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As an important category of aesthetics，Tragedy is a topic of constantly discussed by thinkers philosophers of all ages。Marx and Engels also conducted in -depth inquiry on tragedy problems，It has formed a unique Marxist aesthetic tragedy consciousness。Look at Marx and Engels' discussion on tragedy，The most prominent feature is the magnificent historical consciousness: at the level of tragedy conflict as the main provisions of social historical conflicts as the main provisions of tragedy conflicts; at the level of tragedy, the personality regulations of the personality creation as the tragedy。The magnificent historical consciousness mentioned here refers to the macro description and clear insights of the historical development of human society in the historical materialist vision，It re -examines traditional tragedy theory with its brand new worldview and methodology，and give a new historical significance and modern value of tragedy。

　Tragedy conflict as a social historical conflict

Tragedy is that humans are transforming nature、In the process of transforming society and transforming its own historical practice，Setrics that must be experienced、Fracture and Endurance。Starting from historical materialism vision，Marx and Engels have explained the historic history of tragedy，It is essentially a conflict between "the inevitable requirements of history and the fact that this requirement is actually impossible" in essence.。

In the history of western aesthetics，Marx and Engels for the first time put the tragedy aesthetic thinking in the historical materialist perspective，Realized the real transcendence of traditional tragedy in the past。Wish to know，There are many aesthetics in the history of aesthetics from different aspects、Explore the essence and characteristics of tragedy bet365 best casino games at different angles，Among them。

Hegel compares the tragedy from the perspective of contradictions，Fully emphasize the role of contradictions and conflicts in tragedy，and the tragedy as the art form that is most suitable for the dialectics of the contradictions of things。From Hegel's view，The essence of tragedy is the conflict and reconciliation between two different ethical concepts。Ancient Greek tragedy "Antigne" is the ideal tragedy in Hegel's mind，Antigne's brother is charged with rebellion，Disposal wilderness after death，No corpse burial，City -state ethics and family ethics、An irreconcilable conflict between political ethics and traditional ethics。Last，Antigne's death chose family ethics Burning brother，Violation of the city -state ban，was sentenced to death; the king was also inferior to his violence。From Hegel's view，The contradictions in tragedy represent two different ethical forces，For itself，Both ethical forces are correct or rational，But with a historical perspective, it has its own one -sidedness or irrationality，That is, they all adhere to their one -sided requirements and deny the reasonable requirements of the other party，This constitutes an irreconcilable tragedy conflict。How to eliminate such contradictions and conflicts，Hegel tries to allow the tragedy to play the function of dissolving the opposite conflict，In the situation of punishment and destruction in both one -sided ethics，Tragedy ending is equivalent to discarding the one -sidedness of the two parties，Contradictions and conflicts can be reconciled，Eternal justice can be opened。

It is worth noting that，Hegel uses two one -sided ethical power conflict to explain tragedy，Not only stays in the abstract void of ethical concepts，The ethical and conceptualization of its historical outlook，even wiped out the tragedy conflict in justice and non -righteousness、Good and evil、Insequent reconciliation bet365 Play online games of progress and retrogression，The historical good and evil standards that confuse the conflict of tragedy。Later，Lhasar understands the tragedy conflict in his "Jijin Gen" in his creation.，This view can be said to be the poor deformation of Hegel's tragedy concept，Therefore, it is criticized by Marx and Engels。This is because of，Lhasar ethicalization of Hegel's tragedy theory、Conceptual、Abstract tendencies further pushed to extreme，Therefore, the historical dialectics dimension is completely extracted。

Tragedy conflict is the product of fierce social contradictions，But not all social contradictions and conflicts can constitute tragic conflicts。The significance of tragedy is to reflect or characterize the irreconcilable struggle of two social forces at a certain historical stage。In this conflict of struggle，Evil forces temporarily overwhelm the power。In the destruction of good，The power that makes people feel or experience good in the process of historical practice must be paid，This shows the difficulties of the struggle of the historical practice of human society、twists and turns and great，Therefore, the lofty aesthetic effect of tragedy。So，Tragedy is not the same as the sorrow in daily life in general sense、Tragic、Sad、Sadness and other concepts，It must reflect or characterize the inevitability or response of the deep development of social history，Has a strong ethical ethical and moral tendency with good and evil，The lofty deeds that highlight and sang human beings are stubborn and aggressive as。So，The lofty beauty can get the most in tragedy art、Most concentrated、The strongest、The most perfect display。This，The aesthetic effect produced by tragedy is also different from general aesthetic effects，It often gives people a strong emotional shock and moral appeal。Tragedy is in collision、High excitement state of sports，A clear comparison with beauty，The cultivation Bet365 app download and purification of the soul through compassion and fear，to inspire people to complete the great and difficult historical mission。

　Tragedy characters as the main body of history

Understand the tragedy character from the perspective of creating the subject of history，It means to use the tragic protagonist as the main bearer or bearing of social and historical conflicts，This generates a specific tragedy character — the reality、Personalized、full of passion、Persevere ideals、Living characters。

From Marx's view，The entire history is the process of being born through their own labor practice，It is the generation process of nature for people。Historical materialism with people and their social and historical practice as the core topic，Exploring the "Mystery of History" of the development of human society，Exploring the "Mystery of History" generated by human beings。Humans pass conscious、A purposeful material production and spiritual production，Created a objectized world，At the same time, it also created its own and its own history，So，Marx and Engels pointed out: "The entire history is nothing more than the constant change of human nature"; "Create all this、Have all of this and fight for all this，Not ‘History’，and is just a person，Real person，Living people。‘History’，It is not a special personality that uses people as a tool to achieve their own purpose。History is just the activities of those who pursue their purpose。”

German aesthetician Schiller, who had an important impact on Marx aesthetic thought, said in a discussion of tragedy: "Only people in the whole sense of the word" human "，Only the object of suffering。"Schiller believes that tragedy artists are particularly good at shaping the kind of" good and evil personality "and" between people who are completely degenerate and perfect "，Use it as a tragic protagonist，to produce trembling tragedy aesthetic effects。Chelnixeski focuses on the inherent consistency of tragedy bet365 best casino games and life，and strongly respect the historical subjective mission of the great figure to undertake the tragedy protagonist，I believe "tragedy is a thrilling thing in life"，"Tragedy is the great pain of human beings or the demise of the great figure"，Bids must have the personality charm of "noble simplicity and quietness" (Winkerman)。This can be seen，It is because of people，With historical subjects，The main body of creating history，and a living person who is pursuing his own purpose，History will not become some kind of abstraction、Coldness、Iron rust tools or rules，Become a history of people -history is full of joy and sorrow、Sadness and Hunter Cuttering。It is based on this understanding，Marxist tragedy consciousness emphasizes historical conflict，More emphasis on the historical creation subject in history -obviously，This historical creation subject is also the main body of tragedy or personality regulations。

Tragedy conflict is the product of historical setbacks and suffering that mankind must adopt in the process of social practice，It is a manifestation of fighting each other in different social forces。It often reflects the inevitable requirements of history and the contradiction between this requirement is actually impossible to achieve。Therefore，The tragic character of a specific character is fundamentally a subjective manifestation of a specific social contradiction struggle in the inner world of the character。Tragedy conflicts of character personality can be twisted and complicated to reflect the opposition conflicts of various contradictions in society，This，Personal tragedy has achieved a universal social and historical significance，Tragedy value with a reflection or representation of the development trend of social history。Traditional tragedy aesthetic concept often pays attention to the subjective aspect of tragedy conflict in the inside of the character，instead of conducting social historical analysis bet365 Play online games of the root cause of tragedy。This is because of，Traditional tragedy theory lacks grand historical consciousness，Lack of historical subjective consciousness，Failure to understand the character of the character is the product of a certain social and historical environment，As a result, it makes it difficult for the inherent character conflict of tragic characters.。

Tragedy Personality is the most fully manifested in the character tragedy with the theme of describing the inner world conflict of the character。Personality tragedy to portray tragedy as the artistic expression means and the final purpose，The severe soul tilt and collapse brought by the different weight ratio of good and evil forces，Deeply reveals the difficult journey and painfulness of self -conquest in the process of human practice。Tragedy is that humans are transforming and conquering nature、The suffering frustrations that must be adopted in the historical practice process of society and human beings。Personal tragedy caused by tragedy, which focuses on the painful fighting of human self -conquest。It marks the degree of awakening of human self -consciousness，and can reflect the tragedy of the entire era and society in the internal contradictions and conflicts of human beings。Because the tragedy directly expresses the tragedy theme of human conquest，So it can be very strong -shaking heart，There are quite a lot of tragedy and appeal。The last tragic ending of tragic character characters，It is much more complicated than the tragedy experience caused by other tragedies。

To sum up，From Marx and Engels,，Tragedy conflict is undoubtedly the product of the process of social and historical development，is a cultural representation form of historical dialectics，Therefore, it becomes a difficult historical testimony that humans have experienced in the "Liberty Kingdom"。Dialectical imagination and historical representation as contradictions，​​Historical conflicts bet365 Play online games are the most intense in the field of art aesthetics、The most complicated、Most typical，The conflict between its root is the contradictions of the new and old social forces。This contradiction is difficult to avoid and solve in a certain historical stage，Therefore, it will inevitably lead to frustration in the changes of the innovation map -because of "the requirements are actually impossible" and cause destruction，This produces a shocking lofty aesthetic effect。

(Author Unit: Northeast University Humanities and Art Research Center)