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Epidemic response and modernization of the national governance system since modern times

February 17, 2020 04:21 Source: "China Social Sciences", February 17, 2020, No. 1866 Author: High Airlines Fu Haiyan

　　Now，The new type of coronary virus pneumonia spreading from Wuhan is raging the land of Shenzhou，This aggressive infectious disease seriously affects the daily life of the people。Looking at the entire modern，Plague and other infectious diseases for the country、Society and the people have caused a certain degree of influence。

　　From the end of the Ming Dynasty to the Republic of China，The frequency of the plague shows the growth trend of growth。Some scholars think，Plague since modern times presents several characteristics: higher frequency，larger scale; spread from the Mainland to the border; frequency of plague is related to the positive socioeconomic and economic positive; it is affected by the spread of overseas plague; since the late Qing Dynasty，The state's control over the plague is getting greater and greater。After the disaster, there are many episodes，Ordinary people often encounter the double pinch of natural disasters and plague，Life is unbearable。In a variety of plague，The most serious is the plague and true cholera。

　　In the late Ming Dynasty, the population caused a large amount of sharp decrease，provided a hotbed for the plague。During the treatment of the plague，The Ming Dynasty government attitude is negative，Inadequate measures，This also laid the root of the disaster for the annihilation of the dynasty。To the Qing Dynasty，Society gradually stabilizes，The number and scale of the plague have been reduced，But various other infectious diseases still trouble the people。The rise of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in the Late Qing Dynasty，Plague is restored。To the Republic of China，Plague in the north is still high，Repeatedly rising，Almost accompanied by the entire Republic of China。

　　True cholera is an infectious disease from overseas。After Jia Dao gradually passed the sea，Some new types of infectious diseases also enter China with the business road。Choi different from China，True choice starts from 1820，The disease quickly spread to Jiangnan after the emergence of Lingnan，Stretching for a while，Caused a large area of population death。During the Republic of China, Bet365 lotto review Beacon Liantian，Natural disasters frequently，The disaster of the plague is also difficult to remove for a long time。1931 southern rainstorm，immediately caused a flood，Immediately after 1932, a nationwide cholera epidemic appeared。By 1946，National cholera once again。This can be seen，Only a peaceful and stable external environment and a strong government，can we fundamentally deal with the raging of the plague。

　　Established New China in 1949，How to deal with the plague magic on the land of the motherland，Become the key work of the government at that time。In fact, the origin of New China's epidemic prevention experience is self -，Whether during the Long March or the Anti -Japanese War period，Revolutionary leaders attach great importance to epidemic prevention work，Shaanxi -Gansu -Ningxian Border Area has established an Epidemic Prevention Working Committee，specifically cope with various types of infectious diseases。Liberation war period，Although the People's Liberation Army fought in depth from north to south，But due to preventive measures，There is almost no epidemic epidemic in the army。After the founding of New China，The country also attaches great importance to the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases，Eventually eliminated the smallpox，The plague is almost extinct on the land of Kyushu。

　　Enter the 21st century，The most impressive plague is the "atypical pneumonia" from 2002-2003。In this epidemic，Although there are diffusion and individual concealment phenomena in the initial stage，But the situation quickly reversed after taking strong measures in the government，No large -scale dissemination or casualties have occurred。After this battle，my country's health and epidemic prevention mechanism and governance system are more effective、Transparency。

　　Now，Improve and develop a socialist system with Chinese characteristics、Modernization of advancing the national governance system and governance capabilities is the general goal of comprehensive deepening reform，National governance system includes economy、Politics、Culture、Society、Ecological civilization and party building systems and mechanisms、Laws and regulations, etc.，Is a whole set of close connection、National system coordinated with each other。The epidemic prevention and control system for the plague，Naturally, it is also the meaning of the national governance system。So，How Bet365 lotto review to learn from the epidemic response experience after the establishment of the new China after the establishment of the New China，Further promote the modernization of the national governance system? Need to consider from the following aspects。

　　First，National governance focuses on the country，When the epidemic appears, it needs to be governed and controlled by special agencies in the government，and specialized agencies need special talent management，The institutional guarantee behind it is a modern health and epidemic prevention system。1894 plague is popular in China，The epidemic center is Hong Kong and Guangzhou，The traditional concept of treatment in this plague and the western health administrative concept have occurred violently，promoted the emergence of quarantine systems and modern health and epidemic prevention systems。October 1910，Plague，and quickly spread along the railway line，The situation of the three east provinces severe。Because the two countries after the Japanese and Russia War both expanded in the northeast China，Therefore, the Qing government attaches great importance to the epidemic，so as not to become an outsider's reasons for interference。At that time, the foreign department of the foreign affairs department directly managed this matter，Wu Liande, who lives deeply in the background and professional knowledge, went to the Northeast to deal with the epidemic。Wu Liande arrived after office，Under the cooperation of local officials such as Xi Liang and other local officials，First isolation and disinfection of the epidemic area，Divide the affected cities into several areas，Restricted activities of potential population，Breaking the bodies that will die due to the dying of the epidemic。，Northeast local government also blocked traffic，Block the water and land path，Restricted population flow，Prevent the plague virus from spreading nationwide。In the spring of 1911，The epidemic has basically stable，Later at the World Plague Research Association held in Fengtian，Wuliande reported on behalf of China on behalf of China.。This plague prevention and control in the late Qing Dynasty is of great significance，Zhao shows that a modern epidemic prevention system has begun to officially appear in China。

　　The Ministry of Health after the establishment of the National Government of Nanjing，A series of health affairs responsible for epidemic prevention，Due to the intense political bet365 live casino games struggle inside and outside the government，It is difficult for the Ministry of Health to play a role，But also the first show in the prevention and control of the epidemic。National True cholera broke out in 1932，This plague spread quickly from south to north，Henan in the north、Shaanxi and other provinces and other provinces，At this time, the National Government Health Department (the Ministry of Health was changed to the Department of Health in 1931) or ordered emergency epidemic prevention and relief，isolate the potential population，Strengthen urban health construction, especially for testing and disinfection of drinking water，Timely diagnosis and treatment of patients、Report and survey，and implement mandatory epidemic prevention injections。These epidemic prevention measures can alleviate this epidemic，It plays a certain role。

　　2，In the process of preventing and controlling the epidemic，Not only must we play the leading role of the country，Pay more attention to social power，Especially charitable organizations initiated by folk and gentlemen，This can effectively play a role in the framework of national governance，Make up the omissions of the power of the state's power。Professor Yu Xinzhong pointed out through research on the Jiangnan plague of the Qing Dynasty，Many regional folk social forces are much more active than the official，Suzhou、Nanjing、Hangzhou、Shanghai and other places，Almost each major epidemic，There are villagers or charities to participate in treatment activities。These villagers and gentry businessmen often raise funds to organize the pharmaceutical bureau，On the one hand, make Pill Sanxian Dan，Drugs to save people;，Patients with storage diagnosis and treatment。At the same time, the prescription prescription，distributed to the people。In addition to these collective forces，There are some individual rescue，If some famous doctors in Jiangnan often walk around when the plague comes，Creed treatment，Save death and help wounds。After the late Qing Dynasty，Charity institutions for the treatment of epidemic diseases more，The most typical is Suzhou，A large number of charitable bureaus appeared。This is directly related to the economic development level of a region，The more economical, the relatively developed areas，Social rescue power is stronger，Measures for epidemic response are more complete。

　　third，In the epidemic response，State governance bet365 Play online games needs to absorb the experience of mass routes in the early days of New China，Initiating the public movement，Maximum cut off the spread of the epidemic situation。In the 1950s, the vigorous patriotic sanitation movement participated in the people in the 1950s is worthy of the way，Although this movement was related to the external environment of the anti -US aid North Korea at the beginning，But later developed into a national health movement covering the north and south of the Great River，Change the sanitary environment of the vast number of rural areas，Popularized the health concept of the whole people。"Four Hurry" activities in the Patriotic Sanitation Movement eliminated a large number of mice、mosquito、Fly，Objectively promoting the peerless infectious diseases such as plague。Some scholars have conducted a case study on the sources of the Rats Demonstration of Zhelimu League, Inner Mongolia，I believe that this activity causes the plague to die in the natural epidemic place，The result is positive。Another important contribution of epidemic prevention in the early days of the founding of New China is prevention and treatment of hemorrhage disease，Blood -absorbing diseases in Jiangnan area existing ancient，Long -term trouble in the life of the masses。1955，The leaders of the party and the state make important instructions on the prevention and treatment of blood -absorbing diseases，Comrade Mao Zedong personally asked about this，Call for the whole people to mobilize，Adopting the combination of mass movement and scientific prevention and control，Blood -absorbing disease in many places has been effectively controlled，Individual places even eliminate blood suction disease。

　　Fourth，Under the trend of globalization，Infectious diseases are no longer a problem in a country or a region，It is easy to cause extensive spread and panic，This requires close cooperation between countries，Requires developed countries to provide technical or personnel assistance，Working hand in hand against the plague。So，International cooperation is also extremely important in the national governance of the epidemic situation。On the other hand, the past，Smallpox is extinct in China，To a large extent, due to the introduction of foreign medical resources。Smallpox has a long history，It is extremely contagious，Threatened to go to the royal family、down to the life of the people of Li Yan，Although acne -based bet365 live casino games acne techniques have appeared in the Ming Dynasty during the Ming Dynasty，But it is difficult to promote due to various factors。Late Qing Dynasty missionary missionary brought new acne，Compared to human acne，Cost with acne surgery，and the official free vaccination，Sooned to the whole country。After the founding of New China，The Chinese government continues to promote the whole people to plant cattle acne，Finally in the late 1970s，Smallpox disappears completely in China。

　　1917，Suiyuan outbreak of plague，and quickly spread to adjacent provinces，The Beiyang Government Establishs Epidemic Prevention Committee，and send Wu Liande and digital doctors to the epidemic area to carry out prevention and control work，Among them, there are many foreign doctors and missionary doctors。，The epidemic prevention committee also invited the famous infectious disease experts in Beijing to discuss countermeasures together，Decide to make partition prevention and control control in the epidemic area。Due to the huge immune -prevention expenses，Beiyang Government's financial resources，Then borrow from the banking group of the Four Kingdoms，Strive to ensure the supply of frontline materials。In the epidemic prevention in Shanxi，It also sought the help of church hospitals and foreign doctors。In this 1917-1918 plague response，Foreign missionaries and doctors have played a certain role。

　　Fifth，In the emergency plague prevention and control，National and government must comprehensively coordinate management，Avoid local governments for their own politics，Eliminating local officials laziness and affairs。1918，The plague originated in Suiyuan exploded in a large area in Shanxi。Although the governor of Shanxi quickly responded at that time，Organize a comprehensive epidemic prevention work，Check and disinfection in various places，Several lines of defense，blocking traffic，Check the pedestrians，and vigorously promote the knowledge prevention knowledge，Mobilization of the whole people，Fast extinguishing the epidemic。But，According to Professor Cao Shuji's research，After the plague in Shanxi is over，However, "epidemic epidemic" appeared。Earlier in Xingxian and Linxian in the plague disaster area, plague appears again，But it did not attract the attention of the Shanxi Provincial Government at that time，Become a local health affairs in the two counties，Finally, Bet365 lotto review the larger -scale Shaanxi plague is seriously disaster。This can be seen，Lack of coordination of the government，It is very likely that there may be indifferent life during the anti -epidemic process、Each of the serious situation of each other is the neighbors。

　　Visible，Defined power and responsibility、The government with a sound system and its specialized agencies are the most powerful guarantee for the people during the plague。At the same time，It is also necessary to mobilize social forces in national governance，Give play to its due role，and the mass line is an important magic weapon to promote the country's comprehensive epidemic prevention。State governance requires a nationwide chess，Comprehensive overall planning，This can concentrate their strength to do big things，Forming a strong joint force to promote the development of the party and the country。

　(Author Unit: Institute of Modern History, China Modern History of Huazhong Normal University; School of History and Culture, Huazhong Normal University)

Editor in charge: Changchang