As everyone knows，The period before and after the "German and French Yearbook" was the key period for Marx's transformation from revolutionary democracy to communism，However，The historical context of this transition is often overlooked，That is: How can Germany, which is lagging behind in the modernization process, catch up with Britain and France, who are the pioneers of modernization。And this overall anxiety bet365 champions league German nation was condensed in Marx, a German intellectual youth, into the theme of "Introduction to "Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right": the liberation bet365 champions league Germans。Marx’s conclusion is，Only in the new form of human civilization of ultra-modernity，Only in order to achieve the final liberation bet365 champions league Germans。This new civilization form，This is the communism that the young Marx turned to。Reviewing this famous ideological event，We will discover the picture of German liberation outlined by Marx，It also enlightens another modernizing late-developing country on how to seek national rejuvenation。

　The new civilization form is named "bet365 champions league"

In the three letters from Marx to Ruge published in the "German-French Yearbook"，Marx revealed the complex mentality of his determination to move to Paris，Excitement of “going to the new capital bet365 champions league new world”，As a German, I also feel the shame of my motherland being abandoned outside modernization。The perverse behavior bet365 champions league new emperor William IV，Bringing the already slow German reform process to an abrupt end，It also completely exposed Germany’s conservative and backward situation。Facing the danger of being "expulsed"，The German bourgeoisie, which is supposed to shoulder the mission of historical progress, is indifferent、Weak and numb look，So much so that Marx denounced his motherland as a "ship full of fools" sailing toward destruction。Where is Germany going?，How the Germans liberated，Became the thorn in the side of this patriotic young man who was traveling far away from home。

Dedicated reading of Hegel in Kreuznach，Help Marx see clearly that Germany is in a strange situation of "anachronism"，On the one hand，Germany has a profound cultural tradition，Especially the philosophical tradition，Enabled the Germans to reach the spiritual heights achieved by the French in political revolution in philosophical criticism；On the other hand，Germany still retains many remnants bet365 champions league Middle Ages in terms of its actual social system，A mature civil society and corresponding political system have not yet been formed，A national philosophy far behind France and its own developed countries。A more vivid expression is，In the era of world spirit，Germany in 1843 was still in the stage of France before 1789。It is this kind of dislocation，Things that are coming to an end in France and England，It’s just the beginning in Germany，Those systems that have exposed their obsolete shortcomings in Britain and France，Regarded as a bright future in Germany。When Germany’s liberal intellectuals were still chasing Germany and demanding that Germany establish a modern economic and political system，Marx has already stood as a critic of modernity and planned how to achieve "overtaking around the corner" for the German nation。What he is concerned about is: "How can it not only overcome its own obstacles in a single somersault，And at the same time overcome the obstacles faced by modern nations？”These obstacles are the civil society and bourgeois political system established based on special rights。When Marx said that the liberation bet365 champions league Germans lies in the formation of a proletariat that is marginalized by today's society，In order to declare the total disintegration bet365 champions league hitherto world system，When realizing that "human beings are the highest essence of human beings"，He is undoubtedly showing，Only by entering a new form of civilization that transcends capitalist civilization，The final liberation bet365 champions league Germans is possible。This new civilization form was soon named "communism" by Marx。

　　Developing new civilization forms bet365 champions league synthesis of modernity

A short time in Paris，Like the vortex bet365 champions league "three rivers converging" in Marx's academic career: both "chaotic" and turbulent。The Paris Manuscripts simultaneously treat three themes of Marx's thought: Political Economy、Communism、Philosophy。The theme of German liberation has changed to human liberation，The national anxiety that penetrated the back bet365 champions league paper has also transformed into deep academic speculation，But concern for the fate of Germany has not disappeared，Isn’t the “Three Rivers Convergence” an effort to combine the achievements of British and French civilization with the German philosophical tradition to plan a new civilization？In the metaphor map bet365 champions league Young Hegelians at that time，German philosophy is the mind，French communism is the heart，British political economy is the stomach，The future of Europe lies in unifying the "European Triumvirate"。Marx has previously painted a picture bet365 champions league liberation bet365 champions league Germans: "This liberated mind is philosophy，His heart is the proletariat”，Now he deepens the picture，He was deeply exposed to various socialist ideas in France，And started the study of political economics。

On the basis of fully affirming the achievements of British and French modern civilization，Marx paid more attention to using the perspective given by the modern high-level German philosophy to gain insight into the "obsolete and decayed" things in the first two，Because only by criticizing the old world can we discover the new world。The prosperity and alienation created by the Industrial Revolution and political economy in Britain were naturally the focus of Marx's attention，looks，French communism is the overcoming of private ownership。However，Marx, who was leaning towards communism, did not like the utopian communism that was popular at the time。He repeatedly criticized those communists who advocated public wives and equalized public ownership as vulgar and barbaric，They are the same as the bourgeoisie they oppose，They are all immersed in the strong desire for private property。In other words，Neither civil society nor egalitarian communism has gotten rid bet365 champions league conflict of "all against all" caused by the possession of things，They have not gotten rid bet365 champions league particularity and antagonism of egoism。The liberation required by Marx，The state in which social power is its own essential power is far from coming。From the perspective bet365 champions league German nation，Relying only on imported products from Britain and France，There is no way out of modern civilization based on capitalist economic relations。

Marx turned to communism，But this communism is promoted through German philosophy。He understands wage labor from the perspective of human self-alienation、Understanding communism from the true possession of human essence。In his critical vision，Poverty，That is, the loss of things only belongs to the most experiential nature of alienation、Levels of externality，The deeper alienation occurs in the realm of interiority，That is, human beings deviate from the essence of human life。The labor he asked for restoration，It is not the basis for a single person to obtain private property as understood by modern economics，It is the human way of life (that is, "society") that obtains the powerful object power of human beings as a whole。If Britain shows the theme of modernity: the prosperous industrial revolution and the matching private property system，French communism presents the antithesis of modernity: equal rights and the abolition of private property，Then German philosophy provides the key resources to achieve the synthesis of modernity: establishing the species nature of human beings，Comprehensive realization bet365 champions league requirements of British and French modernity in the essence bet365 champions league class。In the logic of dialectics，The achievement bet365 champions league synthesis also means the end bet365 champions league logical movement at this level，New stage，That is, a new form of human civilization will be launched。This is also the picture bet365 champions league liberation bet365 champions league Germans that Marx expected。

Regardless of "the liberation bet365 champions league Germans"，It was still the “liberation bet365 champions league Jews” he discussed at the same time，As Marx said，It is not a special ethnic issue，But a "common contemporary problem"。The situation faced by the German nation in the first half bet365 champions league 19th century was quite similar to that bet365 champions league Chinese nation in the second half bet365 champions league 19th century: both had profound cultural traditions，But development lags behind in the modernization process。Marx’s plan for the Germans to “overtake in corners” to achieve final liberation，Not accepted by his motherland。Since Bismarck，The emergence of a powerful modern Germany，But ultimately experienced ups and downs in the two world wars。The Germans have not emerged from the dilemma bet365 champions league "wolf versus wolf" struggle in modern civilization。And in the East，The birth bet365 champions league Communist Party of China marks the establishment of China’s modernization process based on Marxism、Scientific socialism is the basic orientation，It also means that China has assumed the task that Marx once set for his motherland: to obtain the fruits of modernity while abandoning the disadvantages of modernity。Another similar situation between China and Germany is，China’s cultural tradition also lacks individualistic genes，But has a deep pursuit of universal human life。Just as Marx combined German philosophy with communism to seek the liberation of Germans，Contemporary Chinese Marxists who are committed to national rejuvenation also need to find the path to Chinese modernization from the “two combinations”。This is a "common contemporary issue" in the 21st century。

(Author’s affiliation: School of bet365 champions league, Sun Yat-sen University)