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Science as a teacher: philosophy naturalism

July 03, 2020 00:01 Source: "China Social Sciences", July 3, 2020, No. 1959 Author: Zhu Jing

　　The huge success achieved by modern science，Whether it is intellectual or facing practice，All the philosophy is amazing。With the continuous expansion of modern science，From natural science to social science，Then go to psychology and cognitive science，Get one brilliant victory after one after another，Traditionally, the "territory" of philosophy is gradually losing，The challenges and crises in philosophy have become unprecedented and severe。In the face of science, "Siege City"，How to reflect on philosophy、Adjust your goals and positioning，and examine your research method?

　　Traceability of philosophy naturalism

　　Philosophy is a long history of learning，During the development process of more than 2000 years，Research goals、Methods and range is also changing continuously。For nearly 500 years，With the birth and prosperity of modern science，Review of philosophy with reference to science，Ask its nature、status and role，An important dimension of becoming a philosophy to reflect on itself，This is an unavoidable task that almost all important philosophers and philosophy have since modern times。

　　Philosophy naturalism represents the attitude of philosophy to scientific consciousness，Proposal philosophy must be aligned with science，Science as a teacher，In terms of American philosopher 蒯蒯，To maintain continuity with science。Philosophy naturalism formed in the United States in the middle of the 20th century，It has been profoundly influenced by the tradition of practicalism in the United States，After gradually becoming a more universal philosophical position，It is one of Bet365 lotto review the most influential genres in the philosophical world in the English world in recent decades。

　　"Nature" in philosophy naturalism，You can take two slightly different meanings。One is "nature"，Everything existed in the world is natural objects，Either part of nature，Either is a derivative of nature; the second is "Natural Science"，Physics、Natural science represented by chemistry and biology is the core of science，is a role model for philosophy。According to the most common understanding，Philosophy naturalism includes two aspects: naturalism and methodology naturalism。

　　An ontology of Naturalism

　　The theory of ontology is the philosophical doctrine of the basic composition of the world，What things are discussed as the basic existence，and from this to illustrate the colorful situation and phenomenon of the world。Taylor in ancient Greece proposed that the world was originally water，Lao Tzu advocates everything from all things from Tao，These are the oldest theory of theoretical theory。In the long history of philosophy，The field of ontology is full of the various "existers" identified by philosophers in previous ages: Plato's concept of form，The common phase of the medieval philosopher，God of Christian philosopher，Descartes' self，Lebniz Singles，Kant's auto，The absolute spirit of Hegel, etc.; And in the ancient Chinese philosophy tradition，Also related to heaven、Lishi、Heart、The theory of ontology and theory of qi。

　　Anthology of Tableticism，Philosophy theoretical doctrine needs to be consistent with the results of the current relatively solid scientific research，At the same time, it is necessary to adopt a scientific ontological position。About the origin and evolution of the universe and life，The current science has provided a relatively complete and credible bet365 Play online games theory; about the generation and operation of human mind or spirit，and the formation and development of human society，Although the current science has not given a complete answer，But you can also be confident that you are walking on the right road。Scientific ontological position refuses to introduce any supernatural entity，For example, through God、Fairy、Soul, etc. to explain the structure and operation of nature，and Life、Phenomenon of human heart and society，This should be imitated by philosophy。

　　Reasons to advocate the ontology of naturalism，mainly from scientific achievements。Basic composition and evolution of the world，mainly from scientific achievements。Philosophy theory theory can have stronger universality than scientific theory、Generality and simplicity，But if you have the best scientific theory、Troubleshooting the facts and knowledge，Reasonable and credible should be questioned。"Don’t say a word and weird power"，It is the position of the ontology theory adopted by the great success of science to date，Philosophy if it is out of this constraint and is too empty，The strange existence introduced in this body theory，Either you can only have a causal effect with the known world through the mysterious way，Either it is redundant instead of entering the field。

　　Tableticism also faces some problems and criticisms。First，The success of modern science is inseparable from the development of mathematics，But how to deal with the ontological status of mathematical objects，It constitutes a certain limit for naturalists，It seems to only adopt the conclusion、Realism of tool theory or fictional theory。2，About the origin of the universe and life、Evolution，Can you give a complete "natural" explanation，There are still some controversy，This is the theoretical basis for the support bet365 live casino games owner of "first promotion" and "smart design".。third，Can the subjective feelings of the "first -person perspective" of human consciousness be naturalized?，It is still unpredictable，This is called "difficult problem of conscious research"。Fourth，and moral、Aesthetic and other related values and natural attributes of value attributes and natural attributes，Need naturalists give more powerful solutions，The accusations of eliminating the so -called "naturalism fallacy"。

　　Methodology Naturalism

　　Methodology Naturalism can be expressed as: there is no essential difference between philosophy and scientific issues，The goals and tasks of philosophical research have no fundamental difference from science，Therefore, philosophy should be similar or similar to science in research methods，No problem with philosophy and unique research methods。The main reason for advocating methodological naturalism is the huge success of science: due to the goals and tasks of philosophical research similar to science，There is no essential difference between philosophical issues and scientific issues，So if philosophy wants to achieve the same success as science，It should follow the science in the research method。

　　Is there any difference between philosophical issues and scientific issues? One view is，The philosophy has always paid attention to the "big" problem with basic and universality，This is different from the specific issues that can be tested by scientific concerns that can be tested by experiments and observations。This distinction may be difficult to establish，Theoretical science also pays attention to big problems，For example, the origin of the universe and life、Evolution，Many issues of contemporary analytical philosophy research are also quite fine，Even trivial。Another Bet365 lotto review view is，Philosophy, in addition to paying attention to descriptive problems or problems about facts，Pay more attention to standardized issues or questions about "what should be"，For example, theory、There are many such problems in the field of ethics and political philosophy。This difference can be said to exist at present，But with the development of cognitive science and social science，It seems that the so -called regulatory issues can be expected to be handled by more and more，and is expected to make more solid progress。

　　Is there any goals and tasks different from science in philosophy? One of the goals of philosophy is to explain and understand the world，This is undoubtedly the main task of science。Change the world，Shape a better life and society，This is also the ideal and goal of philosophy and science。Explore the truth、Find the goal of searching for the good recipes that change the world，Philosophy and science can be said to be the same passers -by。In addition to seeking knowledge as an important task，Philosophy or learning、Learning of Wisdom，This requires that it can jump out of the existing conceptual framework and theoretical paradigm，Try and identify the reasoning premise and basic principles of reasoning without reflection，The superstition and blind spots caused by the rigid thinking fixed formula，Try to think about the way of thinking and possible exploration。These activities are not unique to philosophy，Many great scientists also have this characteristic and ability，But this kind of attention reflection、Question、Unveiled、Diagnosis and treatment, and task for another approach，Can reflect philosophy rather than scientific character。

　　There is no essential difference between philosophical problems and scientific issues，Philosophy and science have common goals bet365 Play online games and tasks，This does not mean that philosophy cannot have research methods that are different from science。Face the same problem，Especially those profound issues that are universal and basic，You can use different research methods to find answers。Different from professional training and working methods，Philosophers are usually unable to like physicists、Chemists and biologists carry out exquisite control experiments，It will not systematically collect corpus or engage in in -depth field surveys like linguist and anthropologists，It is also unable to build a complex mathematical or computing model like economists and computer scientists。But the philosopher is longer than speculation，Familiar with concept and logic analysis，Good at refining thinking and reasoning in reasoning，Courage to propose alternative ideas，With a strong historical perspective and reflection spirit。These professional skills and spiritual traits，Make philosophers ask for truth、Xunliang Fang、Understanding human rational exploration activities，Can play a unique role。Facing common problems，Observation target，In terms of research methods，Philosophy and science can be regarded as division of labor collaboration，Director of each application。

　　The huge achievements that feel the continuous progress and achievement of science，The philosophical progress is slow and controversial，Philosophy naturalism advocates science as a teacher，In terms of ontology and methodology, you must align with science，and use this to transform philosophy。Tough naturalism denies different philosophical issues and scientific issues，Decisure that philosophy can have different goals and tasks，Have your own research methods and expertise。Mild naturalism, although the position of the ontology Bet365 lotto review of science，Mild naturalism, although the position of the ontology of science，But there are many ways to persist in the solution of philosophical problems，Philosophy can have the same goals and tasks that are not the same as science，And has its own unique methods and expertise。Philosophy should be with science，and different。

　　(The author is the dean of the School of Humanities at Xiamen University、Professor of the Department of Philosophy)

Editor in charge: Changchang