bet365 best casino games_bacteria、5425

Home>Journal of China Social Sciences>Special plan>Special planning content

Historical geography thinking of the epidemic

February 17, 2020 04:22 Source: "China Social Sciences", February 17, 2020, No. 1866 Author: Gong Shengsheng

　　The epidemic and humans are always。History of the progress of human medicine，To a large extent is the history of human beings struggling with the disease and defeating the epidemic。China has a long history of the epidemic，As early as the Yin Shang period，The word "epidemic" in Oracle。Qin and Han dynasties，my country's earliest natural geographical work "Shan Hai Jing" and the traditional Chinese medicine theory "Yellow Emperor's Canon" has the epidemic and animals and plants、Discussion on the relationship between natural environmental elements such as climate。China has been agricultural country since ancient times，Large population density，Epidemic is easy to popularize，It is a country of epidemic。The ancients were constantly suffering the pain of the invasion of the epidemic，On the other hand, it is constantly recording these pains to warn future generations。Positive History、Fang Zhi、Record、File、Collection、Medical Case、Newspapers and other historical documents have recorded rich historical materials for epidemic disaster。Although these historical materials of the epidemic disaster are scattered，But long lapsee、Total amount，Can be described as sweaty cows。After more than 20 years of hard work，We widely collected the historical materials in the epidemic in historical documents，An year of chronology，Compilation completed the "Compilation of the Historical Materials of the Three Three Thousand Years of Epidemic Disaster in China"。According to our research，From the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period to the People's Republic of China (770th to 1949 BC), 2720，my country has at least 893 years as the year of epidemic epidemic，The frequency of epidemic disasters is 32.83%，Perception in less than 3 years in less than 3 years。Where，The frequency of epidemic disasters during the Han Dynasty (AD from 771 to 220) was 5.74%; the frequency of epidemic disasters during the Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties (220-581) was 20.99%，The first peak period in the history of Chinese history; the frequency of epidemic in the Sui and Tang dynasties (581-960) was 12.40%，It is a period when the diseased disasters in Chinese history are relatively scarce; the frequency of epidemic in the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127) was 35.12%，The frequency of epidemic in the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279) was 53.29%，Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) of the epidemic frequency bet365 best casino games was 57.78%，Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) in the epidemic frequency was 78.34%，Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) was 98.51%，During the Republic of China (1912-1949), the frequency of epidemic was 100.00%。Since the Northern Song Dynasty，The frequency of epidemic disasters has continued to rise and does not stand high，is the second peak period in Chinese history。For nearly 3000 years，China's epidemic frequency generally shows a higher and higher trend。

　　Popularity of epidemic is both social and cultural phenomenonIt is also a natural ecological phenomenon

　　The occurrence of the epidemic，Not only closely related to human activities，Also closely related to the natural environment，Both are restricted by social laws，Also restricted by the laws of nature。Therefore，Popularity of epidemic is a social and cultural phenomenon，It is also a natural ecological phenomenon。

　　From the perspective of social laws，First, the scale of epidemic epidemic is closely related to the population status。Generally speaking，Most of the epidemic disease is near -neighboring contact type，Most of the epidemic is density dependent disaster。With the development of social history，The population density continues to increase，Population liquidity is continuously enhanced，Not only the frequency of epidemic disaster is getting higher and higher，And the time of epidemic disaster is getting longer and longer。my country is about 20 years of travel during the Han Dynasty of the Pre -Qin Dynasty，Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, about 5 years, one stream，Three years of development in the Northern Song Dynasty，Unparalleled in the Republic of China。Second, the intensity of the epidemic of epidemic disasters is closely related to the depth of humans interfere with nature。In our country's history，With the deepening of human interference and deepening of nature，Fortune population is increasing，And the pathogenic ability of the disease is also increasing，The destruction of the epidemic is continuously enhanced，Smallpox appeared during the Eastern Jin Dynasty，Plague that appeared during the Southern Song Dynasty，Choi appeared during the Qing Dynasty。

　　From the perspective of natural laws，First, the long -term trend of epidemic epidemic is restricted by climate change trends。Large climate change in the cold period，Frequent natural disasters，The epidemic disaster is relatively frequent; the warm climate is stable，There are fewer natural disasters，The epidemic disaster is relatively scarce。Second, seasonal changes in the epidemic of epidemic disasters are restricted by climate change。Overall，Wet and humid climate is conducive to epidemic epidemic，Cold Bet365 lotto review climate is not conducive to epidemic epidemic。Therefore，Frequent epidemic disasters in summer and autumn，Winter and spring seasons sparsely disaster。Third, the spatial division of the epidemic of epidemic disasters is different from the ecological environment.。The population of half southeast of my country is densely populated，The population of half of the northwest is scarce，Historically, the diseased disasters mainly occur in the southeast half; the southern region of my country is relatively warm and humid，The northern region is relatively cold and dry，Therefore, there are more diseases in the southern region than in the north。Some pathogens have natural epidemics，This type of epidemic is epidemic.，Have obvious locality，such as plague、Hematophyte disease, etc.，This type of epidemic also has a certain locality，such as malaria、Black fever、cholera, etc.。lifestyle and custom habits are products that human beings have long adapted to natural ecology，The influence of their influence on the spatial distribution of the epidemic is also a manifestation of natural laws，For example, the lifestyle of the Jiangnan water village in the late Qing Dynasty led to the popularity of cholera every year。Double constraints of natural and social laws，The epidemic in Chinese history has significant spatial distribution features，That is, there are more regions in dense population than that of sparsely populated areas; more urban areas are more than rural areas; more regions along the transportation are more than remote areas; natural disasters are more frequent than that of natural disasters; Source area。

　　Limited effectiveness of the prevention and control of ancient diseases

　　Epidemic dangers are extremely harmful，The epidemic is enemy love，Salvation is saving the country，Therefore，Ancient China attaches great importance to the prevention and control of the epidemic。In ancient China，Whenever the disaster occurs，The government and the people will take some disaster relief measures。Government's disaster relief measures are mainly: tax exemption tax，Money and grain，Medical administration，Buried the deceased;，Sacrifice Mountains and Chuanshen，Request to the help of heaven or fairy; amnesty for amnesty，Release prisoners，Soothing the qi of resentment; forbidden slaughter，Stop Subtoxion，The virtue of Changhao Sheng。Civil disaster relief measures are mainly: donate money and food，Shi Zhi Give Coffin，Jian Yizuo，瘗 dead corpse; advocate filial piety，Not afraid of infection，Serve patients to serve the patient; ask God to worship Buddha，bet365 live casino games Dip in Li Jianjian，Witchcraft，Exccasion Li Gui; Parade the gods，傩傩，Request to the Plague God to bless; change the date for the New Year，Upside down preface，Disaster relief transfer。The above response measures，or condemned by the epidemic，or take the epidemic as a ghost，Or take the epidemic as a surrender of the plague god，Or caused by epidemic as the qi，Because the cause is not right，Basically, it will not play a role。Therefore，Ancient Chinese epidemic is either undergoing a natural blockage，Either resting under the extinction of susceptible people。Not only that，Some measures are to prevent epidemic prevention，But the result is counterproductive，Instead, the epidemic is more popular、Both away。For example，When the patrol of God，Wanmin Airline，Shi Girl Gathering，Not only does the labor and the people hurt money，and directly leads to spreading the spread of the disease;，Reconstruction of the New Year，Nations Crazy，Send it to us to usher in，Celebrate New Year，It also provides excellent opportunities for the spread of epidemic。

　　During the Republic of China，Gradually with the construction of some public health systems，The response to the epidemic gradually entered the science、Institutionalized orbit。but，At that time, the public health system was in the grass creation stage.，Society is turbulent，When the epidemic is popular，The response efficiency of the government and the people，The response efficiency of the government and the people，Therefore, it is not uncommon for national epidemic disasters。From the perspective of the health administrative system，It was not set by the Ministry of Health until the late Republic of China，and the vertical health administrative system at most to the county; from the perspective of the health service system，Copy the epidemic disaster to remove a few permanent comprehensive hospitals，Most of them are temporary epidemic hospitals，Doctor、Disease Bed、Drugs seem to be serious; from the perspective of the health and epidemic prevention system，Except the Central Epidemic Prevention Office and the Customs Quarantine Office，Local governments have no settings for epidemic prevention institutions at all。When the epidemic is popular，The government's response measures are mainly: allocated to epidemic prevention funds; implementing railways、Port quarantine and traffic control; Establish an Epidemic Prevention Committee，Display medical professional teams to the epidemic area to guide;、Building dipping chanting and other folk bad habits。The main bet365 best casino games response measures of the folk are: local squires or medicalists set up epidemic hospitals，Free treatment of the poor; civil charitable organizations send medical treatment for medicine、Donation and donation;、Li Ci Pray、Reconstruction of the New Year, etc.。Even Shanghai, which is developed by modern medicine，At that time, the cholera was popular at the time，Also known as "City of Infectious Diseases"。It can be said，Before the establishment of the People's Republic of China，In addition to the continuous promotion of acne vaccination、1910-1911 Northeast plague prevention and control、1917-1918 Shanxi plague prevention and control，my country's achievements in the prevention and control of diseases are very limited。

　　Summary experience Multiple measures to strengthen the epidemic prevention and control

　　Looking back at the history of epidemic epidemic in China，Summary experience lessons，Provide decision -making consultation for the prevention and control of modern emergencies，It is a social responsibility that scientists should shoulder。Current，New coronary virus pneumonia is raging all over the country，For the current epidemic，can strengthen prevention and control in the following aspects。

　　First, focusing on the prevention and control of the epidemic on the population density、Urban areas with strong population liquidity。All large -scale epidemic transmission is nearly adjacent density dependent dependencies，If the population density is a "starter" with epidemic disease，So，Population flow is the "accelerator" of epidemic disease。Because urban areas have higher population density and stronger population flow，Therefore, the focus of prevention and control of epidemic disease is in urban areas，To concentrate limited epidemic prevention resources，Focus on the prevention and control of central cities above the county level。

　　Second, the control of the population flow on all traffic lines，Effective effect of strengthening the disease。What should be pointed out is，The source of the new coronary virus pneumonia may come from a certain wild animal，But its host is not closely related to people's daily life。Therefore, be sure，In this epidemic，Car、Train、Airplane、Various transportation of ships is not a carrier for spreading epidemic diseases，Perform traffic control must accurately grasp the control object，That is, the flow of space migration with transportation with transportation，instead of controlling transportation and roads，Strengthen the control of the migrant population，It should not be at the cost of destruction of traffic lines。

　　Third is to treat epidemic disease as a major disaster，bet365 best casino games The scope of responsibility of incorporated into the emergency management department，Establishing a preparation for the preparation of the epidemic war。Popularity of epidemics is sudden，It is a major disaster that is harmful to national security，The management of the emergency department for granted。The epidemic is the situation of war，We must reserve a mask that reserves the disaster -cure disaster like a reserve of earthquake relief supplies、Watching Mirror、Protective clothing、Inspection package and other medical supplies。"SARS" in 2003 has spawned the establishment of a Chinese disease prevention and control system，New type of coronary virus pneumonia epidemic，It is necessary to establish a long -acting mechanism for the prevention and control of major epidemics。

　　Fourth is to revise the "Wildlife Protection Law of the People's Republic of China" as soon as possible，Strict regulations on the consumption of wildlife in the catering industry，Strongest punishment for behaviors violated regulations。Bacterial、Viruses and their hosts are the forms of life，All have its own inherent value，Human beings are at the top of the biological chain，It should follow the ethics of the earth，Harmony with nature。History tells us，Protecting wild animals is to protect us humans，Being good to wild animals is to treat us humans，Bacterial、Virus and other microorganisms with human society have evolved，Human intervention、The deeper the degree of destruction of nature，The stronger the natural feedback faced by，New bacteria、The higher the pathogenic ability of the new virus，The more difficult it is to deal with the epidemic。

　　Five is to correctly guide online public opinion，Mainly sparse，Make sure the public gets the correct epidemic information。History，Information mainly depends on word of mouth，When the epidemic is popular，Often rumors are flying，Human Hearts，Everyone is in danger。Now the media era，Everyone is an information manufacturer，Everyone is an information disseminator。It is necessary to "spars" the emotions of the people in time，"Sparse" government's decree。Public opinion guidance and management of this new type of coronary virus pneumonia，is an experienced lesson to learn。

　　Six is to build a large -scale epidemic medical center，Eliminate the hidden dangers of the hospital to become a source of epidemic dissemination。As early as the Qin Dynasty Hubei, there was a setting of "Li Qian"，There is also a setting of "Acne" in the northeast of the Qing Dynasty，The source of isolation infection has always been the most direct control of epidemic bet365 live casino games disease、The most effective means。The first infectious disease hospital established in Shanghai, "China Infectious Disease Hospital", is the product of the epidemic of epidemic.。The Vulcan Mountain currently built、Thor's two hospitals in Thunder Mountain are emergency hospitals，It will play a significant role in preventing and controlling the disease prevention and control，But its construction is non -permanent。The ancients had "disorderly" and "cutting out"，Today people should have ahead of time。It is recommended that the Wuhan Municipal Government will bring Vulcan Mountain、Thor's two hospitals in Thunder Mountain are permanently preserved，At the same time，It is recommended that the provincial capital cities plan to build a centralized treatment center for epidemic disease in accordance with the standard of one bed per 10,000 people，Let everyone who infected get professional treatment in time。

　 (The author is a professor at the School of City and Environmental Sciences of Huazhong Normal University)

Editor in charge: Changchang