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bet365 casino bonus response and modernization of national governance system in modern times

February 17, 2020 04:21 Source: "bet365 casino bonus Journal" Issue 1866, February 17, 2020 Author: Gao Hang Fu Haiyan

　　Present，The new type of coronavirus pneumonia spreading from Wuhan is raging across the land of China，This menacing infectious disease has seriously affected people’s daily life。Looking at the entire modern times，bet365 casino bonus and other infectious diseases are harmful to the country、Society and people have been affected to a certain extent。

　　From the late Ming Dynasty to the Republic of China，The frequency of plagues generally shows an increasing trend。Some scholars believe，Plagues in modern times have shown several characteristics: higher frequency，Bigger scale；Spreading from the mainland to the frontier；The frequency of bet365 casino bonus is positively related to social economy；Greatly affected by the spread of overseas bet365 casino bonus；Since the late Qing Dynasty，The country is increasingly controlling the bet365 casino bonus。Multiple major epidemics after major disasters，Ordinary people often encounter the double attack of natural disasters and plagues，Life is miserable。In a wide variety of plagues，The most serious ones are bet365 casino bonus and true cholera。

　　The war in the late Ming Dynasty led to a sharp decline in the population，Provides a breeding ground for the bet365 casino bonus。In the process of bet365 casino bonus treatment，The Ming government has a negative attitude，Ineffective measures，This also laid the foundation for the downfall of the dynasty。In the Qing Dynasty，Society gradually stabilizes，The bet365 casino bonus has decreased in number and scale，But various other infectious diseases still bet365 casino bonus the majority of people。The rise of the Taiping Rebellion in the late Qing Dynasty，The bet365 casino bonus is rampant again。In the period of the Republic of China，The bet365 casino bonus is still high in the northern region，Repeated attacks and rises，Almost accompanied by the entire Republic of China。

　　True cholera is an infectious disease from abroad。After Jiadao, the sea route gradually opened，Some new infectious diseases also entered China along the trade routes。Different from cholera in China，True cholera first appeared in 1820，The disease quickly spread to Jiangnan after its emergence in Lingnan，Continues for several years，Causing large-scale population death。Wars raged during the Republic of China，Frequent natural disasters，The plague will be difficult to eradicate for a long time。Heavy rain in the south in 1931，Floods will follow，This was followed by a nationwide cholera bet365 casino bonus in 1932。In 1946，National cholera bet365 casino bonus again。It can be seen from this，Only a peaceful and stable external environment and a strong government，Only in order to fundamentally deal with the ravages of the plague。

　　The founding of New China in 1949，How to deal with the plague in a country riddled with holes，Became a key task of the government at that time。In fact, New China’s bet365 casino bonus experience has its origins，Whether during the Long March or the Anti-Japanese War，Revolutionary leaders attach great importance to bet365 casino bonus work，The Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region once established an bet365 casino bonus working committee，Specialized in dealing with various infectious diseases。Liberation War Period，Although the People's Liberation Army is fighting in depth from north to south，But due to effective prevention and control measures，There is almost never an epidemic in the military。After the founding of New China，The country also attaches great importance to the prevention and control of infectious diseases，Smallpox finally eradicated，The plague has almost disappeared from Kyushu。

　　Enter the 21st century，The most impressive plague is the SARS in 2002-2003。In this epidemic，Although there was proliferation and individual concealment in the early stage，But the situation quickly turned around after the government took effective measures，There has been no large-scale spread or casualties。After this battle，my country’s health and bet365 casino bonus mechanism and governance system have become more effective、Transparency。

　　Today，Improving and developing the socialist system with Chinese characteristics、Promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capabilities is the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reforms，National governance system includes economy、Politics、Culture、Society、Systems and mechanisms in various fields such as ecological civilization and party building、Laws and regulations, etc.，It is a set of closely connected、Coordinated national systems。The bet365 casino bonus and control system in response to the plague，Nature is also the meaning of the national governance system。Then，How to learn from the experience of epidemic response in modern times, including after the founding of New China，Further promote the modernization of the national governance system？The following aspects need to be considered。

　　First，National governance is more important than the state，When an epidemic occurs, it needs to be managed and prevented by specialized government agencies，Specialized institutions require specialized talent management，The institutional guarantee behind it is the modern health and bet365 casino bonus system。The plague was widespread in China in 1894，The epicenter of the epidemic is Hong Kong and Guangzhou，In this plague, there has been a fierce conflict between traditional treatment concepts and Western health administration concepts，Promoted the emergence of quarantine systems and modern health and bet365 casino bonus systems across China。October 1910，A plague breaks out in Manchuria on the Sino-Russian border，and spread rapidly along the railway lines，The situation in the three eastern provinces is grim。Due to the Russo-Japanese War, both countries expanded their spheres of influence in Northeast China，Therefore, the Qing government paid special attention to the epidemic，So as not to become a reason for outsiders to interfere。The then Ministry of Foreign Affairs directly managed this matter，Order Wu Liande, who has a profound background in Western learning and professional knowledge, to go to Northeast China to deal with the epidemic。After Wu Liande took office，With the cooperation of Xiliang, the governor of the three eastern provinces and other local officials，Isolate and disinfect the affected area first，Divide the affected city into several districts，Restrict activities of potential groups，And break the stereotype and burn the bodies of those who died due to the epidemic。In addition，The local government in Northeast China also blocks traffic，Block land and water routes，Restrict population movement，Prevent the spread of plague virus across the country。In the spring of 1911，The epidemic has basically stabilized，The International Plague Research Conference held in Fengtian，Wu Liande reported on the experience of plague prevention and control on behalf of China。The prevention and control of plague in the late Qing Dynasty is of great significance，Indicating that the modern bet365 casino bonus system has officially begun to appear in China。

　　The Ministry of Health was established after the establishment of the Nanjing National Government，Responsible for a series of health affairs including bet365 casino bonus，Due to fierce political battles inside and outside the government，It is difficult for the Ministry of Health to play its role，But it is also beginning to play a role in bet365 casino bonus and control。A nationwide true cholera outbreak occurred in 1932，This plague spread rapidly from south to north，Henan in the north、Shaanxi and other provinces are experiencing severe epidemics，At this time, the National Government’s Health Department (the Ministry of Health was changed to the Department of Health in 1931) ordered emergency bet365 casino bonus and disaster relief，Isolate potential people，Strengthen urban sanitation construction, especially the testing and disinfection of drinking water，Promptly diagnose and treat patients、Reports and Investigations，And implement mandatory vaccination。These bet365 casino bonus measures are crucial to mitigating the epidemic，Played a certain role。

　　Second，In the process of bet365 casino bonus and control，Not only must the country play a leading role，We must pay more attention to social power，Especially the charitable organizations initiated by private gentry and businessmen，This can effectively function within the framework of national governance，Make up for the omissions of national power。Professor Yu Xinzhong pointed out through research on the Jiangnan plague in the Qing Dynasty，In many areas, civil society forces have been much more active in responding to the plague than the official authorities，Suzhou、Nanjing、Hangzhou、Shanghai and other places，Almost every major epidemic，There are local sages or charitable organizations participating in the treatment activities。These rural sages and gentry businessmen often raise funds to set up medical bureaus，On the one hand, make pills, powder, ointments，Apply medicine to save people；On the other hand, setting up a medical clinic，Accept and treat patients。Also printed prescriptions，Distributed to the people。In addition to these collective strengths，There are also some individual rescues，For example, some famous doctors from Jiangnan often travel around when the plague comes，Diagnosis and treatment，Saving lives and healing the wounded。After the late Qing Dynasty，More private charity organizations that provide disease treatment，The most typical one is Suzhou，A large number of charity bureaus have emerged。This is directly related to the economic development level of a region，The more economically developed areas are，The stronger the society’s rescue power，The measures to respond to the epidemic will be more complete。

　　Third，In response to the epidemic，National governance needs to learn from the experience of the mass line in the early days of New China，Launch a popular movement，Cut off the spread of the epidemic to the greatest extent。The vigorous patriotic health campaign with the participation of all the people in the 1950s is worthy of praise，Although this movement was initially related to the external environment of resisting U.S. aggression and aiding Korea，But it later developed into a national health campaign covering the whole country，Changed the backward sanitary environment in the vast rural areas，Popularized the concept of hygiene among the people。The "Four Pests" campaign in the patriotic health campaign eliminated a large number of rats、mosquito、fly，Objectively contributed to the eradication of infectious diseases such as plague in China。Some scholars have conducted a case study on the rodent eradication activities in Inner Mongolia’s Jelim League，It is believed that this activity caused the natural foci of plague to disappear，The result is positive。Another important contribution to bet365 casino bonus in the early days of the founding of New China was the prevention and treatment of schistosomiasis，Schistosomiasis has existed in Jiangnan since ancient times，Long-term trouble in people’s lives。1955，Party and state leaders issued important instructions on the prevention and control of schistosomiasis，Comrade Mao Zedong personally asked about this matter，Calling for nationwide mobilization，Adopt methods that combine mass movements with scientific prevention and control，Schistosomiasis has been effectively controlled in many places，Schistosomiasis has even been eliminated in some places。

　　Fourth，Under the trend of globalization，Infectious diseases are no longer just a problem for one country or one region，Easy to cause widespread spread and panic，This requires close cooperation between countries，Need developed countries to provide technical or personnel assistance，Work together to fight against the plague。Therefore，International cooperation is also extremely important in national governance in response to the bet365 casino bonus。Looking back at the past，The eradication of smallpox in China，This is largely due to the introduction of external medical resources。Smallpox has a long history，It is highly contagious，Threatening to reach the royal family、Down to the safety of the common people，Although vaccination, mainly variolation, had appeared in China during the Ming Dynasty，But it is extremely difficult to promote due to various factors。Missionaries who came to China in the late Qing Dynasty brought new vaccinia techniques，Compared to variolation，Vaccinium surgery is cheap，And free vaccination by the official，Soon to be promoted nationwide。After the founding of New China，The Chinese government continues to promote universal vaccination against cowpox，Eventually in the late 1970s，Smallpox completely disappeared in China。

　　1917，Plague outbreak in Suiyuan，And quickly spread to neighboring provinces，Beiyang government establishes bet365 casino bonus committee，And dispatched Wu Liande and several doctors to the epidemic area to carry out prevention and control work，There are many foreign doctors and missionary doctors among them。Afterwards，The bet365 casino bonus Committee also invited famous infectious disease experts from various countries in Beijing to discuss countermeasures，Decided to carry out zoning prevention and control in the epidemic area。Due to the huge cost of bet365 casino bonus，The Beiyang government has poor financial resources，So borrowed money from a consortium of banks from four countries，Strive to ensure the supply of frontline materials。In Shanxi’s bet365 casino bonus，Also sought help from church hospitals and foreign doctors。In response to the plague of 1917-1918，Foreign missionaries and doctors have played a certain role。

　　Fifth，During the sudden bet365 casino bonus and control，The state and government must coordinate overall management，Prevent local governments from acting independently，Put an end to laziness and neglect by local officials。1918，The plague that originated in Suiyuan broke out in a large area in Shanxi。Although the governor of Shanxi Province responded quickly，Organize comprehensive bet365 casino bonus work，Inspection and disinfection in various places，Several lines of defense have been organized within the territory，Blocking traffic，Check pedestrians，And vigorously promote bet365 casino bonus knowledge，Carry out nationwide mobilization，The epidemic was eliminated relatively quickly。However，Based on the research of Professor Cao Shuji，After the end of the plague in Shanxi，But there is a "post-epidemic"。Xingxian and Linxian, which were not plague-stricken areas before, have seen plague again，But it did not attract the attention of the Shanxi Provincial Government at that time，Become a local health matter in two counties，Eventually led to a larger scale plague disaster in Shaanxi。It can be seen from this，Lack of coordination from a centralized government，In the process of fighting the epidemic, it is very likely that life will be ignored、A serious situation where each is acting independently or even beggar his neighbor。

　　Visible，Clear rights and responsibilities、A government with a sound system and its specialized agencies are the most powerful protection for the people in the face of the plague。Meanwhile，We must also mobilize social forces in national governance，Play its due role，The mass line is an important magic weapon to promote the country’s comprehensive bet365 casino bonus。National governance requires a game of chess across the country，Comprehensive overall planning，This way we can concentrate our efforts on big things，Form a strong synergy to promote the development of the party and the country。

　(Author’s affiliation: Institute of Modern Chinese History, Central bet365 casino bonus Normal University；College of History and Culture, Central bet365 casino bonus Normal University)

Editor: Chang Chang

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