user promo，Always been a certain kind of intellectualist、Suppressed by an objective and calm mentality，Even obscured due to some self-deception。By analyzing this detailed description of the novel，Nussbaum identifies a way of presenting the knowledge of bet365 new user promo，i.e. Proustian、Closed、Personal Reflections on Skepticism。Although this approach is fully aware of the limitations and negative effects of rationality on this issue，But it relies heavily on certain negative emotional feelings (such as pain)。Under Proust，Only this kind of pain that cannot be ignored can expose the self-deception of reason，Let us truly and deeply realize our bet365 new user promo for another individual，To gain knowledge about bet365 new user promo。This way of understanding bet365 new user promo revealed in Proust’s works，Can be consistent with the ancient skeptical philosophical views represented by Empiricus and others。Therefore，Nussbaum sees this approach as a way of writing that enables the necessary combination of emotional experience and rational reflection，Acknowledging it can help us reach the understanding of bet365 new user promo，Although the whole process will inevitably be full of pain、Negative feelings such as loneliness and even regret。

As opposed to this，There is another way that gives us great power to understand bet365 new user promo and self，Experience a constant change、"Invested bet365 new user promo" that is open to others。Nussbaum thinks，This is the precious revelation that Ann Beatty’s short story “Learning to Engage” brings to us。According to her description，Beatty's novel presents knowledge about bet365 new user promo "a little slowly"，It extends in human time。It is not a thing at all，But a complex way of getting along with another person，A deliberate concession to external influences beyond one’s control”。This kind of knowledge does not pursue efficiency、Precise and measurable，Nor pursue something that covers everything、The universality that transcends all，But it relies on the extension and flow of time，Through literary narrative，Present us one minute detail full of emotion，Let us truly experience and perceive what bet365 new user promo is through our hearts—not just through our minds—in this continuous narrative。In Nussbaum’s words，This way of writing makes readers think about bet365 new user promo，Get rid of the analytical and controlling desire that is usually associated with reading scientific and philosophical works，Turn to a "humble、Open、Active、Also porous” gesture，Facing the literary works in front of you。Nussbaum further argued，Consistent with this knowledge of bet365 new user promo，It is an Aristotelian philosophical method，Rather than Platonic intellectualism: the former values ​​phenomena、Experience、Situation and particularity，The latter will use the body、Passion and all kinds of appearances are regarded as negative forces that prevent the rational soul from acquiring knowledge and truth，Advocates to restrict or even remove。To this，Nussbaum briefly and unceremoniously satirizes the famous quote attributed to Socrates - "The unexamined life is not worth living"，She doubts that this stance can actually teach us anything about bet365 new user promo，Because "this is not what a person who fully trusts others would say"。

Then，What is the knowledge of bet365 new user promo？Can philosophy convey the knowledge of bet365 new user promo，How should it be conveyed？Nussbaum’s answer is as follows。First，The knowledge of bet365 new user promo is not a solitary thought、A certain state or function possessed by those who pursue the truth，“But a kind of existence、The complex ways of feeling and interacting with another person。Know your bet365 new user promo，You need to trust it，Allow self to be exposed。The most important thing is，Trust others...the knowledge of bet365 new user promo is the story of bet365 new user promo，The best way to explore it seems to be to read the stories ourselves”。Secondly，Philosophy can convey the knowledge of bet365 new user promo，You can even say，If there is no philosophy，We cannot truly gain knowledge about bet365 new user promo - even if we are loving。But，Philosophical research that relies solely on reason cannot promise or provide us with this knowledge。Opposite，“To make room for the story of bet365 new user promo，Philosophy must be more literary，Connect more closely to the story，And respect mystery and openness more than usual。It must be close to the best and truly most reasonable non-philosophical writing”。In other words，Nussbaum believes，Philosophy can reveal and teach us the true meaning of bet365 new user promo。At this point，Nussbaum never strayed far from Plato’s position in the Symposium，But philosophy must reexamine itself and ally with literature。That’s the only way，It can touch the truth deep in our hearts，Only can lead us into true ethical reflection，Thus, we continue to get closer to the really important issue that this book focuses on-how people should live。

(The author is an associate professor at the School of bet365 new user promo, Zhejiang University)