The operation of ancient Chinese imperial state，Relying on a three-dimensional and direct government document system。Relying on documents to realize the document administration of government affairs operation，Complete bet365 bonus code pa Tang Dynasty。The order documents of the emperors of the Tang Dynasty were divided into two categories: edicts (written documents) and imperial edicts，After establishment through the procedures of three provinces，These order documents need to be issued bet365 bonus code pa name of the Shangshu Province to the central "divisions in Beijing" and local governments mainly in prefectures and counties。Clerical administration has its own inherent continuity，It is an important mechanism to maintain government affairs at all levels from being interrupted by the flow of officials。

Correcting the shortcomings of the official tenure system。Since officials have fixed terms，Transfer after passing the exam，Government operations need to maintain a certain degree of continuity，There is a contradiction between the two。The term of office for internal and external officials stipulated bet365 bonus code pa Tang Dynasty system is generally four years，Those who pass the four-year exam can advance，And participate bet365 bonus code pa election and change to other official positions。Early Tang Dynasty, especially during Wu Zetian’s reign，There is great mobility in both social classes and the ranks of the bureaucracy，Informal institutional channels for official mobility are taking shape，The actual terms of office of key state officials generally do not meet the period stipulated bet365 bonus code pa system。

According to "Tang Hui Yao·Shi Shi" records，bet365 bonus code pa second year of Tianshou (691), Liu Zhiji, the chief administrator of Huojia County, pointed out that the transfer of governors was too fast and suggested that "from now on，The governor cannot be transferred to an official position unless he is three years old”。bet365 bonus code pa second year of Jinglong (708), the imperial censor Zhongcheng Lu Huaishen suggested that "the governors of all states should be governors of the governors and other officials"，passed the four exams before taking office，No eviction allowed”。Except for the Gyeonggi region, most county-level officials are required to complete their terms，After the expiration of the term or working in a different place，Or suspended from office pending election，Not many promotion opportunities。However，County magistrates often leave eagerly when exams are over，The work handover has not been completed。As per regulations，"The county magistrate passed the exam，Qualified delivery account、Food”，You cannot leave until your successor arrives。But according to the memorial of Li Zhirou, the envoy interviewed by Huainan Road in June of the 28th year of Kaiyuan (740)，County magistrates from various places "many have to take exams to the end"，The substitute has not arrived yet，Just go if you ask for leave"。Li Zhirou suggested to the court，The year when the county magistrate passed the examination，State-level officials are not allowed to give leave，You must wait until the handover with your successor is complete before leaving the job。

　Explanation of the above situation，Prefecture and county officials bet365 bonus code pa early Tang Dynasty may seek to change their official positions before their term of office expires，Or you may take leave and resign after your term ends without having time to hand over the job。Due to the obvious differences bet365 bonus code pa political and economic treatment of officials inside and outside the early Tang Dynasty，Under the trend of emphasizing the internal and external aspects，Prefecture and county officials, especially the governors and sergeants of state capitals, generally seek to be appointed officials bet365 bonus code pa capital。Most state and county officials continue to hold official positions with little difference in grade in other places，Just moving between states and counties of different levels。In addition，It was originally difficult for local officials appointed by the imperial court to truly penetrate into actual local affairs，Various measures for local governance adapted to local conditions，The continuity cannot be maintained by the handover of officials。The maintenance mechanism mainly relies on the clerical staff of the local government，The recorder known as "Miscellaneous Responsibilities"、国、History、Li Zheng and others，These roles are similar to those of later subordinates，Generally, they are held by men with higher local household status。Except for being upright，They are mainly engaged in sending and receiving documents、Please check、Clerical staff responsible for copying and storage。At least since the Sui Dynasty，This group plays a vital role in maintaining the government document system bet365 bonus code pa operation of the empire，It is also an important force to ensure the continuity of government affairs。Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty formulated the "State and County Chronicles" in order to prevent the clerks and subordinates from "growing old and committing adultery"，Replacement in three years” provision，But when Emperor Yang came to the throne and revised the laws，The person in charge, Niu Hong, accepted the suggestion of the great scholar Liu Xuan and abolished this regulation。Afterwards，Clerical and subordinate officials in prefectures and counties are generally appointed for a long time。

Guaranteeing the continuity of government operations。Administrative operations bet365 bonus code pa early Tang Dynasty followed the chief executive、General Judge、The process of judging and signing government documents by the division of labor between the judge and the fourth-class chief official，And strict document acceptance procedures that serve the check system。The fourth-level officials are set up according to their powers and responsibilities bet365 bonus code pa processing of government documents。The departments in Beijing took Dali Temple, which has no subordinate branches, as an example，Dali Qing is one person，For the commander，Dali Shaoqing and Dali Zheng, two each，It is the general judge，Six Dali Prime Ministers are judges，Twenty-eight famous mansions and fifty-six famous histories are the main codes，The four-level official system that constitutes the entire organization。Take the state as an example，The governor is the chief，Don’t drive、Long History、Sima is the general judge，Gong、warehouse、household、Bing、法、Shiliu Caosi’s soldier is a judge，Zuo、History is the main code。The specific process of government affairs processing is generally that the chief clerk will first review the relevant documents according to the cause，The relevant archived documents will be retrieved for adhesion and classification，To sort out the whole story，Make a summary based on the regulations，Indicate "The investigation continues as before"，As the basis for the judge to make the judgment。The judge makes a preliminary judgment based on this，Constitute a key link。The general magistrate and the chief will make the final decision on this basis。During the entire government affairs processing process，The roles and responsibilities of the fourth-level officials are different，Cooperate and contain each other。Processing of any government document，All need to be processed and signed by the fourth-level official，to take effect。

The four-level official system is a mechanism for the division of labor according to the process of government affairs，It is also a joint and several sharing mechanism for administrative responsibilities。Besides fourth-class officials，We are also responsible for the payment of documents、Register、Officials who use seals and archives，Usually the main book and recorder。Dali Temple’s “Master’s Palm Seal”，Provincial Office Copy，Check error，The recorder is responsible for the incident”。The chief registrar serves as the inspector，The main responsibility is to check the sending and receiving of documents、Are there any delays and mistakes bet365 bonus code pa processing process，Check the file after processing is completed，Review Processing Process，If there are no overruns and errors，Outlined with a red pen，Indicates passed。If the fourth-class officer makes a mistake during the judgment of the case and the prosecutor does not discover it，The prosecutor is jointly and severally liable as the fourth responsible person among the fourth-class officials。bet365 bonus code pa case of Dali Temple，Ruofu、Shi is the first person responsible for making mistakes，Ze Cheng is the second，Shaoqing and Zheng are the third，Dali Qing and the chief clerk as the prosecutor are the fourth。Which link does the problem lie in?，The corresponding official shall bear primary responsibility，The executive responsibility system is not implemented without distinction。The core government affairs of local government is household registration、Management of fields and taxes，Mistakes involving government affairs in these aspects，The chief needs to bear the primary responsibility。

The Tang Dynasty had a strict file management system for government documents，Archived documents can be divided into case documents according to the different links of government affairs processing in which they are located、Execution documents and delivery documents。The Provincial Office Copy of the Provincial Inspector，Documents covering the above three different link forms。Copying is needed for the future copywriting of the main dictionary inspection document，It is also necessary for document checking。For state and county governments，Household registration and accounting documents carry basic information for government operations，It is also the key data to maintain the continuity of government affairs。Laws and Regulations of the Tang Dynasty，Accounting every year，Household registration is created every three years，Prefectures and counties must retain household registration information for five consecutive years, that is, for fifteen consecutive years，The Ministry of Household Affairs of Shangshu Province must retain the information of nine registrations。Those who are familiar with these materials are undoubtedly clerical subordinates bet365 bonus code pa "miscellaneous duties" of prefectures and counties。

In short，Strict document processing process and responsibility sharing mechanism，Enabling administrative operations to avoid the will of the chief，Implemented the responsibilities of each link，It also greatly reduces the possibility bet365 bonus code pa at all levels being interrupted due to the official tenure system。Government documents are copied item by item、Scheduled filing system，And the requirement that previous relevant documents must be checked out as the basis for ruling when handling government affairs，It also provides a procedural guarantee for the continuity bet365 bonus code pa operations at all levels。

Maintain the continuity of national decrees。It is necessary to maintain the continuity of government affairs operations of administrative departments，There is another important premise，That is, the decrees issued by the emperor need to have a certain degree of continuity。Continuously improving statutory system with legal order format as the main body，And the governance logic that laws and orders take precedence over imperial edicts，It is an important feature of state governance bet365 bonus code pa Tang Dynasty。This means that the operation of imperial power is bound to be restricted by laws and regulations，It also enables upright ministers to argue with reason when faced with the emperor’s dishonest words，Something to rely on。

For example，According to the provisions of the Dingzhong system bet365 bonus code pa "Household Order" of the early Tang Dynasty，The age of adulthood for men is 21 years old，A middle-aged man aged 16 to 21 years old，Normally, only mature men need to bear the country’s taxes、Corvee and military service。Shortly after Tang Taizong came to the throne, he sent people to various places to recruit civilians to serve as soldiers，The imperial court has decided that middle-aged men over 18 years old will also be included bet365 bonus code pa recruitment list。Prime Minister Feng Deyi thinks，A middle-aged man under the age of 18 with a strong body，Can also be clicked together”，Tang Taizong agreed，Zhongshu Sheng drafted an edict ordering troops accordingly。After this troop order arrives in Menxia Province，Wei Zheng refused to sign during the matter，Return it to Zhongshu Province，Referred to as the "Feng-return System"，"As for the number four"。In anger, Emperor Taizong summoned Wei Zheng and scolded him,Taizong of the Tang Dynasty drew conclusions based on Feng Deyi’s description，Think of those middle-aged men with strong torsos but under the age of 18 registered bet365 bonus code pa household registration，It’s actually a lie，It was the traitors who concealed their actual age under the protection of local officials。The reason Wei Zheng argued was that the emperor had broken his promise，The implication，The requirement for middle-aged men over 18 years old to serve bet365 bonus code pa military exceeds the legal requirements，In addition to the agreed plan, it was also extended to the so-called "those with strong trunks" who are under 18 years old，Disloyalty。As for the suspicion that the state and county magistrates are committing fraud，It goes against the emperor’s repeated emphasis on his original intention of “ruling the world with integrity”。Tang Taizong accepted Wei Zheng’s opinion，Abandoned the plan to recruit middle-aged men to serve bet365 bonus code pa military，Back on the track stipulated by the law。

Overall view，Political operations bet365 bonus code pa early Tang Dynasty relatively emphasized the authority of laws and orders，Not only does Tang law stipulate that "all crimes must be judged with citations、order、Grid、Form text”，The monarchs bet365 bonus code pa early Tang Dynasty also emphasized the "format of laws and orders many times.，The foundation of government”，“Those who do not say that their system and decrees will always be the rules from now on，Do not use this as an example”，Case in which "use case breaking edicts and imperatives" are prohibited。If we say that clerical administration played a key role in maintaining the continuity of state government operations bet365 bonus code pa Tang Dynasty，Then，The legal order system is a check and balance against the emperor's breach of trust or the disruption of the continuity of government orders caused by the change of throne。

(The author is the Director bet365 bonus code pa Library of Renmin University of China、Professor bet365 bonus code pa School of History)