Operation of ancient Chinese emperor countries，Relying on a set of three -dimensional direct government document system。Relying on documents to realize the administrative document administration of government affairs，From the Tang Dynasty to complete。The command documents of the Emperor of the Tang Dynasty are divided into two categories: script (system) and scriptures，After the establishment of the three provinces is established，These command documents need to be awarded to the central government's "Division in Beijing" in the name of Shangshu Province and the local government with the state and county as the main body.。Document administration has its own internal continuity，It is an important mechanism that maintains government affairs at all levels without interruption due to official flow。

Disadvantages of Correction Officer's term system。Because officials have a fixed term，Quan Qiqiang，and the operation of government affairs needs to be maintained for certain continuity，There are contradictions between the two。The term of office of internal and external officials stipulated in the Tang Dynasty system is generally four years，Those who pass the four -year examination can be advanced，Participate in the election and renovate other official positions。In the early Tang Dynasty, especially Wu Zetian's administration，The liquidity of the social class and the bureaucratic team is very large，The informal institutional channel flowing by officials is forming，The actual term of the main officials of the state government generally fails to reach the time limit specified in the system。

According to the record of "Tanghui · Chi History"，In the second year of Tian Gao (691), he won the main book of Jiaxian County Liu Zhizhi pointed out that the speed of the history of the thorn is tachycore and suggested "since now，Stabbood History bet365 best casino games is not 3 years old and cannot be relocated "。In the second year of Jinglong (708) Royal History Lu Huai Shen Shang Shu suggested "Zhuzhou Governor's Assassination History，I have been on any test，Not allowed to be removed "。Most of the county -level officials are required to complete the term，After the Manchu or I will work in a different place，or stop the official to be selected，Not many opportunities for promotion。but but，During the full -time test, county orders often leave eagerly，Work transfer is not completed。According to regulations，"The county magistrate is full，Performing the household registration、food food，It is to leave after arriving at the receiver。But according to the 28th year of Kaiyuan (740) in June, Huainan Road interviewed Li Zhirou's playfulness，county magistrates in various places "have many test directions for the end，Be not arrived for people，Go to leave "。Li Zhirou suggests to the court，The year of the county magistrate，State -level officials must not give fake，You must be transferred to the successor before you can leave the job。

Description above，State and county officials in the early Tang Dynasty may seek reform officials when the term of office is not full，or after Ren Manchu, please leave a leave to leave。Due to the significant difference between political and economic benefits of officials at home and abroad in the early Tang Dynasty，Under the atmosphere of the inside and outside，State and county officials, especially the chiefs of the state government and Shangzuo, generally seek to be reorganized as Beijing officials。State government officials and county officials continue to act as official positions in different places in different places，Just move between states and counties in different equations。，Local officials appointed by the court were originally difficult to really penetrate in the local actual affairs，Various measures adapted to local conditions，Its continuity cannot rely on the transfer of officials to maintain。Its maintenance mechanism mainly relies on the official document of the local government，bet365 live casino games is called "miscellaneous" recording、House、History、Li Zheng waiting for，These characters similar to the officers of the officers，Generally, it is served as a higher male and other tall male。Except in the end，They are mainly engaged in documents and receiving、Please、Couples who copy and storage work。At least since the Sui Dynasty，This group plays a vital role in the maintenance of the government's government affairs document system，It is also an important force to ensure the continuity of government affairs。Emperor Sui Wen formulated "State County Zuo Shi，Aversion to three years "，But when the Emperor Emperor is thrown up, revise the rules，The host Niu Hong accepted the suggestion of the great Confucian Liu Xuan abolished this rule。Since then，Document officials in the state and counties are generally long -term。

Guarantee continuity of government affairs。The administrative operation in the early Tang Dynasty follows the chief、Tong judge、Judges and the four -class official division of division of division of division of labor on the government documents，and strict document payment procedures serving the outline。Fourth -class officials are set in accordance with the power and responsibility setting in the process of processing of government affairs。In the Beijing Division, take the Dali Temple with no subordinate branches as an example，Dali Qing alone，is the chief，Dali Shaoqing and Dali Zheng each，Is the general judge，Six Dali Dali is the judge，Twenty -eighth House and 56 History are the main codes，The fourth -class official system of the entire organization。Local prefecture as an example，Stab History is the chief，Don't drive、Changshi、Sima is a general judge，Gong、Warehouse、House、Bing、Method、The joining the army of Shi Liu Cao is the judge，Zuo、History is the subject。The specific process of government affairs processing is generally generally requested by the subject to check the relevant copywriting，The relevant documents that are about to archive are reviewed and classified for adhesion and classification，bet365 live casino games Combing Director's Come and Dragon，Summary according to the rules，indicates that "the case is the same as before"，The basis for judging as a judge。The judge makes a preliminary judgment based on this，constitute a key link。Tong judges and chiefs on this basis for the final ruling。During the entire government affairs processing process，The role and responsibilities of the fourth -class official，Cooperate with each other and restraint。Treatment of any government documents，All need to be handled and signed by fourth -class officials，can it take effect。

Four -class official system is both a set of government affairs treatment mechanisms for division of labor，At the same time, it is also a set of administrative responsibilities and joint sharing mechanisms。Fourth -class officer，There is also responsible for document payment、Registration、Officials with printing and archiving，Generally the main book and recording event。Dali Temple "main book palm print，Provincial Department Copy，Exccasion，Records the matter of getting the matter of the matter "。The main book as an outline officer，The main responsibility is to check and receive documents、Whether there is a delay and error during the processing process，Check the file after the processing is completed，Examination and processing process，If there is no time and error，Then draw with Zhu Bi，Represents passed。If the fourth -class officer makes a mistake during the judgment, the official is outlined and the officer did not find it，The fourth responsible person in the fourth -class officer of the outline officer assumes the joint responsibility。In the example of Dali Temple，Ruofu、Historical crimes are the first responsible person，then 丞 is second，Shao Qing and the third，Dali Qing and the main book of the officials as the official is the fourth。What link is the question，The corresponding officials assume the primary responsibility，Do not implement the chief responsibility system without distinction。The core government of the local government is the household registration、Management of Fields and bet365 live casino games Dispute，Involved in these aspects of government errors，then the chief needs to bear the primary responsibility。

Tang Dynasty has a strict archives management system for government documents，Archive documents can be divided into cases in different links according to the different links of their government affairs.、Walk judgment documents and payment documents。Excculitive Officer's "Provincial Administration Copy Vedics，Exccasion "" documents covering the above three forms of different links。Copy is the need for the application of the future subject to verify the copy，It is also the need for documents。For the state government，Household registration and account documents carry the basic information of government operations，It is also the key information that maintains continuity to operate government affairs。The rules of the Tang Dynasty，Create accounts every year，Three -year household registration，State and county to keep five consecutive years of household registration information for fifteen consecutive years，The Ministry of Households of Shangshu Province must keep the information of nine -time manufacturing。Familiar with these materials is undoubtedly the officials in the "miscellaneous" of the state and county。

In short，Strict document processing process and responsibility sharing mechanism，Make administrative operations avoid the will of the Chiefs，implemented the responsibility of each link，The possibility of the interruption of government affairs operation caused by officials at all levels is greatly reduced。and the government documents implement sub -item copy、The system archived on a schedule，and when dealing with government affairs, the previous relevant copywriting must be detected as a provision for the ruling basis，The continuity of government affairs operation at all levels has procedural guarantee。

Maintaining the continuity of the state's policy。To maintain the continuity of the administrative department's government affairs，There is another important premise，It is the demand issued by the emperor to have a certain continuity。Continuously bet365 Play online games perfected the formulation system with the format as the main body，and the law of the law preferentially in the governance logic of the emperor，It is an important feature of the national governance of the Tang Dynasty。This makes it inevitable that the imperial power operation process is bound to be constrained，It can also make upright ministers fighting for the emperor's words without faith，。

For example，According to the regulations of Dingzhong's system in the early Tang Dynasty，Men's age is 21 years old，16 to 21 years old is a middle man，Men who only have Cheng Ding need to bear the country’s tax、徭。Tang Taizong sent people to the Minimal Ding Ding Du in service soon after he was ascended，The court decided to make the first 18 -year -old man who is at the beginning of the year.。Prime Minister Feng Deyi believes，Men who are under 18 years of age "His trunk grows，You can also point "，Tang Taizong agreed，Zhongshu province drafted the script of the soldiers based on this。This troop book reaches the province，To the matter, Wei Zheng refused to sign，Return it back to Zhongshu Province，Called "Sealing and Return"，"Ask Four"。Tang Taizong's anger summoned Wei Zheng and blame it,Tang Taizong's conclusion based on Feng Deyi，Think of those Chinese men who are under the age of 18 when they are grown but registered in the household registration，In fact, it is fraud，It is the actual age under the shelter of the local officials。The reason for Wei Zheng's argument is the emperor's dishonesty，The meaning of outside words，Chinese men who are over 18 years old, Chinese men's service, have broke through the rules regulations，In addition to the agreed scheme, it extended to the so -called "trunk growth" under the age of 18，Failure to integrity。As for suspect that the county magistrate is faked，It also contrary to the original intention of the emperor's repeated emphasis on "integrity and the world"。Tang Taizong accepted Wei Zheng’s opinion，Give up the plan for men's military service in the sign of the sign，Back to the orbit prescribed by the law。

Overall perspective，The political operation in the early Tang Dynasty bet365 best casino games is relatively emphasis on the authority of the law，Not only the Tang law stipulates that "the crime must have a rhythm、Order、grid、style text "，The monarch in the early Tang Dynasty also emphasized the "law format，The foundation of politics "，"Its system does not say that it will always be a routine since now，You must not climb as an example "，It is forbidden to "use cases to break and order"。If the document administration plays a key guarantee role in maintaining the continuity of national government operations in the Tang Dynasty，So，The law system is a checks and balance of the continuity of the destruction of the emperor or the destruction of the emperor or replacing the throne。

(The author is the curator of the library of Renmin University of China、Professor of History College)