The 20th century was called "Critical Century"。Current，Some domestic foreign literature research fields have appeared in some phenomena that deviate from criticizing the original meaning: or passionate to a certain theory abroad (including quite a lot of non -literary theory)，or apply a theory to "interpret"，Or a new point of view made by foreign scholars，Lightly declare that foreign literary research and criticism have appeared in some kind of "paradigm transformation"，and call on the domestic academic community to quickly "connect" with it。At the same time，However, there are few researchers to study the rich phenomenon in the development of foreign literature (especially important writers)。Constantly emerging new terms at the "Frontier of theory"、New Model and New Mode，Literary criticisms since ancient times, the classics of classics seem to gradually fade out of people's vision; and return to literary criticism classics，Fully understand the contemporary meaning of literary criticism，It is one of the important paths to get out of the dilemma of literary criticism。

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Why do you want to conduct literary criticism? This is a problem with common sense，Can also be a problem that is often ignored。When someone criticizes literature、The purpose and significance of literary research are attributed to the construction of a new "theoretical system"，Perhaps the difference between "literary theory" and "literary criticism" has been ignored inadvertently。Wellek pointed out，"Literature Theory" is the principle of literature、Studies on the category and judgment standards，"Literary Criticism" is mainly research on specific literary and artistic works。Needless to say，Literary criticism is not limited to the study of writers' works，It also pays attention to all specific literary phenomena。Therefore，Weiller believes that it should not be separated from "literary criticism" and "history of literature"。According to Wellek's bet365 live casino games point of view，It is not difficult to distinguish between Aristotle、Hegel、Schopenhauer、Lucacch, etc. mainly theorists (although they all involve literary criticism to varying degrees)，And Samuel Johnson、St. Beff、Belinsky、Brant Gande、Olbach, etc. is critics。The purpose of criticism，Wellek wrote: "Both literary criticism and history of literature are committed to explaining a work、An object、Personality of a period or a national literature。”

This statement of Wellek，It is not a expression of his basic point of view as a representative of the "new criticism"，but the consensus formed by critics of all ages。19th -century Russian critic Bollingi has clearly stated: "To give any outstanding author to get the deserved evaluation，It is necessary to determine the characteristics of his creation，and the position he should occupy in literature ... "" Before studying a poet，First of all, he should capture the secrets of his personality in the infinite diversity of his works，The uniqueness of his soul，This uniqueness belongs to him alone ... capture and determine this unique essence，It means finding the key to discover the poet's personality and the secret of the poem。"American critic Harold Bloom also pointed out when discussing Shakespeare，The uniqueness of the writer is the purpose of literary research。He said: "What is Shakespeare's special features，Make only Dan Ding、Cevans、Tolstoy and a few people become his aesthetic peers? Raising this question is to explore the ultimate purpose of literary research。”

Fully revealed Shakespeare's "unique greatness" in criticism and giving high evaluation，is the 18th century British critic Samuel Johnson。He wrote in the preface of "Shakespeare's Drama" (1765): "Shakespeare beyond all writers，At least above all modern writers，It is a unique natural poet; he is a poet of a real mirror of his readers who lifts customs and lives with his readers ";" Shakespeare's drama，According to strict significance and the scope of literary criticism，Not tragedy，Not comedy，but a special type of creation; it shows the real state of ordinary human nature，Both good and evil，Yixi and Sadness，and intricate，Endless bet365 Play online games changes "。Bloom thinks，Before Johnson，No one has expressed so in Shakespeare's unique and overwhelming expression force，Therefore，He said that Johnson was "unprecedented after all nations、Unparalleled Critics "。

Beinsky also provides the excellent model of the writer's work research in his criticism article。In "On the Novels of Russian Novels and Guoge Jun" (1835)，He opened a clearly general: "The remarkable feature of Guoge Lajun's novel is: the simplicity of the idea，Nationality，Full of life，Exclusive and the comedy excitement that is always overwhelming and depressed with deep sadness and depression。"" After detailing these characteristics one by one，Belinsky added a kind of lyrical temperament that Guo Geli "describes the things that the heart is yearning for"。In this criticism of "Alexander Pushkin Collection" (1843-1846) composed of 11 long texts，Beinsky made a brilliant interpretation of Pushkin's creative personality as a poet and novelist。Obviously，Study these criticisms of criticism carefully，It helps to recognize the purpose and meaning of literary criticism，So consciously pursue this goal，Let the criticism really return to the right track。

　　Provide revelation on the research method

Methods of Literature Critic，It is a question that criticized the industry for a long time。Method of Literary Critic，In fact can be divided into two levels: "methodology" and specific methods: the former refers to the basic principles based on criticism，The latter refers to the specific means used in the criticism process。Belinsky put forward such a proposal in "Speech on Critical" (1842): "Do not use the criticism to be divided into other categories，It is best to recognize only one criticism，All factors and aspects that show the reality that shows the reality in art to deal with it。criticism of history without aesthetics，and opposite，criticism of aesthetic aesthetics that does not involve history，All will be one -sided，Therefore, it is also wrong。There should be only one criticism，Its views of many aspects should be derived from the same source，The same system，The same observation of art。"" The particularly worth noting is，Engels bet365 Play online games in "German Socialism in Poetry and Prose" (1846-1847) and the letter in Lhasar on May 18, 1859，All emphasize that you evaluate different works from the perspective of aesthetics and history，The point of view with Bielinsky echoed。Literature as language art，Is a way of grasp of the world，Show the author’s artistic personality，Therefore，Literary criticism cannot leave the perspective of aesthetics; literary creation is always carried out in a certain historical and cultural context，Writer、Works and readers are related to specific historical conditions，This determines the point of view of literary criticism.。"Criticism of Aesthetics" and "Criticism of History"，It is the methodological principle that foreign literary research should follow。

Foreign Literature Critic Classics，There are many works that combine "criticism of aesthetics" with "criticism of history" in excellent examples。At the specific research method level，These criticisms are flexible and diverse，Eclete form，If the 19th -century Danish critic Brandus's 6 volumes "19th Century Literature Mainstream"。This criticism shows the integrity principle of viewing European literature: The author does not regard a national literature as an isolated phenomenon，Instead, they think they are just the different forms of the era of the times in a specific historical stage; every writer's works are not independent existence，but a part of literature as a whole; ideological culture of European countries、mental psychology、Interaction between social and political life and literary movement，The overall，Literature is just part of this overall。The author also regards the history of literature as a psychology，I believe that literature is from the spirit of the nation、National feelings and history，You can know all this according to literature。

Bran Reason is deeply affected by French art historian Dana "Three Elements" (race、Environment、Times) Impact，Focus on both literary historical facts，I often tirelessly explained the social and political background，Sometimes it seems too far away from the problem，In fact, the ideological culture brought about the changes bet365 best casino games in social and political life、mental psychology、Changes in the Time Fashion，The reasons for exploring literary changes。He is also influenced by French critic St.，Pay attention to the life of the writer、Psychological and personality factors such as restrictions on their creation，Examine the spiritual contact of the writer and the characters in his pen，Ru Dade and Witter、Rousseau and San Pale、The relationship between Xia Doblion and Liene，From time to time, it also describes the details of the writer's life with great interest、The relationship between writers，It is intended to discover the connection between the writer's personality and their creation。The whole book also runs through the comparison method，Among them, the existing method、Ying、Comparison of German literature and Danish literature，There are also writers and writers、Works and works、Comparison between characters。

Like "19th Century Literature", it provides us with excellent examples in criticism methods，And the German critic Eric Olbach's "The Theory of imitation" (1946)、British critic Lavis's "Great Tradition" (1948)、American critic Harold Bloom's "Western Code: Great Writers and Immortal works" (1994), etc.。Only study these criticism classics，instead of just browse those "theoretical" works (especially non -literary "theoretical" works)，can we understand and practically master the method of literary criticism。

　Pointed rich criticism of discourse resources

Literary criticism Classics also contain rich criticism resource。Outstanding literary critics in the past in their criticism are the basic concepts often used、Special Terms、Habit method and expression method，The discourse system that has gradually constituted a certain stability，also shows long -term academic vitality。These criticism classic languages，Most of them are accurate、Flowing and beautiful literary language，This makes them often read as literary text。

Russian thinker Bergayev has such a general description of the cultural atmosphere of the "Silver Age" in the "Silver Times" cultural atmosphere in the "Silver Times" cultural atmosphere: "This process is accompanied by a great enthusiasm。A complete world shows Bet365 lotto review it。The desire for mind and spirit is huge。A penetration of a spiritual trend。There is a feeling of a new era that is beginning ... that is a very interesting and nervous period，It opened the new world for the most cultural intellectuals，The creation of spiritual culture liberated the soul。"Belgayev is good at outline the basic characteristics of people's spiritual life in a simple language，Just to convey the ideological and cultural atmosphere of a specific era。His criticism text often shows a proverb -style style，His deep cultural accomplishment、solid text skills and poetic feelings of spiritual and cultural phenomena，Makes his works avoided any form of boring and difficulty，Forms a unique philosophy -lyric color。

In the classics of literary criticism in various countries，You can also read a lot，Ru Ling's Burger Drama Review (1769) 104 comments written by 52 actors of the Hamburg National Theater，St. Beff against Laburi、Mengtian、Gao Naiyi、Rachel、Morri to Stan Dal、Balzak、Flou Bye and other French literature history of almost all important writers' works is explained in one one -to -one interpretation，Livis tap Dickens in the book "Great Tradition"、George Eliot、Henry James、Evaluation of writers such as Joseph Conrad and other writers，etc.。Lavis has a commented on Dickens's "Difficulties": "One of the major features of this book lies in，The life it shows has a surprising and incredible richness ... This richness is everywhere，You can see everywhere，Naturally without making it，Just among ordinary words。and the performance of all kinds of color is only to coordinate symbiotic，Emotional Truth。This is the unquestionable 'real'。This richness originated from Dickens' extraordinary perception and extraordinary expression ... Actually，Grade structure、Imagination Form、symbolic techniques and the condensation that are reached here，"Difficulties" give us a feeling of being in the poetry work。"similar criticism text，It is in the classics of literary criticism。

These examples of critical language，Not the results of the critics consciously refine language in the criticism of criticism，Bet365 app download but its artistic experience、Knowing ability、Appreciation ability、Summary ability、External performance of analytical ability and interpretation ability。Frequent reading classics，It can enhance our sense of language in the subtle way; and to have the artistic experience and evaluation ability of the foundation of this kind of criticism，Except for studying criticism，Classic works should be familiar with the perceptual foundation of literary criticism，More needed to think and practice based on these reading。"Opening the volume is beneficial" is undoubtedly correct，But the choice of "volume" is particularly important。

(This article is the "Translation and Research on the History of Russian Literature" of the National Social Science Foundation of the National Social Science Foundation (16zda196) in the phased achievement)

(Author Unit: School of Literature, Nanjing Normal University)