In the international academic community，"Classics" specifically refers to a discipline that specializes in the study of ancient Greek and Roman bet365 voucher，But the Chinese academic community believes that，Classics is not only present in the West，China also has its own classics。To avoid ambiguity，We propose to use "Western Classics" to refer to the classics in the Western tradition。

　The Origin and Disciplinarity of bet365 voucher Classics

In Western cultural tradition，Classics is the oldest branch of knowledge，The origin can be traced back to the end of the Greek bet365 voucher Age and the beginning of the Hellenistic Age at the latest。At that time, the Greeks clearly showed an interest in studying the great writers of the past and their works，In particular, the study of "Homer's Epic" first became a hot topic。As far as we know，Heraclides Ponticus of the Black Sea wrote articles discussing "Homer's Epic" and the works of the three major tragedians，His two-volume monograph discussing "Homer's Epic" is entitled "Homer's Solution"，Criticize the treatment of certain fragments of "Homer's Epic"，Propose your own solution。Aristotle wrote six volumes of "Problems of Homer"，Collection of previous criticisms of "Homeric Epic"，And respond systematically。To the Hellenistic period，Ptolemy I, who ruled Egypt, founded the Academy of Higher Learning "Temple of the Muses" in Alexandria，Gathered a group of outstanding scholars，They started to collect the system、Compilation and editing of Greek documents from earlier eras that are considered classics，Thereby establishing the tradition of bet365 voucher studies。After the Renaissance begins，Humanists are committed to collecting and organizing ancient Roman and Greek documents，Revival of bet365 voucher Studies，Thus continuing and developing the tradition of classics。

To the late 18th century，The modernization process of Western European society is in full swing，The ancient knowledge of classics has ushered in new opportunities for development。One aspect of the construction of modernity in Western Europe is looking back at bet365 voucher civilization, that is, ancient Greek and Roman civilization，Especially the ancient Greek civilization，Express your own demands and yearnings through the idealization of bet365 voucher civilization。bet365 voucher civilization thus became the founding myth of modernity。People’s enthusiasm and interest in bet365 voucher civilization have been greatly aroused，It is in this situation，Classics has officially become a subject in modern universities。So from the beginning，As a modern subject, classics has unconsciously shouldered a special historical mission。It is in this case，The modern European education system first established in Germany in the early 19th century took bet365 voucher education as one of its core contents。

　　Comprehensive research from bet365 voucher philology to ancient Greek and Roman civilization

The core concern of Western bet365 voucher studies is the collection of bet365 voucher documents、Organization、Collation and interpretation of meaning，But so-called bet365 voucher literature，Not limited to a few classics from the beginning，In the Western bet365 voucher cultural tradition, certain bet365 voucher works have never been defined as orthodox classics。Classicists study a wide range of bet365 voucher documents，Covering all handed down documents from the Greek and Roman era，And soon the interest in bet365 voucher studies extended to inscriptions and unearthed documents。As early as 1815，The Berlin Academy in Germany began to preside over the compilation of ancient Greek inscriptions，This huge project took two centuries，Finally compiled and published as "A Collection of Greek Inscriptions"，Collection of about 150,000 Greek inscriptions。1853，The Roman historian Mommsen began to preside over the compilation of "Latin Inscription Collection" at the Berlin Academy，To date, about 180,000 Latin inscriptions have been compiled and published。Meanwhile，The German bet365 voucher academic circle who was the leader in bet365 voucher studies in the 19th century quickly expanded its horizons，Committed to developing bet365 voucher studies into "ancient studies" or "bet365 voucher ancient studies"，Comprehensive exploration of ancient Greek and Roman civilization，In the words of the great German bet365 voucher scholar Wilhelmovitz，The purpose of classics is to study "the essence of Greco-Roman civilization and every aspect of its existence"。Early 18th century，Three volumes of "History of Rome" written by German Barthold Georg Niebuhr，Created the field of Roman history research，By the mid-18th century，Englishman George Grant publishes twelve volumes of "History of Greece"，Making Greek history an internationally recognized field，As a result, Greek and Roman history developed into an important research field in classics。Late 19th century，With the opening of Aegean archeology and Italian archeology，bet365 voucher archeology has developed into another branch of bet365 voucher studies。This way，bet365 voucher Philology、Greek and Roman History、bet365 voucher archeology and art history have become the three pillars of bet365 voucher studies，Formed a comprehensive study of ancient Greek and Roman civilization from a multidisciplinary perspective。

Modernity has Western centrism as its most significant feature，It conceives of modern Western civilization as a civilization of unparalleled superiority in human history，This obviously also contains elements of white racism。Classics, which has formed a complete system, has also effectively fulfilled its mission of providing historical explanations for modernity，It describes the Greek and Roman civilizations as ancient human civilizations with a special status，Unmatched by other ancient civilizations，Thus establishing a genealogy between bet365 voucher civilization and modern Western civilization。Therefore，What Europeans traditionally call "ancient history"，Refers to the history of Greece and Rome，Does not include the history of ancient civilizations in other regions。Recently, some scholars have even revealed，bet365 voucher studies systematically conceive of Greco-Roman civilization as a civilization created by the Aryans，Therefore, it has obvious white racist tendencies。The conquest and expansion of Rome，Typical explanations in bet365 voucher scholarship follow the logic of modern colonialist narratives。The most important thing is，Scholars believe，The core value democracy advocated by modernity、Freedom and reason were created in bet365 voucher civilization，And the two are of the same origin。

　Reflection and Innovation of bet365 voucher Classics

Entering the late 20th century，Modernity has received profound reflection and fierce criticism，This also prompted Western classics to reflect on itself。This is reflected in many aspects。Under the strong impact of post-colonialism on Western centralism，Western bet365 voucher academic circles have begun to reflect on the Western-centrism and white racist tendencies that existed in previous explanations and elaborations of bet365 voucher civilization，Turn to recognize and acknowledge the profound impact that West Asia and Egypt had on the development of bet365 voucher civilization。Meanwhile，The myth of bet365 voucher civilization as the foundation of modernity has also been deconstructed to a certain extent。Some classicists are beginning to realize，bet365 voucher civilization and modern Western civilization are not of the same origin，There is a huge gap。The Greeks are no longer regarded as the direct cultural ancestors of modern Westerners，And are regarded as ancient peoples that are fundamentally different from modern Westerners，Is the “other” of modern Western culture。In the words of bet365 voucher historian Paul Cartledge，“In crucial aspects of culture – including ideological formations and institutions”，The Greeks were “hopelessly alien”。In the field of Roman studies，The traditional colonial narrative of Rome as a defensive empire and “Romanization” has been questioned and criticized，Scholars turned to reveal Rome’s imperialist tendencies and practices，Deconstructing the dominant narrative of “Romanization”。In addition，With the deconstruction of modernity，The unified explanation model of bet365 voucher civilization also collapsed，Scholars began to pay more attention to non-mainstream texts、Events and Groups。Women’s History、Gender History、Children’s history has become a new hot spot in research。

The most noteworthy thing is，With the gradual loosening of the close ties between bet365 voucher civilization and modern Western civilization，As the distance between the two increases，bet365 voucher civilization is no longer regarded as an ancient civilization with a unique and superior status。Coupled with the impact of the wave of globalization，The horizons of classicists are further expanded，Start comparing bet365 voucher civilization to other ancient civilizations。Since the 1990s，Comparative study of bet365 voucher civilization and other ancient civilizations，Especially the comparative study with ancient Chinese civilization，Becoming a new hot spot in Western bet365 voucher studies。French classicist Marcel Detienne further proposed，Regard the Greeks as the ancestors of modern Europeans，Talk about freedom and democracy as coming directly from ancient Greece，It’s just to show off the superiority of European civilization tradition，In fact, it is a kind of nationalist historiography，Therefore it should be in a broader perspective，Especially studying Greece from the perspective of comparative anthropology。In line with this trend，The history of bet365 voucher reception has become an emerging direction in bet365 voucher studies，Causing growing concern。Scholars initially focused on the study of the acceptance of bet365 voucher civilization in later Western cultures，Soon further expanded to the history of the acceptance of bet365 voucher civilization in other cultures around the world。

Therefore，In the author’s opinion，The development of Western classics is always related to the development of modern Western society，Its changes always reflect the profound changes in Western social trends of thought and changes in ideas，But it changes anyway，It always protects a precious bet365 voucher heritage，This heritage is not just Western，It is also common to all mankind。

(The author is a professor at the Department of History, Fudan University、President of the bet365 voucher History Professional Committee of the Chinese World bet365 voucher Medieval History Research Association)