Ecological critic Bayer generally divides ecological criticism research into two stages。The first stage belongs to ecological centerism criticism。Ecological critics Criticize human centralism，It is believed that it is the cultural root of the ecological crisis，Promote ecological centerism，Proposal to conduct wild literary criticism，Mainly follow the natural writing of white male writers，Digging its ecological thoughts and ecological wisdom，and dedicated to the construction of ecological criticism theory。The second stage is based on environmental justice，Representative with ecological feminism and post -colonial ecological criticism。Although these two criticism theories have achieved great achievements，But with the deepening of the ecological crisis and the development of ecological criticism，The defect is also increasingly exposed。First，Its ideological basic ecological centerism splits the relationship between human beings and nature，Ignoring human sociality。Next，It criticizes human centerism，But I have a generalization tendency，Ignoring the history and reality of the ecological crisis，The relationship between nature and society is split，Cover the truth of the ecological crisis，Weakened practical concerns of ecological problems。Last，Sten in text range，Form research is weak，Criticism connotation and method single，Weaken the explanation of theoretical，Limit ecological criticism problems and applicability，Lead the theoretical and practical breaks。These all hinder the in -depth development of ecological criticism。

In the above background，Dialectically unified natural views、Appenes、Social view and historical view as the basis of ideology，Marxist ecological criticism with the capitalist system as a critical goal has become a new and feasible ecological criticism。Marxist ecological criticism is breaking through the current bet365 Play online games ecological criticism dilemma、Promoting the development of ecological criticism for the development of the deep development，All show a clear transcendence。

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The most fundamental problem of ecological literature and ecological criticism is the relationship between human and nature。This problem has not been fundamentally solved，Many problems that cause ecological criticism，It is mainly manifested in ecological centerism that affirms ecological value and ignores humanistic value、Human centralism that affirms human value and ignore ecological value、Highlighting gender and racial perspectives, but not enough ecological feminism and post -colonial ecologicalism for human interests。Marxist unique person naturally views these deficiencies，and solve these disputes。

Marxism thinks，Nature includes free nature and humanization of nature，Freedom naturally is the nature of human prehistoric and nature outside the human understanding or practice; humanization naturally acts on nature through practice，Naturally with human knowledge and practical brand。Naturally the mother of human beings，People are a part of nature，People rely on labor practice to obtain production and living information from nature，Naturally, people must continue to interact with them for survival、A person's "inorganic body"，People have natural attributes。Leaving Nature，Human survival and all their labor practice will be impossible。People and nature are inseparable。At the same time，People are in the category existence，Social attribute。Free and conscious practical activities are human essence，It is also an intermediary that connects humans and nature，People have a relationship with nature through labor practice，This is productive forces; people also formed a relationship between people and people in labor practice，This is the production relationship，From this confirming the attributes of human society，As Marx said，The essence of a person is "the sum of all social relations"。The history of human society is the process that humans transform free naturally into humanization through bet365 live casino games practice，"History is a real natural history of man"，Dialectics of natural history and human history，Unsifically divided。Human、Nature and society is an organic whole，Human society is a combination of human and nature，Closer to society and nature，Unsifically divided。As Marx said，"Society is the unity of the essence of people and nature，Is the real resurrection of nature，It is the humanitarianism of nature's realization of naturalism and the realization of nature "。

Human and nature have unity，Destruction is naturally destroying the "inorganic body" of humans itself。The unique nature view of Marxism contains the idea of ​​being a natural component and naturally humanization，Incorporate nature into the category of human practice，Become "Nature of History"。The view of history and the view of nature、Internal unity of human history and natural history，Not ecological centerism，Not human centerism，Discussing the opposite of the two，Solved the dispute between the two。The basis of the ideology enables Marxist ecological criticism to realize humans、Organic unity of nature and society，Human Natural and Social Unity，Unification of human history and nature，Unification of ecological justice and social justice，Beyond all current ecological criticisms，can be described as the fundamental to break through the current dilemma of ecological criticism。

Critical goals of specific reality

The target of ecological criticism in the first stage is human centerism，The criticism of the criticism of ecological feminism and post -colonial ecological criticism in the second stage is human centered and patriarchal centralism、Human centralism and European centralism (or ecological imperialism)。These genres criticize human centerism，It is believed that it is the root of the ecological crisis，But this cultural understanding has a generalization tendency，Ignoring the history and reality of the ecological crisis，Cover the truth of the ecological crisis，Weakened practical concerns of ecological problems，Lead it with utopian color。Vague concept，These genres do not conduct in -depth discussions on human centerism，Vague concept，Causes natural and social division。

Yang Tongjin examined bet365 Play online games the three layers of human centerism。The first layer is human centerism of biological significance，means that people have biological attributes，It is necessary to maintain your own survival and development，Centered on people itself。The second layer is in the conceptive sense，Any environmental morality proposed by people is obtained from their own thinking，All are human morals。The third layer is in the sense of value theory，The core of theoretical is: human interests are the only relevant factors of moral principles，When designing and selecting moral principles，We only need to see whether it can meet and realize the needs and interests of people; people are the only moral agent，It is also the only moral customer，Only people are qualified to obtain moral care; people are the only existence with inherent value，Other existences only have tool value，The value of nature is just the product of human emotional projection。Ecological criticism and criticism and advocate transcendence is not a human centerism with a meaning of biology and epistemology，but human centralism with value theory。Marxist ecological criticism of ecological crisis exceeds the first stage of the earth ethics、Ethical critical criticism represented by the three schools of deep ecology and natural value theory，Cultural criticism represented by ecological feminism and post -colonial ecologicalism in the second stage。Obvious defects of ethical criticality are ordinary members of people as ordinary members of the earth's ecosystem，Only natural persons who only treat people as biological significance，Ignoring human sociality，Delinement of people who have diluted ecological criticism。and the practicality and practicality of ecological feminist criticism and post -colonial ecological criticism are still lacking，Exposure of Utopia color。

Marxist ecological criticism of ecological crisis has shifted to the capitalist system。Capitalist industrialization leads to surge in urban population，Consume a lot of food，But the excrement of the urban population does not return to the land，but in the river，Not only does it cause bet365 Play online games pollution，and cause cities and rural areas、Fracture of metabolism between humans and land (nature)，Finally, it caused a global ecological crisis。This understanding has theoretical profoundness and practical operability，overcomes the separation of nature and human society，Improving the practicality of ecological criticism。

　"History of Aesthetics" criticism principles

The first stage ecological criticism is based on natural writing，Criticism of Ecological Centerism，Persist in ecological interests first，Emphasize human nature，But ignore the sociality of people，Reduced the character of literature，Questions and criticisms of environmental justice and ecological critics in the second stage。The second stage of ecological criticism advocates environmental justice，Highlighting gender, race and even class perspective，Feminist and post -colonial texts enter the criticism，But the social understanding of "people" in the essential attributes of literature as "human learning" is not deeply deepened，Insufficient attention to human interests，For humans、Society、Dialectical unified relationships of nature are not deep enough，Lead the theory with utopian color，Sten in text range。At the same time，The current ecological criticism is mainly to excavate and explain the ecological consciousness and ecological wisdom of the work，belonging to external research，Internal research (form or aesthetic research) is still lacking。These have weakened the explanation and applicability of ecological criticism theory。and Marxism criticize the unique human outlook and "history of aesthetics" criticism principles can provide theoretical resources and methods for ecological criticism。

Marxism thinks，People are a type of existence，The essence of a person is a free and conscious practical activity、Objective existence and social existence。Practice is the essential attribute of human beings，It is also an important difference between the same animals。People are an objective existence，People use their material and spiritual forces to object on the object in the free and conscious labor practice，This is Bet365 app download the object of human，This confirms your own essential power and life value。This not only promotes natural humanization，It has also been transformed by human beings，That is humanization、Naturalization people，Humans and nature have realized the physical dialectical unity of the main and guest through practice，It can provide inspiration for research or ecological aesthetics for ecological criticism。

As Marx said，"People are also constructed in accordance with the rules of beauty"。Marxism insists on literature is human learning，It is aesthetic ideology，Criticism of "History of Aesthetics"。This determines the transcendence of Marxist ecological criticism，Can provide rich theoretical resources for ecological criticism，and make up for the defects of insufficient research on ecological criticism。Marxist ecological criticism can be criticized for social history、Ideological criticism、Text form criticism、Ecological narrative research、Cultural research and other methods to study the ecological theme and ecological art of text。Like a person's alienation、Natural alienation、Liberation of people and nature、The relationship between technology and nature、Criticism of the capitalist system、Ecological Imperialism and narrative、Structure、Rhetoric、Style、Topics such as natural and character creation can enter the criticism field。This can not only greatly expand the scope of text，Open ecological criticism，Control the shortcomings of text narrow，At the same time, it can also improve the explanation of the ecological criticism theory，Overcoming the broken state of theory and practice，Personality that greatly improves ecological criticism。

To sum up，Marxist ecological criticism is a new criticism method，With a unique dialectical unity, the natural concept of people solves the problem of relationship between man and nature，overcomes the defects of ecological criticism ignoring the social attributes of people; the romantic colors of ecological criticism and cultural criticism with a capitalist system，Enhanced theoretical reality concerns。The principle，greatly expanded ecological criticism bet365 live casino games space，enriched the theoretical connotation and criticism of ecological criticism，Overcoming the break state of theory and practice，It has broad academic prospects in ecological criticism and the construction of ecological civilization。

(This article is the "Research on Western Marxist Ecological Criticism" (17BWW018) in the National Social Science Fund project (17bww018)

(Author Unit: School of Foreign Languages ​​from Hangzhou Normal University)