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Taking bet365 joining bonus code as Teacher: Philosophical Naturalism

July 03, 2020 00:01 Source: "Chinese bet365 joining bonus code Journal" Issue 1959, July 3, 2020 Author: Zhu Jing

　　The great success of modern bet365 joining bonus code，Whether intellectual or practical-oriented，Astonishing philosophy。With the continuous expansion of modern bet365 joining bonus code，From natural bet365 joining bonus code to social bet365 joining bonus code，And then to psychology and cognitive bet365 joining bonus code, etc.，Achieve brilliant victories one after another，The “territory” that traditionally belonged to philosophy is gradually being lost，The challenges and crises encountered by philosophy have become unprecedentedly severe。Continuously “conquer cities and conquer territories” in the face of bet365 joining bonus code，How to reflect on philosophy、Adjust your own goals and positioning，And review your own research methods？

　　Tracing the origins of bet365 joining bonus code naturalism

　　Philosophy is a bet365 joining bonus code with a long history，In the course of more than 2000 years of development，Objectives of the study、Methods and scope also continue to change。Nearly 500 years，With the birth and prosperity of modern bet365 joining bonus code，Examine philosophy with reference to bet365 joining bonus code，Asking about its nature、Status and role，Becoming an important dimension for philosophy to reflect on itself，This is an unavoidable task for almost all important philosophers and philosophical schools since modern times。

　　Philosophical naturalism represents the attitude of philosophy surrendering to bet365 joining bonus code，Advocates that philosophy should be aligned with bet365 joining bonus code，Take bet365 joining bonus code as a teacher，In the words of American philosopher Quine，To maintain continuity with bet365 joining bonus code。Philosophical naturalism was formed in the United States in the mid-20th century，Has been deeply influenced by the American pragmatist philosophical tradition，Later gradually became a more general meta-philosophical position，It is one of the most powerful and influential schools in philosophy in the English-speaking world in recent decades。

　　"Nature" according to philosophical naturalism，Can take two slightly different meanings。One is "nature"，Everything in the world is natural，Either a component of nature，Either it is a derivative of nature；The second is "natural bet365 joining bonus code"，In physics、Natural sciences represented by chemistry and biology are the core of bet365 joining bonus code，Is an example for philosophy to follow。According to the most common understanding，Philosophical naturalism includes two aspects: ontological naturalism and methodological naturalism。

　　Ontological bet365 joining bonus code

　　Ontology is the philosophical doctrine about the basic structure of the world，Discuss what things are basic beings，And use this to explain the colorful events and phenomena in the world。Thales of ancient Greece proposed that the origin of the world is water，Laozi advocates that everything originates from Tao，These are the oldest ontological doctrines。In the long history of bet365 joining bonus code，The field of ontology is filled with various “beings” identified by philosophers throughout the ages: Plato’s world of ideas about forms，Universals advocated by medieval philosophers，The God of Christian Philosophers，Descartes’ Self，Leibniz’s monad，Kant’s thing-in-itself，Hegel’s Absolute Spirit, etc.；In ancient Chinese philosophical tradition，Also about the sky、reason、心、Ontological concepts and theories of Qi etc.。

　　Ontological naturalism claims，The ontological doctrine of philosophy needs to be consistent with the results of current more solid scientific research，At the same time, it is also necessary to adopt a scientific ontological stance。About the origin and evolution of the universe and life，Current bet365 joining bonus code has provided a relatively complete and credible theory；About the emergence and operation of the human mind or spirit，And the formation and development of human society，Current bet365 joining bonus code, although it has not yet given a complete answer，But you can also be sure that you are on the right path。The ontological stance of bet365 joining bonus code refuses to introduce any supernatural entities，For example, through God、Fairy、Soul, etc. to explain the structure and operation of nature，And life、Phenomena of human heart and society，This should be imitated by philosophy。

　　Reasons for advocating ontological naturalism，Mainly from scientific achievements。About the basic composition and evolution of the world，bet365 joining bonus code provides the best explanation and understanding。Philosophical ontological doctrines can be more universal than scientific theories、Generality and Simplicity，But if and the best scientific theory、Facts conflict with knowledge，Reasonability and credibility should be questioned。"Speechless, strange, powerful and confusing"，This is the ontological stance taken by bet365 joining bonus code to achieve great success so far，If philosophy breaks away from this constraint, it will be too wild and unconstrained，Strange beings introduced ontologically，Either it can only have a causal effect on the known world through mysterious and unpredictable ways，Either it is redundant and there is no need to enter。

　　Ontological naturalism also faces some difficulties and criticisms。First，The success of modern bet365 joining bonus code is inseparable from developed mathematics，But how to deal with the ontological status of mathematical objects，Constitutes certain limitations for naturalists，It seems that the only option is conventionalism、Anti-realist positions such as instrumentalism or fictionalism。Second，About the origin of the universe and life、Evolution，Can you give a complete "natural" explanation，There is still some controversy，This is the theoretical basis for the introduction of supernatural subjects advocated by supporters of the “first push” and “intelligent design” theories。Third，Can the subjective qualia of the "first-person perspective" of human consciousness be naturalized，Still at a loss，This is called "the hard problem of consciousness research"。Fourth，And morality、The relationship between aesthetic and other related value attributes and natural attributes，Need more powerful solutions from naturalists，To eliminate the accusation of the so-called "naturalistic fallacy"。

　　Methodological bet365 joining bonus code

　　Methodological naturalism can be expressed as: philosophical problems are not essentially different from scientific problems，The goals and tasks of philosophical research are not fundamentally different from those of bet365 joining bonus code，Therefore philosophy should be similar or close to bet365 joining bonus code in terms of research methods，There are no problems and research methods unique to philosophy。The main reason for advocating methodological naturalism still stems from the great success of bet365 joining bonus code: because the goals and tasks of philosophical research are similar to those of bet365 joining bonus code，There is no essential difference between philosophical issues and scientific issues，So if philosophy wants to achieve the same success as bet365 joining bonus code，We should imitate bet365 joining bonus code in research methods。

　　Are there any differences between philosophical questions and scientific questions？There is a view，Philosophy has always focused on “big” issues that are fundamental and universal，This is different from the specific questions bet365 joining bonus code is concerned with that can be tested through experiments and observations。This distinction may be difficult to establish，Theoretical bet365 joining bonus code also focuses on big issues，For example, the origin of the universe and life、Evolution，And many issues studied in contemporary analytical philosophy are also quite sophisticated，Even trivial。Another way of looking at it is，Philosophy is not concerned with descriptive questions or questions about fact，Focus more on normative questions or questions about “what should be”，e.g. epistemology、There are many such questions in the fields of ethics and political philosophy。It can be said that this difference still exists at present，But with the development of cognitive bet365 joining bonus code and social bet365 joining bonus code，It seems to be expected that more and more so-called normative issues will be handed over to bet365 joining bonus code，And is expected to make more solid progress。

　　Does philosophy have different goals and tasks from bet365 joining bonus code?？One of the goals of philosophy is to explain and understand the world，This is undoubtedly the main task of bet365 joining bonus code。Change the world，Shape a better life and society，This is also the common ideal and goal of philosophy and bet365 joining bonus code。Just explore the truth、For the exploratory goal of finding a way to change the world，Philosophy and bet365 joining bonus code can be said to be fellow travelers。In addition to making the pursuit of knowledge an important task，Philosophy or the study of reflection、The study of wisdom，This requires the ability to break out of the existing conceptual framework and theoretical paradigm in a timely manner，Examine and identify reasoning premises and basic principles that are implicitly accepted without reflection，Break the superstitions and blind spots caused by rigid thinking patterns，Try alternative ways of thinking and possible avenues of exploration。Though these activities are not unique to philosophy，Many great scientists also possess this trait and ability，But this emphasis on reflection、Question、Revealed、The task of diagnosis, treatment and finding an alternative，Character that reflects philosophy more than bet365 joining bonus code。

　　Even though there is no essential difference between philosophical issues and scientific issues，Philosophy and bet365 joining bonus code have common goals and tasks，This does not mean that philosophy cannot have different research methods from bet365 joining bonus code。Facing the same problem，Especially those profound questions that are universal and fundamental，Different research methods can be used to find answers。Due to differences in professional training and working methods，Philosophers are usually not like physicists、Conducting elaborate controlled experiments like chemists and biologists，Will not systematically collect corpus or conduct in-depth field research like linguists and anthropologists，They are also unable to build complex mathematical or computational models like economists and computer scientists。But philosophers are good at thinking，Proficient in conceptual and logical analysis，Good at refining argument structures in thinking and reasoning，Have the courage to propose alternative ideas，Have a strong historical vision and reflective spirit。These professional skills and mental traits，Makes philosophers seek true knowledge、Looking for a good recipe、In the exploration of human reason towards understanding，Able to play a unique role。Facing common problems，Towards a common goal，In research methods，Philosophy and bet365 joining bonus code can be seen as division of labor and collaboration，Each one uses his own strengths。

　　Feeling impressed by the continuous progress and great achievements of bet365 joining bonus code，Philosophy, by comparison, progresses slowly and remains controversial，Philosophical naturalism advocates taking bet365 joining bonus code as the teacher，We must align ourselves with bet365 joining bonus code in terms of ontological stance and methodology，And use it to transform philosophy。Strong naturalism denies that philosophical questions are different from scientific questions，denies that philosophy can have different goals and tasks，Have its own unique research methods and expertise。Moderate naturalism although agreeing with the ontological position of bet365 joining bonus code，Also recognizes the validity and authority of bet365 joining bonus code within its scope of application，But there are many ways to solve philosophical problems，Philosophy can have different goals and tasks than bet365 joining bonus code，And has its own unique methods and expertise。Philosophy and bet365 joining bonus code should go in the same direction，Harmonious but different。

　　(The author is the dean of the School of Humanities, Xiamen University、Professor of the Department of bet365 joining bonus code)

Editor: Chang Chang

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