The invention of subjective bet365 code
November 15, 2019 08:44 Source: "Chinese Social Sciences Journal" Issue 1816, November 15, 2019 Author: Yang Tianjiang

We live in an era where the discourse of bet365 code is flourishing。Although not everyone is clear about the origins of the idea of ​​bet365 code,Appealing to bet365 code has become a daily routine for many people。If you don’t want to talk about bet365 code in an unclear way,We need to find out the ins and outs。Exploring its origin,The term "bet365 code" we use today comes from the translation and creation of the English "right"。1860s,American missionary Ding Haoliang (W.A. P. Martin) creatively used the concepts of "right" and "right" when translating "Public Law of All Nations" and "Public Law Notes"。Such translation activities not only dilute the traditional meaning of "power and wealth" of the word "right",It also shaped people’s modern view of bet365 code,Start to understand bet365 code as something that can be legitimately possessed and enjoyed by individuals。

The English word “right” has multiple meanings,The word "right" translated as "right" is derived from the Latin word "rectus" (straight、Integrity)。“rectus” has the same origin as the medieval Latin “directum”,The other words corresponding to "right" in Indo-European are all variants of it,Such as "droit" in French,“diritto” in Italian,“derecho” in Spanish。And,We can also trace "rectus" to the Sanskrit "rju" or "riju" (straight) through the Greek "orektos"、Integrity)。From an etymological point of view,Whether bet365 code "right",Still "droit", "diritto" and "derecho",Both contain the meaning of "straight",And this "straight" not only involves the description of physical phenomena in the natural field,Also involves the evaluation of moral phenomena in the humanities field。

According to common understanding,“Right” and “straight” have different meanings。It can be found through this etymological examination,The word "right" does not fully cover the connotation of words such as "right"。The question arises from this: Does the lack of a concept expressing bet365 code mean the absence of the concept of bet365 code?This question is raised to discuss,If the idea of ​​bet365 code were not universal,So how should those cultures that have developed the concept of bet365 code treat cultures that have not developed this concept。

Whether "right" is translated as "right",It is also the homology and derivation relationship of words such as "right" in the Indo-European language family,In fact, it is not just a matter of language usage,There are complex conceptual history issues behind it。Right originally meant the measure or standard of action,Close to the meaning of "law"。If an act is said to be done based on bet365 code,It is equivalent to saying that it is made according to correct standards,Then it is justified。Continue,Action done in accordance with a right is considered “a right”。So,From “I can do something because it’s right” to “I can do something because I have the right”。The consequences are,“bet365 code” has a double meaning: it can not only mean standards of behavior,And it can mean a legitimate request to do a certain behavior。

This transformation gave rise to the expression "a right",The concept of "right" was formed。It can be said,It is precisely because of this change that subjective bet365 code or subjective understandings of bet365 code have emerged。Its expression is,“X has the right to do something or have bet365 code over something”,where X represents a person or a group of people。Previously it can be called the period of objective bet365 code。The objective understanding of bet365 code can be expressed by the formula "p is correct",p represents a proposition describing an actual fact or a possible fact。“p is correct” is equivalent to “p should occur” or “p is justified”。Subjective bet365 code express the subject and the object、The moral relationship between actions and facts,Objective bet365 code are comprehensive to a situation、Comprehensive moral evaluation。The former highlights the powerful ones。The concept of subjective bet365 code is undoubtedly derived from objective bet365 code。But on the question of when it was created and who it is attributed to,There are three different explanations。

The first explanation is that,Objective bet365 code are bet365 code in the sense that they are regarded as objects of justice,“dikaion” (justice) in Aristotle’s ethics,This is the meaning of “ius” (right) in Roman law during the Classical and Byzantine periods。It refers to the fair share that each person deserves,Rather than something personal。It is this objective meaning discovered through the study of Roman law and the discovery of Aristotle's ethics,And Aquinas’s synthesis entered medieval discussions。The voluntarists and nominalists of the late 13th and 14th centuries emerged as Aquinas’ theoretical opponents,They are seen as destroyers of the Thomistic approach to synthesis,Adherent to individualistic philosophy,So the origin of subjective bet365 code is logically attributed to them。

The second explanation is that,The subjective understanding of bet365 code requires the help of the concept of law in the will theory tradition。Will theorists understand law as the will of the legislator,It is imposed on the individual,As long as it is not dictated by the will of such a legislator,People are free or enjoy freedom。In other words,Individual freedom from the constraints of law,Delineated an absolute scope of action,This range is the boundary of individual subjective bet365 code。Within the boundary is the area of ​​activity of personal will,It is the exercise of their will that makes them free。Subjective bet365 code are regarded as a quality of the subject、An ability,More precisely,One exemption、A freedom and a possibility of action。In this sense,bet365 code are “potestas” (powers) of individual subjects。

The third explanation is that,The emergence of subjective bet365 code is related to the concept of property。It views bet365 code as something we can enjoy、Some kind of property (property) that is maintained and used。This relies on the modern language of bet365 code that treats bet365 code as personal property and property as exemplary bet365 code。So,Subjective bet365 code have become a domain of personal control。The origins of this idea can be traced to early discussions of property bet365 code by the Franciscan friars,It was first elaborated systematically in the middle of the 13th century in the debate about the impurity of the mendicant monks。What dervishes consider poverty is complete renunciation,Not only completely give up ownership of foreign objects (dominium),Also giving up the control of one’s own exclusive will,The core issue is the equivalence of "ius" (right) and "dominium" (ownership)。

Although the wording of subjective bet365 code and objective bet365 code may be misleading,Because it feels objective and more real,Better than subjective bet365 code,But the invention of subjective bet365 code is a major contribution to the formation of the modern concept of bet365 code: bet365 code have changed from just things to a moral ability that everyone has for their own property or their own deserved。

(The author is an associate professor at the School of Administrative Law, Southwest University of Political Science and Law)

Editor: Chang Chang
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