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Reflection philosophy methods to deal with scientific challenges

July 03, 2020 00:01 Source: "China Social Sciences", July 3, 2020, No. 1959 Author: Wang Heng

　　Speaking of philosophy methods，Philosophers may think of such as dialectics、Language Analysis、Intent analysis and other terms。But the topic we are going to discuss may be deeper -in a nearly old -fashioned、In the context of the rise of modern science and its authoritative completion,，Is there still the "philosophy" and methods that have irreplaceable and independent significance (and not the ambiguity and speculative romantic return of forward enlightenment)?

　　Science should be examined by philosophy

　　In fact，Starting from modern times，philosophers represented by Kant show their thoughts in the complex interaction with specific science。On the one hand, they admire the success of science without reservation，On the other hand, do your best to fight for human and its freedom，Restricting science This kind of knowledge about existing existence has gone out of its own territory。By the end of the 19th century and early 20th century，The same thinking of the same fate appeared again in the spiritual trend of psychological thoughts at that time (such as Xin Kantism)。At that time, philosophers often regarded their philosophy as a theoretical activity that laid the foundation (such as the Marburg School)。

　　It is worth thinking about is，Reflection of philosophical methods Bet365 lotto review in this period，Breeding contemporary social sciences。Modern Social Scientist with Weber as an outstanding representative，Use a firm empirical spirit to analyze social phenomena，The rigor of attitude is comparable to natural science。Of course, this is the great moment in the history of human spirit，But a "pure philosophy" worker may express doubt about this results。Due to the words of pure philosophy, it is unable to be studied because of it，but cannot obtain the "right to survive"，This makes the identity of philosophy more suspicious。Reflection of a philosophical method，A response to non -philosophical answers。Exaggeration to say，This can be understood as the "petrification" of philosophical methods，Even with the meaning of "degeneration"。

　　If we want to treat philosophy，Especially for pure philosophy，A reasonable solution is: accusing philosophy of "empirical" in theory，Then there is no "effectiveness" in practice; and philosophy seems to be stubborn，Refusing to accept the invitation of the times。For this "trial"，What kind of defense can philosophers do?

　　As a scholar of the main research phenomenon，I think philosophy means a complete reflection。This kind of reflection is not to return to the romantic world of previous science，Instead, you need to pursue the fundamental "origin" of any meaning "。Phenomenology means reflecting on the occurrence of "meaning of meaning"。The concept of phenomenology such as "priority restore" we know，is an attempt to answer this question。Bet365 app download 3119_3144，Therefore, of course, the reflection on meaning is of course showing a flavor of conscious philosophy。but，If we try to explore the source of meaning in other ways，Of course, you can also perform a different "restore"。These diversified studies can be called "phenomenology"。Under this field of vision，Science as an outstanding form of human spirit，Of course there is a origin of meaning，Yes and should be inspected by the Institute of Philosophy。Here，Reflection of phenomenology of science，No "anti -science" meaning in any sense。Philosophy is not so stubborn。

　　Philosophy cannot be replaced by science

　　Chinese people often pursue a "peace of mind"，Have we carefully tasted the "heart" and "reason" and its connection in this Xi? After the reason, the heart can be safe，This is not a vulgar life wisdom，Instead, it exactly explains that knowledge has a source of "survival theory"。If you do not "get"，We cannot be in our own。"reason"，Whether it is the Chinese Lun Chang "Heaven"，"Logic" of Western -style existence，All are a way to deal with the world，It can even be said to be a "strategy" of human survival，or existing "function"。We are willing to regard the world's and seemingly chaotic and disorderly people as "reasonable"，I believe that the entire universe and life have their own operation rules。Why "see" the world so? This is a question that is closely related to the source of science。

　　Deeper for a deeper layer，Science as science，It is not absolutely "empirical" and "objective"。Based on the current bet365 live casino games knowledge of scientific philosophy and scientific history，Science is by no means just observation of ready -made existence、Fun and cold induction and reasoning。From the perspective of thought，Modern science and even the two ancient origin of "modernity" -Greek's reason and Hebrew spirit，Nothing is mainly "empirical"。Complex interweaving of knowledge and theology，It shows that science is not only a skill to serve daily life，It has a nearly sacred value。In this sense，Naturally, it is not a monotonous collection of the existence，but a "big book" written by God to people，"Universal Revelation", which is erected with the Bible's "Special Enlightenment"。Greek's warm longing for "Logos"，Seeking surpassing with Hebrew，Both human eyes are cited to non -actual corders。These non -actual corders (such as "ideas")，It is not recognized as a product of romantic fantasy，and it is precisely determined the existing faces of the existing person。If you do not explore this spirit，We can't understand Bidorlas' worship and obsession with numbers and laws，It is impossible to understand the entrance of the Plato Academy "Do not understand that mathematics is prohibited from entering"。Numbers in mathematics，For the existing world，is the authentic "transcendee"。We want to study，"Knowledge" in the real world。This "mathematical" thinking，In the scientific revolutionary (such as Cartesh、Newton, etc.) The most eye -catching there，It is manifested as a modern mode of "setting bet365 live casino games axioms" before scientific research.。

　　above，It is a simple display of "philosophical thinking" in my mind。This does not seem to meet the requirements of "empirical research"，But it is by no means scattered but not "strict"。This process is not a romantic impulse against rationality，Inner experience that is not unable to communicate with people。The reflection of philosophy has its own strictness，This kind of reflection cannot be replaced by science。

　　Philosophy continues to develop in responding to challenges

　　In modern times，When people encounter knowledge and unknown、Reason and emotion、Art and Science、When the puzzle of mental and material is confusing，Often still throw your eyes into philosophy。Everyone is looking forward to the big problem of the existence of people and the "life and death" related to people，What can philosophy say，Can provide some guidance and soothing。For this kind of eternal confusion，Philosophy is indeed obliged to say something，But I want to say meaningfully、Say seriously，Philosophy must solve the challenge of the times you face。

　　Phenomenology talks about the "first -person" origin of science and logic，But the legitimacy of this origin was questioned by science itself。For example，Many content in quantum mechanics in the field of physics，Seriously inconsistent with people's daily experience，Some phenomena in quantum mechanics are difficult to understand from daily intuitive。So，Is it necessary to trace this scientific "first -person" origin，It is Bet365 app download really a problem。Another，Contemporary science professionalism is getting higher and higher，If philosophers cannot "understand" their content，Can you still reflect on it with philosophy? Understanding science seems to be a scientific reflection, of course the obligation，But in the face of science and the moon different，How to complete this understanding is the first question we must consider。The reflexes of the times cannot stay away from real science and enter abstract mystery，But it should not be stepped behind science，Including research on so -called science in science。

　　Current，People for artificial intelligence、Artificial consciousness and other issues have been discussed in large quantities，This is both a technical problem，It is also an ethical problem，Then it is a real philosophical problem。Philosophy thinking，In fact, what does it mean "people is human"。When we discuss the various positions of artificial intelligence，At the same time, it is also answering the puzzle of "people"。For example，If we take a "strong artificial intelligence" position，It will naturally think that people can be fundamentally restored as physical symbols。From this perspective，Kant's reflection of "What is a person"，Never really go far。As long as "people are human" are still a problem，Philosophy will not stop。Future Philosophy will express itself diverse，Therefore, it is beyond the philosophy of the discipline system in any sense。

　　(The author is the director and professor Bet365 lotto review of the Department of Philosophy of Nanjing University)

Editor in charge: Changchang