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Logic is the basis of science

July 03, 2020 00:09 Source: "China Social Sciences", July 3, 2020, No. 1959 Author: Zhai Jincheng

　　UNESCO (UNESCO) seven basic disciplines promulgated in 1974，Logic degree is one of them，The other six basic disciplines are mathematics、astronomy and astronomical physics、Geographical Science and Space Science、Physics、Chemistry、Life Science。November 2019，UNESCO officially set January 14th every year as World Logic Day。This fully illustrates the importance of logic.。1953，Einstein pointed out in a letter to Swiz: "The development of western science is based on two great achievements，That is: Greek philosopher invented the form logic system (in Euosoli Geometry)，and through system experiments, it is possible to find a causal relationship (during the Renaissance)。"The basis of the development of Western sciences in Einstein is exactly the interpretation and induction of Western traditional logic。

　　Development of Western Logic

　　In the development process of the entire Western history and culture，Logic is not only the basis of science，and the foundation of the entire Western knowledge system and even the entire culture。This tradition starts from ancient Greece，Live until today。Logic as the basis of the entire science has its deep historical origin。

　　Western knowledge system originated from the "seven arts" of ancient Greece。About 5th century BC，Athens wise school school with "three arts"，、grammar、On the debate, teaching knowledge。Plato advocates "Four subjects"，Is the calculation、Geometry、Music Theory and Astronomical Teaching Activity。"Three Arts" and "Four subjects" can be said to be the original form of the Western knowledge system，The argument、Geometry is closely related to logic。

　　Aristotle is the founder of multiple disciplines，Bet365 lotto review It is also recognized as the founder of logic。Although the logic is not in the knowledge classification of Aristotle，But he believes that logic is indispensable for the knowledge system，Because logic is a tool that is generally suitable for all scientific knowledge，is the foundation and foundation of the knowledge system。As he pointed out when he evaluated Socrates，"There are two things that can be attributed to Socrates，This is inductive demonstration and general definition。These two things are scientific starting points "。Sumulatory argument and general definitions two core parts that actually involve logic，In summary and interpretation，And these two parts are the starting point of science，It is also the basis of the knowledge system。

　　Some important thinkers in the ancient Rome period have further improved and developed the content and system of the "Seven Arts"，If Capella officially proposed the "Freedom Seven Department"。4th Century，"Seven Arts" is identified as a school course。6th century，The Dean of the Welville Monk Academy in Italy, Ke Xiudu, has the book "Academic Pass"，The name "Seven Arts" is officially used。Course as a Christian education，"Seven Arts" so far。1534 years，Jesus was founded in Paris。Missionary、Education as its important mission，The main content of teaching is "Seven Arts"。From 1580，After many improvements，The "Education Plan" finally formed in 1599 is the programmatic document of the Jesuit，It has also become a structure of the subsequent education system。This system is the basic basis for the spread of the Western knowledge system in China。

　　The spread of Western logic in China

　　Western logic experienced two stages before and after the spread of China。The first stage is from the end of the Ming Dynasty to the beginning of the Qing Dynasty，The basic system structure of traditional Western logic and some content based on medieval bet365 live casino games logic began to be introduced to China; the second stage is from the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China，The complete system of Western traditional logic began to be introduced in a large scale。

　　In the first stage，Missionary in China takes "academic mission" as a strategy，Combined with the Chinese scholarly class，Various branches of the Western Knowledge System by spreading，to achieve the purpose of mission。The missionary naturally introduces logic in the basic position of the knowledge system into China。The missionaries and faithful doctors in this period are mainly beneficial to Matteo、Gao No. 1、Ai Ru Lian、Fu Panji、Nan Huairen、Xu Guangqi and Li Zhizao。

　　In 1607, the first six volumes translated by Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi，The first time I introduce the concept of Western interpretation to China，The nine volumes after the book were completed by Li Shanlan and Weili Yali in 1857。"Geometry Original" has the interpretation system and concept，Completely fit with logic，It has an important impact on some scholars in the late Qing Dynasty。

　　"Famous Detective" printed in 1631，It mainly introduces "Five Gong" and "Ten Lun"，Other content of Aristotle logic is basically not involved。Gao Izhi included the article "Western Studies" in 1615 in the book "Children's Education" published in 1632，This article first introduced the constituent elements of Western philosophy，Among them, logic，His clearly proposed that logic is "the foundation of all scholarship"。Ai Ru Lian 1623 in "Western Xuefan"，The basic framework of the five components of philosophy is introduced.，Like Gao Di Zhi，Consider logic as "the foundation of all scholarship"，And he also fully introduced the basic framework of medieval logic。Nan Huairen entered the 60 volumes of "Poor Studies" compiled in 1683 into Kangxi，This book includes the content of the relatively complete Aristotle logic，The whole picture of the Western interpretation logic for Bet365 lotto review the first time。Because Kangxi has no quasi -play, it is printed，The book does not have any substantial effects on later generations。

　　In the second stage，The way logic spreads mainly is that some institutions and a group of Chinese and foreign intellectuals founded magazines、Compiled works。The agency mainly includes Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau、Gezhi Study Room、The General Taxation Department of the Customs，The main characters are Fu Lanya、Aisu、Yan Fu、Wang Guowei, etc.。Representative publications are mainly: "China West News" (Pioneer in 1872)、"Compilation of Gezhi" (Pioneer in 1876)、"Board of Gazette" (Pioneer in 1868), etc.。These publications have published a large number of articles introduced by logic。

　　Compiled works mainly include "Quezhi Notes", "Sixteen Avian Mongolia" and Yan Fu、The works translated by Wang Guowei, etc.。The compiled works mainly involve the more popular logic textbooks and popular reading materials in the modern times of the West。Another，It also translated a large number of logic textbooks from Japan。

　　1886，The General Taxation Department of the Customs printed the translation of A Joseph、Edit "Sixteen Sixteen types of Western Academic Enlightenment"，Among them, "The Enlightenment" is the first Chinese translation that fully introduces Western traditional logic，Base is the "Logic Primary Reading Book" published by British logicist Jie Fangs in 1876。other，Yan Fu translated and published "Mueller Famous" from 1902 to 1905 (the first half of the logic system)，In 1909, the "Famous Scholarship Theory" was translated and published in 1909。Wang Guowei translated and published "Different Studies" in 1908 (its background is "Logic Basic Course" published by Jefangs in 1870)。Japanese textbooks such as "Compilation of Books in 1902" published in Takayama Lin Jiro、"Theory" translated by Wang Rongbao，In 1903, the Commercial Printing bet365 Play online games Pavilion published the "Outline of the Story" in Shimi, translated by Tian Wuyu,，In 1906, Shanghai Taidong Book Published by Hu Maoru's "Theory" translated from the West Westbound。These translations completely and accurately introduce the traditional Western logic system and content，The basic concepts and methods of logic widely spread widely。Yan Fu when translating "Mueller Famous Scholars"，With the help of Bacon's viewing logic as "all laws，All learning "，Once again, the basic status and role of logic。

　　Modern Logic Education

　　From 1846，Fujian、Shanghai and other places have successively launched the primary and secondary schools and normal schools imitating in Western -style。1895，Tianjin Beiyang West Academy was established，Removally renamed Beiyang University Hall in 1896。So far，China's modern education system has begun to take shape。More than ten years from 1902 to 1912，Although Chinese society has experienced the historical turn of the Qing Dynasty and the people's prosperity，But the construction of the modern Chinese education system is still in a relatively continuous formation and improvement process。

　　1902，The Qing government promulgated the "Qin Ding School Articles of Association" (historically called "Ren Yin System System")，This is the first systematic system of systematic system in China，But the academic system was abolished and was abolished immediately。1903，The Qing government promulgated the "General Principles of the Management of each School" (historically called the "Gui Yan System") and 17 documents such as the charter of each school，For the school education system、Course settings、Teachers Configuration、Education Administrative System and School Management，Detailed provisions。At the same time，The Qing government promulgated the "Academic Articles"，Determined requirement in High School、University bet365 live casino games Foundation、College Hall and Outstanding Normal School Course Settings Establishment of "Debate" (that is, logic) course。between 1912 and 1913，The Ministry of Education of the Republic of China has promulgated a series of school orders，Including elementary school orders、Middle School Order、Normal Education Order、University Order, etc.，Clear requirements for setting up "debate" courses for different stages have also been put forward。

　　November 1922，The Ministry of Education promulgated the "School System Reform Order"，Further improved China's modern education system。Establish primary education in the school education system、Level 3，It is clearly required to open the "Preliminary Story" (that is, logic) course from the high school stage。So far，China's modern education system basically forms。In this system，Primary education (senior middle school stage)、Normal education and higher education have clear stipulation to open logic courses，Logic becomes an indispensable and important part of school education。

　　Logic has entered the intellectual industry for the first time for 400 years。From the "Western Studies" of Gao Dizhi to Yan Fu’s "Mueller Famous Scholars"，All clearly explain the foundation and foundation of logic。The construction and development of the modern education system in China has a history of more than 100 years，This tradition was also absorbed at first，In the curriculum system of various schools at all levels，Set logic as a basic course，It is taught to students as a comprehensive methodology，Content includes traditional logic，also includes modern logic。This is actually an identity of the scientific and scientific methods of western science。

　　In today's school education，This tradition has changed hugely for various reasons，The development of logic itself is not the same as a hundred years ago。As far as the evolution of human knowledge is bet365 live casino games concerned，experienced from overall to differentiation、From differentiation to comprehensive to refinement process。The refinement of knowledge is different from the past knowledge of knowledge，Requires us on the basis of division of labor，Comprehensive place、Knowledge，Solve common problems facing humans。In this process，As the foundation and comprehensiveness as the knowledge system、Logic of general methodology should play a greater basic role。

　　(The author is the dean and professor of the School of Philosophy of Nankai University)

Editor in charge: Changchang