Chinese idiom says "horse to success"。Jiama not only provides more stable meat for humans、milk and other protein foods，can also be used for people to serve，For transport、Battle provides animal power，Promoting the migration fusion of the crowd、Communication and exchange of technology、The influence of culture interaction，The globalization of the development of civilization has contributed a full "horsepower"。The emergence of the family horse，Bring a series of economy、Society、Change of culture。Therefore，For animal archeologists，"Horse to Success" is also a domestication history of Chinese family horses。

Home Horse is domesticated from Mustang，The earliest archaeological records from Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan, Central Asia。The site of the Baitai is about 5500 years.，A large number of horses bones were unearthed in the site、Horses Tool，The residue of horse milk fatty acids also detected on the pottery，These evidence shows that the Baitai people have begun to domesticate horses and use their horses in daily life。

China's family horses may also be introduced from Central Asia。The earliest evidence of the family horse bones found in China，From the Site of Yongjing Daezhuang, Yongjing, Yongjing, which bet365 best casino games is about 4000-3600 years ago,。Other sites in the Ganqing area，Ru Yongjing Qinwei Family Qijia Cultural Cemetery、Yumenhuo burning gap site also has horse bone discovery，But the age is more than 1500 years later than the home horses in Central Asia，This indicates that the Ganqing area is likely to be a must -have place for home horses to enter China from Central Asia。

Early business sites in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River，Ruye of the Yanshi Mall in Henan Province、Zhengzhou Zhengzhou Mall site、Little Shuangqiao ruins, etc., have unearthed a large number of animal relics，but never see the horse bone。The emergence of the horse in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River suddenly suddenly，The late Shang Dynasty can be traced back to 3300 years ago。Yinxu site in Anyang, Henan is the city of the late business，More than 100 horse pits were found in the northwest of the site，At least 1 horsepower is buried in each horse pit，Many of them can reach 37 horsepower，Buried 2 horses in 1 pit is more common。The Lao Nipo site of Xi'an Province, Shaanxi Province, which also belongs to the late Shang Dynasty, and the late Shandong Province Tengzhou Qianzheng Grand Site in the era，It is also discovered that Chestankeng and the horse pit of the horses alone。

These horse bone materials provide rich information for the origin and communication of the Chinese countries。Animal archeology has carried out horse teeth for these horses、Pattern Bet365 app download science observation and measurement of the horse bone，Examination of their pathological phenomena、Testing and analyzing the ancient DNA and carbon nitrogen stabilization isotope of the horses，and interpret it with archeological information。The results of the research not only prove that these horses belong to the home horse，At the same time, it also provides a new view for the use of family horses in ancient society。

The earliest domesticated Central Asian region at home，The chemical composition of the palm bone of the horse and the chemical composition of the pottery residue are displayed，Horse is not only riding、Drip，It can also provide people with dairy products。Horses unearthed from the Shirenzigou site of Bari Kun, Xinjiang，It has a lesion on its spine，It may be related to the riding behavior of people。In the neighboring Subei Cemetery, a well -preserved saddling body was unearthed，Saddle made of leather，Filling the deer in the saddle，Blind felt pad。The age of the cemetery was from the 5th century BC to the 3rd century，Explain that from the late Warring States Period to the Western Han Dynasty，Horse may have become an important ministers in Xinjiang。

Due to lack of archeological evidence，It is difficult for us。but，From the situation of the joint burial of the Yinxu car, the horse and the car and the car together，The horse in the late business society is undoubtedly related to driving。The car and horse pit discovered by bet365 Play online games Yinxu is more than two horses.，"Second Driving" is a typical carriage regulation in the Shang Dynasty。The Zhangjiapo site of the Western Zhou Dynasty unearthed the "Four Drives" of Four Mara Cars。"Wu Wang Following"，Zhou Wu Wang led the army to fight the king，Destroy the business in the Song Ge，You can imagine，Four Drive Malaysia Challenge must play an important role on the battlefield。By the Spring and Autumn Period，Military forces have become one of the signs to measure the strength of ancient countries，Horse and the chariot are the main force in the military war。A four -driving chariot is called "one multiplication"，"The Kingdom of Qian Cheng" and "Wan Cheng Jun" also became a proprietary term describing ancient countries。So far，Ma not only has actual war functional value，It has obtained a very high symbolic meaning。According to "Zhou Li · Xia Guan" records: "The horse is over eight feet is a dragon"，Ma has always been with mythology since the beginning of Qin Dynasty -Dragon Lianlian，It is still possible to see the mental connotation of the horse。

The spiritual connotation of Ma Chengzai can also be seen from the function of their burial。Makeng in the northwest of Yinxu，Buried hundreds of horses，High burial specifications，shows the nobleness of the king's right。The domestication of the horse is linked to the behavior of consolidating the level system。The funeral form of a horse also reflects the differences between Bet365 lotto review crowd and culture。The horses discovered by Yin Ruins are neatly placed in the burial pit，And the horses in the Western Capital City of Chang'an County, Shaanxi, except for neatly placed，There is also a phenomenon of messy stacked，clearly revealed the cultural heritage of the style of businessmen and the different ethnic groups of businessmen and Zhou people。

Horses and economy, which has practical functions and symbolic meanings、Caused culture，Therefore，The domestication and breeding of horses have been valued by ancient society。The domestication of other domestic animals in the world，The appearance of a horse Although relatively late，For example, dogs may have been domesticated more than 10,000 years ago，But the subsequent breeding has developed complex technology and system，Especially valued in China。

According to historical records, the Qin people are examples，The kings of the Qin Kingdom attached great importance to raising horses。The ancestors of the Qin people are nomadic tribes who have raised horses as a profession，The "Xiangma Jing" written by Bole appeared in the Qin Mugong period。In the "Sutra Sutra"，Bole according to the horse's variety、Body shape and hair color classification，and the shape of various parts of the horse、Size and proportions to summarize，The standard of judging Liangma with a summary。Since then，There are also many about Xiangma、Book of Malaysia。

Except the literature record，Archaeological bet365 best casino games Records also provides physical evidence about horsepower technology。Shaanxi Lintong Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum found a group of large funeral pits，A large number of wooden chariots and pottery samurai buried in the pit、Horse。Malaysia unearthed from the funeral pit No. 1 pulls the car，It is worth noting that，Among them, the horses were made into a castrated male horse。and the horses in the funeral pit No. 2 are covered with saddle。It can be speculated from these production details，At that time, the car that might like to pull the horse may be more castrated by the horse。This discovery provides us with important physical evidence and reference value for us to explore the Qin and Han dynasties' horses and horses.。The castrated male horse will not be estrus when you see that the mother and horse will not be estrus，Horse can better control the horse through the reins and horses。But the cast -in -law's horses temperament is docile，It may not be able to fight against the opponent on the battlefield，Therefore, it also needs the existence of undesirable saddle horses。

In short,，Home Horse is a late -emerged animal that has been domesticated by humans。It not only provides food for humans，It is an important animal power in human society，Home Horse marks human transportation ability、great improvement of combat capabilities，Speed ​​the interactive process of global civilization。

(Author Unit: Institute of Science and Technology and Archeology, Fudan University)