The mid -to -late 1990s，With the rise of the implementation of international public policy,，A wave of public policy enforcement research emerging in my country。Early policy implementation research more focused on policy implementation theory，With the deepening of research，Some consensus frameworks for formal policy implementation research。Where，Public policy implementation changing research has become one of the most important issues of policy implementation research。

　bet365 best casino games Three perspectives of research

Research on the Establishment of Policies in my country，Three perspectives of the overall: Policies of Policies themselves、Economic perspective and institutionalist perspective。

Analysis of the perspective of policy target is the policy itself，This part of the study has attributed the policy implementation to the defects of the policy itself，Control the behavior intention of policy executors。The perspective of the policy itself thinks，Many policies issued by the country are defective，As a result, it is difficult to implement at the grassroots level，Reasonable adjustment of the grassroots level，The implementation of the policy and the original policies of the national original policy。Policies of this perspective implementation change research，Policy execution is regarded as a neutral phenomenon，Is the local government based on its own actual，Behavioral behavior of implementing superiors。

Economic perspective of policy implementation，Twisting policy execution bet365 live casino games is attributed to the motivation for local governments to protect their own interests，That is, within the scope allowed by the system，symbolic、Selective execution policy，Even some correction policy，Make it meet the needs of local interests。This perspective is based on the theory of gaming theory，It is believed that the policy implementation changes are the main body of execution、Policy target group In order to obtain the maximization of its own interests, the results of the game with the superior government。

Assumptions based on a rational economy，The economic perspective of policy enforcement no longer considers the characteristics of the policy itself，Policy execution as the execution subject、The cost of the three parties of the target group and the policy of policy attorney — the game after the analysis of income。but，This idea cannot explain the complicated form of policy implementation and results of my country's complicated policy，That is, the policy implementation is not a simple policy acceptance，often shows a variety of results，High degree of policy implementation，Low implementation degree，Some additional policy results, etc.。Therefore，More and more research has changed policy implementation in the system of policy implementation，Implementation environment according to different policies，Analyze different policy execution mechanisms and results，That is the institutionalist perspective of policy implementation research。

The core of the institutionalist perspective of policy implementation research，It is an embedded relationship between the policy system and the policy implementation environment environment，The cause and political system of the implementation of policy implementation、Administrative System、Incentive mechanism and other institutional factors Bet365 lotto review combined。Different rules embedded relationships，Different types of policy implementation determine，Therefore, the reason for the deviation of policy execution is the harmony of the policy background of the policy rules itself and the implementation of the policy implementation，Different degrees of harmony between different degrees of harmony leads to different degrees of integration between the execution subject and the target group，Then lead to different degrees of policy execution deviation。

As far as the political system is concerned，Policy Executive — Local Government — two roles: "Perfect Administration" and "Local Interest Representative"。As far as the administrative system is concerned，The administrative system combined with my country's barrier determines the "hierarchical" and "multi -attribute" features of my country's policy，Policy implementation has also become the result of the interaction between the interaction between the mansion of the mansion of the mansion of the mansion of the longitudinal and horizontal direction。vertical include preface game、Hierarchical promotion -strategic response and other methods to form a policy execution model;，Finally through the target heterogeneity、Inspired non -balanced、The three dimensions of the constraints of the differences make the relevant departments form a highly differentiated section structure。The implementation of this kind of policy is based on the practice of various places，Discover various forms of policies in different expression forms，and micro -aspects in various places。In addition，The administrative system of the political process and administrative process has also appeared.。

　Policy execution changesMain features and influence

Comprehensive research found out，Policy implementation bet365 live casino games changes have two main characteristics: first，Policy execution objects are mostly superior policies，That is, the local government level of policy execution is lower than the government level of policy formulation，separation of policy executors from policy makers，and policy execution is a task entrusted by superiors。2，The reason for the change of policy is the gap and conflict of the target value of policy goals and policy executors，That is a conflict for the gap caused by objective conditions and the formation of subjective interests。These two characteristics determine that the policy executors are in the process of policy enforcement，Even if there is a problem with the policy，It is also difficult to change the policy。Therefore，Under the condition of completing policy tasks，Most local governments have chosen the policy execution method，In existing conditions、Complete policy implementation when protecting its own interests。Diversity due to the diversity of local government restrictions and the diversity of the interests of policy executors，There is a complicated policy change implementation method，and policy air pass、Policy failure and other results。

More importantly，Due to the hierarchical relationship and target conflict of policy makers and executors，At the same time, it is included in the execution process of public policy。Policy research on this complex condition，Although the public policy is used as the research object，But the final response is complex politics、Government behavior under the administrative system，Policy change execution is just a way of expression of government behavior，thus covering up the problems existing in public policy，and the real role of public policy in the political and administrative system。

　　Public policy implementation needsRisk assessment

From the perspective of reality，Policy is not just a public service tool for government supply resources，It is a tool for government security achievements，And the importance of the latter is much greater than the former。Discovery through an interview with policy makers，Policy security is the primary pursuit of policy makers and performers。Strict policy process settings，You can also share the risk of liability。Therefore，From the perspective of the government，Policy is no longer just a simple public service tool，but the primary and most important ways to avoid risks during the administrative task of local governments。

During the policy formulation stage，Refer to the upper policy。As far as the structure of the policy text，The policy text structure of the low -level government often has strong similarity with the superior government; as far as the content of the policy is concerned，content for key and quantitative assessment，Have a strong consistency with the superior government。Quantitative indicators of different levels of policy，Often in the number of changes，instead of changes in the content of the indicator。Therefore，Even the policy text formulated by the government at this level，It may also be consistent with the policy structure and key indicators of the superior，The setting of policy standard setting does not meet the actual situation of the local area，It is manifested as policy target group positioning bias。

During the policy implementation stage，Design tedious process。For example, the post -tax era，Government policies in the grassroots level clearly show the steering of resources to draw on the supply of resources，But the characteristics of resource supply policies are，The process of getting policy resources for target bet365 live casino games groups is extremely cumbersome，Application、Exchange、The later evaluation and supervision procedures are complex、Diverse materials，Become a part that is more dissatisfied with the target group。During the policy preaching stage，The target group also expressed dissatisfaction with this issue，But there is no substantial change。

During the policy evaluation phase，Replace the relative structure with an absolute quantity。Take the policy evaluation of innovative coupons as an example，Evaluation of the main amount of funds，That is the amount of the amount of innovative coupons redeemed every year，As for the service content and service structure, it has not become the main part of policy assessment。For the amount of use，Innovation coupon policy execution agencies and formulation agencies show a relatively satisfactory attitude，Therefore, the policy has been advancing in the future，The scope of use of funds is further expanded。Expansion of the scope of funds，Target group thinks，Effective innovative service purchase is the effective implementation of innovative coupon policies，And the intermediary service fee as an innovative coupon fee is too high，It may reduce the efficiency of the use of innovative coupons。But policy executors believe that regional enterprises are many，It is impossible to meet the requirements of all enterprises，Each annual innovation voucher is issued to be successfully executed。

To sum up analysis，Based on the implementation of local government policy，Public policy is both a tool for public management and services，It is a tool for avoiding risks during the government's work。When a public policy has a conflict between effective services and avoiding risks，The government generally chooses to avoid risks，Bet365 lotto review Reject policy change selection。To achieve policy performance，In non -critical or non -quantified parts，Can be executed by change，Complete policy requirements。

(Author Unit: School of Political and Public Affairs Management of Sun Yat -sen University)