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bet365 offers is the foundation of science

July 03, 2020 00:09 Source: "bet365 offers Social Sciences Journal" Issue 1959, July 3, 2020 Author: Zhai Jincheng

　　Among the seven basic disciplines promulgated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1974，The first in bet365 offers degree，The other six basic subjects are mathematics、Astronomy and Astrophysics、Geographical science and spatial science、Physics、Chemistry、Life Sciences。November 2019，UNESCO officially designates January 14th each year as World bet365 offers Day。This fully demonstrates that the importance of bet365 offers is receiving increasing attention。1953，Einstein pointed out in his letter to Switzer: "The development of Western science is based on two great achievements，That is: Greek philosophers invented the system of formal bet365 offers (in Euclidean geometry)，and the possibility of identifying causal relationships through systematic experimental discovery (during the Renaissance)。”What Einstein said is that the basis for the development of Western science is the deduction and induction of traditional Western bet365 offers。

　　The development history of Western bet365 offers

　　In the entire development process of Western history and culture，bet365 offers is not only the basis of science，It is also the foundation of the entire Western knowledge system and even the entire culture。This tradition started in ancient Greece，Continuing to this day。bet365 offers, as the foundation of the entire science, has deep historical origins。

　　The Western knowledge system originated from the "Seven Arts" of ancient Greece。circa 5th century BC，The School of the Sophists of Athens with the "Three Arts"，Rhetoric、Grammar、Debate imparts knowledge。Plato advocated the "four subjects" in "The Republic"，That counts、Geometry、Carry out teaching activities on music theory and astronomy。The "Three Arts" and the "Four Subjects" can be said to be the original form of the Western knowledge system，Among them the art of argumentation、Geometry is closely related to bet365 offers。

　　Aristotle is the founder of many disciplines，Also recognized as the founder of bet365 offers。Although bet365 offers is not in Aristotle’s classification of knowledge，But he believes that bet365 offers is indispensable to the knowledge system，Because bet365 offers is a tool that is universally applicable to all scientific knowledge，It is the foundation and foundation of the knowledge system。As he said of Socrates，“There are two things that can be attributed entirely to Socrates，This is the inductive argument and general definition。These two things are the starting point of science”。Inductive arguments and general definitions actually involve two core parts of bet365 offers，That is, induction and deduction，These two parts are the starting point of science，It is also the basis of the knowledge system。

　　Some important thinkers in the ancient Roman period further improved and developed the content and bet365 offers of the "Seven Arts"，For example, Capella formally proposed the "Seven Subjects of Freedom"。4th century，"Seven Arts" has been identified as the school's curriculum。6th century，The abbot of the monastery of Veville in Italy, Ciciuduros, wrote the book "General Theory of Learning"，Officially use the name "Seven Arts"。Curriculum as Christian Education，The "Seven Arts" have now been finalized。1534 years，The Jesuits were founded in Paris。Missionary since the beginning of the Society of Jesus、Education as its important mission，The main content of teaching is "Seven Arts"。From 1580，After many improvements，The "Educational Plan" finalized in 1599 is the programmatic document of the Jesuits，It also became the structure of the subsequent education bet365 offers。This bet365 offers is the basic basis for the spread of Western knowledge systems in China。

　　The spread of Western bet365 offers in China

　　The spread of Western bet365 offers in China has gone through two stages。The first stage is from the late Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty，The basic system structure of traditional Western bet365 offers and some contents based on medieval bet365 offers began to be introduced into China；The second stage is from the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China，The complete system of Western traditional bet365 offers begins to be introduced on a large scale。

　　In the first stage，Missionaries to China use “academic missionary” as a strategy，Combined with the Chinese scholar-bureaucrat class，By spreading various branches of the Western knowledge system，Thus achieving the purpose of preaching。The missionaries naturally introduced bet365 offers, which is the foundation of the knowledge system, into China。The missionaries and religious officials during this period were mainly Matteo Ricci、Gao Yizhi、Ai Julius、Fu Fanji、Nan Huairen、Xu Guangqi, Li Zhizao, etc.。

　　The first six volumes of "Elements of Geometry" co-translated by Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi in 1607，Introducing Western interpretation concepts to China for the first time，The last nine volumes of the book were translated by Li Shanlan and Wei Lie Yali in 1857。The deductive system and concepts of "Elements of Geometry"，Completely consistent with bet365 offers，Had an important influence on some scholars in the late Qing Dynasty。

　　"Famous Theory Detective" translated by Li Zhizao and Fu Fanji and published in 1631，Mainly introduces the "Five Gongs" and "Ten Ethics"，Basically not involved in other contents of Aristotle’s bet365 offers。Gao Yizhi included the article "Western Learning" drafted in 1615 in his book "Children's Education" published in 1632，This article first introduced the components of Western philosophy，Including bet365 offers，He clearly stated that bet365 offers is "the foundation of all learning"。Ai Julius in "Xixuefan" in 1623，A systematic introduction to the basic framework of the five components of philosophy，Same as Gao Yizhi，Regard bet365 offers as "the foundation of all learning"，And he also completely introduced the basic framework of medieval ancient bet365 offers。Nan Huairen submitted the 60 volumes of "Qiong Neo-Confucianism" compiled by him to Kangxi in 1683，This book includes a relatively complete content of Aristotle’s bet365 offers，For the first time, the full picture of Western deductive bet365 offers is shown。Because Kangxi did not allow the memorial to be published，This book has no substantial impact on future generations。

　　In the second stage，bet365 offers is spread mainly through magazines founded by some institutions and a group of Chinese and foreign intellectuals、Compiled works。The main organization is Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau、Gezhi Book Room、General Customs and Taxation Department, etc.，The main characters are Flan Ya、Ayose、Yan Fu、Wang Guowei et al。Representative publications mainly include: "Records of Chinese and Western Hearings and Seeings" (founded in 1872)、"Gezhi Collection" (first published in 1876)、"Global Gazette" (first published in 1868), etc.。These journals have published a large number of articles introducing bet365 offers。

　　The compiled works mainly include "Instructions for Gezhi", "Sixteen Types of Enlightenment of Western Learning" and Yan Fu、Writings translated by Wang Guowei。The compiled works mainly involve bet365 offers textbooks and popular reading materials that were popular in modern times in the West。Also，Also translated a large number of bet365 offers textbooks from Japan。

　　1886，The General Department of Customs and Excise has printed the translation of Joseph Ayose、Compiled "Sixteen Types of Western Enlightenment"，Among them, "Enlightenment of Differentiation of Learning" is the first Chinese translation that fully introduces Western traditional bet365 offers，The original is "A Primer of bet365 offers" published by the British logician Jeffers in 1876。In addition，Yan Fu translated and published "Mill's Famous Studies" (the first half of "Logical System") from 1902 to 1905，In 1909, he translated and published "A Brief Introduction to Famous Studies" (the same manuscript as "Distinguishing Studies and Enlightenment")。Wang Guowei translated and published "Dian Xue" in 1908 (the basis of which was "Basic bet365 offers Course" published by Jefans in 1870)。Japanese textbooks such as the work of Takayama Hayashijiro published in "Translated Books" in 1902、"On Neo-Confucianism" translated by Wang Rongbao，In 1903, the Commercial Press published the "Compendium of Neo-Confucianism" by Tokiya Japan translated by Tian Wuzheng，In 1906, Shanghai Taidong Book Company published Da Xi Zhu's "On Neo-Confucianism" translated by Hu Maoru。These translations provide a complete and accurate introduction to the traditional Western bet365 offers system and content，Promoted the basic concepts and methods of bet365 offers more widely。Yan Fu when translating "Muler's Famous Studies"，Relying on Bacon’s words to view bet365 offers as “the law of all laws，The study of all learning”，Once again illustrates the basic status and role of bet365 offers。

　　Modern bet365 offers Education in China

　　Since 1846，Fujian、Shanghai and other places have successively opened Western-style primary and secondary schools and normal schools。1895，Tianjin Beiyang Western School was established，Renamed Beiyang University Hall in 1896。To this point，China’s modern education bet365 offers has begun to take shape。More than ten years from 1902 to 1912，Although Chinese society has experienced a historical turning point with the fall of the Qing Dynasty and the prosperity of the people，However, the construction of modern China’s education bet365 offers is still in a relatively continuous process of formation and improvement。

　　1902，The Qing government promulgated the "Regulations of Imperial Schools" (historically known as the "Renyin School System")，This is the first systematic academic system in modern China，However, the academic system was abolished before it could be implemented。1903，The Qing government promulgated 17 documents including the "General Rules for the Management of Each School" (historically known as the "Guimao School System") and the charter of each school，To the school education system、Course Settings、Teaching staff configuration、Educational administration system and school management, etc.，Detailed provisions have been made。At the same time，The Qing government promulgated the "Academic Affairs Regulations"，Explicitly required to be in a higher education institution、College Preparatory、The "Debate" (i.e. bet365 offers) course is set up in the curriculum of the University Hall and the Ecole Normale Supérieure。Between 1912 and 1913，The Ministry of Education of the Republic of China government has issued a series of school orders，Including primary school orders、Secondary School Order、Normal Education Order、University Order, etc.，There are also clear requirements for the establishment of “debate” courses at different stages。

　　November 1922，The Ministry of Education promulgated the "School System Reform Order"，Further improving China’s modern education system。Establishing primary education in the school education system、Level 3 of secondary education and higher education，Clearly requires that the "Preliminary Theory of bet365 offers" (i.e. bet365 offers) course be offered from the senior high school level。To this point，China’s modern education system has basically taken shape。In this system，Elementary education (senior secondary school level)、Both normal education and higher education have clear regulations on opening bet365 offers courses，bet365 offers has become an indispensable and important part of school education。

　　It has been 400 years since bet365 offers first entered the Chinese intellectual community。From Gao Yizhi's "Western Learning" to Yan Fu's "Muler's Famous Studies"，All clearly explain the foundation and foundational status of bet365 offers。The construction and development of China’s modern education system has a history of more than a hundred years，Also absorbed this tradition in its beginning，In the curriculum systems of various schools at all levels，All set bet365 offers as a basic course，Teach students as a comprehensive methodology，Including both traditional bet365 offers in content，Also includes modern bet365 offers。This is actually an endorsement of the Western scientific spirit and scientific methods。

　　In today’s school education，This tradition has undergone tremendous changes due to various reasons，The development of bet365 offers itself is not the same as it was a hundred years ago。In terms of the evolution of human knowledge，Experienced from wholeness to differentiation、The process from differentiation to synthesis and then to refinement。The refinement of knowledge is different from the fragmentation of knowledge in the past，Requires us to work on the basis of division of labor，Comprehensive、Use knowledge crosswise，Solution to common problems faced by mankind。In this process，As the foundation and comprehensiveness of the knowledge system、General methodological bet365 offers should play a greater fundamental role。

　　(The author is the dean and professor bet365 offers School of Philosophy, Nankai University)

Editor: Chang Chang

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