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Thinking about the historical geography of bet365 promo codes

February 17, 2020 04:22 Source: "bet365 promo codes Social Sciences Journal" Issue 1866, February 17, 2020 Author: Gong Shengsheng

　　Epidemics and humans always go hand in hand。The history of human medical progress，To a large extent, it is the history of mankind’s continuous struggle against and victory over epidemics。China has a long history of recording epidemics，As early as the Yin and Shang Dynasties，The word "bet365 promo codes" is found in oracle bone inscriptions。Qin and Han Dynasties，my country’s earliest extant physical geography work "The Classic of Mountains and Seas" and the theoretical work of traditional Chinese medicine "Huangdi Neijing" have the epidemics of epidemics and animals and plants、Discussion on the relationship between climate and other natural environmental factors。China has been based on agriculture since ancient times，High population density，Epidemics are easy to spread，It is a country prone to epidemics。The ancients constantly suffered from epidemics，On the other hand, we are constantly recording these pains to warn future generations。Official History、Fang Zhi、Record、File、Collected Works、Medical Records、Various historical documents such as newspapers and periodicals have recorded rich historical materials on epidemics。Although these bet365 promo codes historical materials are scattered，But it lasted a long time、Total amount is large，That’s a lot of people。After more than 20 years of hard work，We extensively search for historical information on bet365 promo codes disasters in historical documents，In chronological format，Completed the "Compilation of Historical Materials on Epidemics in China over the Three Thousand Years", a five-volume volume with a total of more than 2.8 million words。Based on our research，2720 years from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the founding of the People's Republic of China (770 BC to 1949 BC)，At least 893 years were plagued by epidemics in our country，bet365 promo codes frequency reaches 32.83%，On average, an bet365 promo codes occurs in one year in less than three years。Among them，The frequency of epidemics in the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties (771 to 220 BC) was 5.74%；The frequency of epidemics during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (220-581) was 20.99%，The first bet365 promo codes peak period in Chinese history；The frequency of epidemics during the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties periods (581-960) was 12.40%，This is a period in Chinese history when epidemics were relatively rare；The frequency of epidemics in the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127) was 35.12%，The frequency of epidemics during the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279) was 53.29%，The frequency of epidemics in the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) was 57.78%，The frequency of epidemics in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) was 78.34%，The frequency of epidemics in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) was 98.51%，The frequency of epidemics during the Republic of China (1912-1949) was 100.00%。Since the Northern Song Dynasty，The frequency of epidemics continues to increase and remains high，It is the second peak period of bet365 promo codes in Chinese history。Nearly 3000 years，The frequency of epidemics in China is generally showing an increasing trend。

　　bet365 promo codes is both a social and cultural phenomenonbet365 promo codes also a natural ecological phenomenon

　　Occurrence of bet365 promo codes，Closely related to human activities，Also closely related to the natural environment，Both restricted by social laws，Also subject to the laws of nature。Therefore，bet365 promo codes is not only a social and cultural phenomenon，It is also a natural ecological phenomenon。

　　From the perspective of social laws，First, the scale of the bet365 promo codes is closely related to the population status。Generally speaking，Epidemics are mostly spread through close neighbor contact，bet365 promo codes disasters are mostly density-dependent disasters。With the development of social history，Population density continues to increase，Population mobility continues to increase，Not only are epidemics becoming more and more frequent，And the bet365 promo codes lasts longer and longer。It became popular in my country about 20 years ago during the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties，It became popular every five years during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties，It became popular every three years in the Northern Song Dynasty，Popular throughout the Republic of China。Second, the intensity of the bet365 promo codes is closely related to the depth of human interference with nature。In the history of our country，With the deepening of human interference and destruction of nature，The disease population continues to increase，And the disease’s pathogenicity is also increasing，The destructiveness of the bet365 promo codes continues to increase，Such as smallpox that appeared during the Eastern Jin Dynasty，The plague that appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty，Cholera that appeared during the Qing Dynasty。

　　From the perspective of natural laws，First, the long-term trend of epidemics is restricted by the trend of climate change。Climate changes during the cold period，Frequent natural disasters，Epidemics are relatively frequent；The climate is more stable during the warm period，Fewer natural disasters，Epidemics are also relatively rare。Second, the seasonal changes in bet365 promo codes epidemics are restricted by climate change。Overall，Hot and humid climate is conducive to epidemics，Cold climate is not conducive to epidemics。Therefore，Epidemics occur frequently in summer and autumn，Epidemics are rare in winter and spring。Third, the spatial differentiation of bet365 promo codes epidemics is restricted by the spatial differentiation of the ecological environment。The southeastern half of our country is densely populated，The northwest half is sparsely populated，Historically, epidemics mainly occurred in the southeastern half；Southern my country is relatively warm and humid，The northern region is relatively cold and dry，Therefore, there are more bet365 promo codes disasters in the south than in the north。Some pathogens have natural foci，The bet365 promo codes caused by this kind of bet365 promo codes，Obviously local character，Like the plague、Schistosomiasis, etc.；Some pathogens require a stricter ecological environment to survive，This type of disease is also endemic to a certain extent，such as malaria、Kala-azar、Cholera, etc.。Lifestyle and customs are the product of human beings’ long-term adaptation to the natural ecology，Their impact on the spatial distribution of epidemics is also a reflection of the constraints of natural laws，For example, the lifestyle in the Jiangnan water towns in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China led to the bet365 promo codes of cholera every year。Subject to dual constraints of natural laws and social laws，bet365 promo codes epidemics in Chinese history have significant spatial distribution characteristics，That is, there are more densely populated areas than sparsely populated areas；More urban areas than rural areas；There are more areas along transportation lines than in remote areas；There are more areas with frequent natural disasters than areas with few natural disasters；There are more natural bet365 promo codes focus areas than unnatural bet365 promo codes focus areas。

　　Limited effectiveness in bet365 promo codes prevention and control in ancient times

　　The bet365 promo codes is extremely harmful，The bet365 promo codes is the enemy，Rescuing the bet365 promo codes is saving the country，Therefore，In ancient times, China attached great importance to the prevention and control of epidemics。In ancient China，Whenever an bet365 promo codes occurs，The government and the private sector will take some disaster relief measures。The government’s disaster relief measures mainly include: rent exemption and tax exemption，Relief money and food，Medical administration，Bury the dead；Send a sinful edict，Sacrifice to the gods of mountains and rivers，Ask God for forgiveness or divine help；Amnesty to the World，Release the prisoners，Sooth the resentment；No slaughter，Stop meat and reduce meals，Promote the virtue of living well。The main non-governmental disaster relief measures include: donating money and food，Medical treatment to the coffin，Jianyi Tomb，Cruel corpse；Advocate filial piety，Not afraid of infection，Serve patients wholeheartedly；Pray to God and Worship Buddha，Repentance and Construction，Witchcraft，Expelling evil spirits；God-carrying parade，Nuo opera to reward gods，Ask for the God of Plague’s blessing；Rescheduled Chinese New Year，Reverse the timing，Disaster relief and transportation。The above countermeasures，Maybe the bet365 promo codes is a punishment from God，Maybe the bet365 promo codes is caused by evil spirits，Perhaps the plague was sent by the god of plague，Maybe the bet365 promo codes is caused by hostility，Because the cause of the disease is not found，Basically useless。Therefore，Epidemics in ancient China either stopped due to natural barriers，Either it will end with the extinction of susceptible people。Not only that，Some measures are originally intended to prevent the bet365 promo codes，But the result was counterproductive，On the contrary, it causes the bet365 promo codes to spread faster、Wanderer。For example，When the gods are paraded，Everyone is empty，Gentlemen and women gather to watch，Not only wastes people and money，And directly leads to the spread of the disease；Another example，Rescheduled Chinese New Year，The whole country is crazy，Sent to welcome，Congratulate each other on the New Year，Also provides an excellent opportunity for the spread of disease。

　　Republic of China period，Gradually some public health systems have been established，The response to the bet365 promo codes is gradually becoming scientific、Institutionalized track。But，After all, the public health system was in its infancy stage at that time，Society is in turmoil again，When the bet365 promo codes is prevalent，The response efficiency of the government and the private sector，Still very low overall，Therefore, nationwide epidemics are common。From the perspective of health administration system，There was no Ministry of Health until the late Republic of China，And the vertical health administrative system reaches up to counties；From the perspective of health service system，Except for a few permanent general hospitals in response to epidemics，Most of them are temporary bet365 promo codes hospitals，Doctor、Hospital bed、Drugs appear to be seriously insufficient；From the perspective of health and bet365 promo codes prevention system，Except the Central bet365 promo codes Prevention Department and the Customs and Quarantine Department，The local government does not have an bet365 promo codes prevention agency at all。During the bet365 promo codes，The government’s response measures mainly include: allocating funds for bet365 promo codes prevention；Implement Railway、Port quarantine and traffic control；Establish an bet365 promo codes prevention committee，Send a medical professional team to the bet365 promo codes area for guidance；Prohibition of parades carrying gods、Building bad folk habits such as chanting and chanting scriptures。The main folk response measures include: local gentry or doctors setting up bet365 promo codes hospitals，Free treatment for the poor；Private charity organizations provide medical care and medicine、Donate money and materials；God-carrying parade、Repent and pray、Reschedule Chinese New Year, etc.。Even in Shanghai where modern medicine is developed，Cholera was also prevalent every year at that time，Also known as the "City of Infectious Diseases"。It can be said，Before the founding of the People's Republic of China，In addition to the continued promotion of vaccinia vaccination、Prevention and Control of the Northeastern Great Plague from 1910 to 1911、Prevention and Control of the Great Plague in Shanxi from 1917 to 1918，my country’s achievements in bet365 promo codes prevention and control are very limited。

　　Summary experience Multiple measures to strengthen bet365 promo codes prevention and control

　　Reviewing the history of epidemics in China，Summary of experience and lessons，Provide decision-making consultation for the prevention and control of modern public health emergencies，It is the social responsibility that scientific workers should shoulder。current，Novel coronavirus pneumonia is raging across the country，For the current bet365 promo codes，Prevention and control can be strengthened in the following aspects。

　　First, focus bet365 promo codes prevention and control on large population density、Urban areas with high population mobility。All large-scale bet365 promo codes transmission is neighbor density-dependent transmission，If population density is the "initiator" of epidemics，Then，Population mobility is the "accelerator" of epidemics。Due to higher population density and stronger population mobility in urban areas，Therefore, the focus of bet365 promo codes prevention and control is in urban areas，It is necessary to concentrate limited bet365 promo codes prevention resources，Focus on prevention and control in central cities above the county level。

　　The second is to strengthen the control of population mobility on all transportation lines，Strengthen the isolation effect of epidemics。It should be noted that，The source of novel coronavirus pneumonia may come from some kind of wild animal，But its host is not closely related to people’s daily life。Therefore it is certain，During this bet365 promo codes，Car、Train、Airplane、Ships and other types of transportation are not carriers of disease，To carry out traffic control, it is necessary to accurately grasp the control objects，That is, controlling the floating population that relies on transportation for spatial migration，Instead of controlling vehicles and roads，Strengthen the control of floating population，It should not be at the expense of damage to transportation lines。

　　The third is to regard the bet365 promo codes as a major disaster，Included into the scope of responsibilities of the Emergency Management Department，Establishing a disaster preparedness material library。Epidemics are sudden in nature，A major disaster that endangers national security，Incorporating it into the management of the emergency department is a matter of course。The bet365 promo codes is a war situation，We must reserve masks for bet365 promo codes relief just like we reserve earthquake relief supplies、Goggles、Protective clothing、Testing kits and other medical supplies。The SARS bet365 promo codes in 2003 gave rise to the establishment of China’s disease prevention and control system，After the novel coronavirus pneumonia bet365 promo codes subsides，It is necessary to establish a long-term mechanism for the prevention, control and treatment of major epidemics。

　　The fourth is to revise the "Wildlife Protection Law of the People's Republic of China" as soon as possible，Make stricter regulations on the consumption of wild animals in the catering industry，Severe penalties for violations。Bacteria、Viruses and their hosts are life forms，All have their inherent value，Human beings are at the top of the biological chain，Earth ethics should be followed，Living in harmony with nature。History tells us，Protecting wild animals is protecting us humans，Being kind to wild animals is being kind to us humans，Bacteria、Viruses and other microorganisms have co-evolved with human society，Human intervention、The deeper the degree of destruction of nature，The stronger the natural feedback we face，New bacteria、The new virus has a higher pathogenicity，The bet365 promo codes becomes more difficult to deal with。

　　The fifth is to correctly guide online public opinion，Mainly sparse，Ensure the public obtains correct bet365 promo codes information in a timely manner。History，Information is mainly transmitted by word of mouth，When the bet365 promo codes is prevalent，There are often rumors and rumors，People are panicked，Everyone is in danger。Today’s self-media era，Everyone is an information producer，Everyone is a disseminator of information。It is necessary to "dredge" people's emotions in a timely manner，"Drudging" the government's decree。Public opinion guidance and management of the new coronavirus pneumonia bet365 promo codes，There are lessons to be learned。

　　The sixth is to build a large-scale bet365 promo codes medical center，Eliminate the hidden danger of hospitals becoming the source of disease transmission。As early as the Qin Dynasty, Hubei had the establishment of a "Liqian Office"，There were also “acne shelters” set up in the Northeast during the Qing Dynasty，Isolating the source of infection has always been the most direct way to control the bet365 promo codes、The most effective method。The first infectious disease hospital established by China in Shanghai - "China Infectious Disease Hospital" is a product inspired by the bet365 promo codes。The currently built Vulcan Mountain、The two hospitals in Leishenshan are emergency hospitals，will definitely play a major role in bet365 promo codes prevention and control，But its establishment is not permanent。The ancients once paid equal attention to "fighting against chaos" and "fighting against epidemics"，People today should prepare for a rainy day。It is recommended that the Wuhan Municipal Government convert Huoshenshan into a、The two Leishenshan hospitals will be permanently preserved，At the same time，It is recommended that each provincial capital city plan and build a centralized disease treatment center based on the standard of one hospital bed per 10,000 people，Let everyone infected with the disease receive professional treatment in a timely manner。

　(The author is a professor at the School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central bet365 promo codes Normal University)

Editor: Chang Chang

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