Writer during Victoria, UK、Designer、The leader of the Arts and Crafts Movement William Morris，Actively advocate the spirit of reviving the medieval humanism in literary works and art design，Proposal through creative labor，Establishing Class Exploitation、Equal society of the gap between the rich and the poor，Realize everyone's happy work、Enjoy a happy life、Social ideal to maintain aesthetic interest。Morris thinks，Art can show the ideal picture of people's desire to reach，The ultimate significance of the advancement of civilization，Socialism is a prerequisite for art that can grow and flourish in organic growth。Because，Only socialism can bring true freedom and peace，so。Morris’s socialist thought is different from Thomas Moore、Robert Owen and other empty imagination socialism，but a "socialism under the perspective of the artist"。Art Socialism is the political belief of Morris、Aesthetic ideal and creative theme。

Morris adheres to the fusion of art's aesthetic functions and social transformation functions，He takes labor as a cut -in -door，From labor and art、Politics、Aesthetics、The interactive relationship between morality starts，Imagine the future labor model and labor relationship，Criticizing the oppression and alienation of labor and workers in the capitalist society，Actively provide theoretical support for socialist cause。In the novel "Wuyou Township News" published in 1888，Morris passes through the time and space through the protagonist Gust，From a strange perspective, he observed the UK in the future quasi -communist society，and through him bet365 Play online games with the new world resident Dick、Old Hammond、Communication of Krana and Ellen and others，Deep、systematically discussed the construction model and operating mechanism of the communist society。"Wuyou Township News" and a series of socialist themes made by Morris between 1883 and 1894，Such as "effective work and invalid labor", "ordinary and important art", "how do I become a socialist" and other echo，It is an important literary interpretation of Morris art socialist thought。

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In literary creation such as the novel "Wuyou Township News"，Morris used a lot of space to spread the joyful labor scene for readers，Holding the health in the ideal labor relationship、The appearance of the free laborer，Draw the nature they live in、pleasant labor environment，praise the aesthetic and artistic value of high -quality labor products they enjoy。

The main concern of Morris in "The Message of Wuyou"。The protagonist who came from the depressed and depressed 19th -century society was surprised to discover，In this hometown of Wuyou，The workers have achieved complete equality and freedom。They consciously follow the most simple moral standards: labor is both rights or obligations，Only labor is different，There is no difference between expensive and cheap; workers do not need to be forced to bear the labor responsibilities and tasks of social allocation，They keep positive in labor、Healthy appearance。For example，"Ferry" from the old world from the old world to the new world, Dick，It is both a knowledgeable book、Seeing a lot of gentleman，It is an ordinary worker who is keen on farm work;，Still handmade craftsman on the construction site，All must engage in an appropriate amount of physical labor，To balance their excessive investment in brain labor; everyone Bet365 app download is equal in front of labor，Women enjoy extensive labor choice right，Krana、Ellen and female sculptors Philiba and others' excellent intelligence and creative work are widely respected and affirmed。In "Wuyou Township News"，Labor is not just a material product for the production of social development，It is an important way for workers to do self -education and improvement。

Morris made many times in the speech，The pleasant working environment is a symbol of civilization，crowded、Pollution、Ugly、Taste, etc. is the result of the pursuit of profit in capitalist production。In "Wuyou Township News" and his fantasy novel "Shining Plain", "Forests outside the World" and "Water wells at the end of the world"，Morris uses a lot of pen and ink to depict the workers in nature、Beauty、Scene of labor in a harmonious environment。In the outdoor field，People draw art inspiration from nature，Production of useful products in happy labor，formed a harmonious symbiosis between man and nature; in indoor factories，People are decent、Get rid of the restraint of mechanized production as much as possible in a comfortable environment，and appropriately use science and technology to liberate workers from boring labor。Another，Morris emphasized that workers should enjoy diversified work options and sufficient rest rights。He thinks，Entering different types of tasks and "Resting for quality and quantity"，The tiredness and tiredness that can dissolve the work，To a certain extent improves the fun of workers when working、Fresh sense and creativity。

In a speech entitled "Effective Work and Effective Labor"，Morris proposed that work can be divided into two types: one is effective work; one is invalid labor。Effective work produces useful labor products that can be shared for the public; the invalid labor produces is a useless Bet365 lotto review product that meets the bourgeoisie's pursuit of wealth。Effective work is part of the happy life of workers，and invalid labor can only cause waste of labor。In "Wuyou Township News"，Labor trims out the garden -like field，Build an elegant and gorgeous church，Make exquisite and beautiful clothing and accessories，All these labor products are common for workers，"Let everyone not only rely on it to maintain life，You can also enjoy the fun of life "。In terms of the use of consumer goods，Everyone can take their own required，show your personality and aesthetic pursuit，Avoid the danger of homogeneity and unity。

　The ideological connotation of Morris's view of labor

Morris's attention and thinking about labor issues originated from his detailed inspection of British social contradictions in the 19-20th century and concerns about the prospects of the development of Western civilization，He also read the works of Marx and Irving in a large amount during this period，Related to accept the enlightenment of socialist thought。He joined the socialist group "Democratic Alliance" in 1883，and declare that I became a socialist; 1884，Due to different social concepts，His withdrawal from the Democratic Alliance，and participated in the creation of the "Socialist Alliance"。Morris's outlook on labor reflects his aesthetic ideal as an artist and a revolutionary strategy of the reformer。His thinking about the ideal labor mode comes from high recognition of Marx's alienation theory，and British writers、Critics John Roskin's deep experience of the concept of "Happy Labor"。Morris's labor concept has rich ideological connotation。

The revealing and criticism of capitalist labor relations is the real basis of the Morris outgoing view of labor。Morris seems，In a capitalist society，Labor is forced to work，Pain bet365 live casino games in the labor process、depression，It has a labor product but has become the privilege of the bourgeoisie as a parasite。Capitalist production model deprives workers' right to enjoy happy labor，It also caused huge waste of labor: the poor people cannot afford the necessary items needed for decent life，Can only be forced to use a large amount of inferior alternatives，and the rich have extra money to buy luxury goods。This capitalist labor method，From a moral perspective, it is immoral，From a political perspective, it is unfair，From aesthetic perspective, it is ugly。to change this situation，Only overturning the capitalist system。

Marx's alienation labor theory is the theoretical basis of the Morris labor concept。Marx proposed，Under the capitalist system, the pursuit of profit on the bourgeoisie not only causes alienation of labor production methods，It also caused between workers and labor products、Alienation of the relationship between workers and even workers and workers。Labor is no longer to meet the fundamental needs of people，It has become a means to meet all kinds of needs other than labor。Workers "Do not affirm themselves in their own labor，but denial，Don't feel happy，but feel unfortunate "(Marx)。Morris applies Marx's alienation theory in the field of art production，Then expand to criticism of the entire capitalist society，Provides theoretical support for his ideal labor idea for his socialist ideals。

"Creative Labor" is the aesthetic and moral pursuit of the Morris labor concept。19th Century British writer、Art critic and social reformer John Roskin starts from the concept of "complete people" to know labor，I believe that labor is first of all creation，It can bring people a beautiful pleasure，Makes people sublimated in both material and spiritual aspects，As a "complete bet365 best casino games person"。Morris agree with Roskin's discussion on the role of labor aesthetics，It is believed that industrialization has caused the material poverty and barrenness of the material for workers，Still the imagination and creativity of the workers，Obstained the self -improvement of the workers and the fairness and justice of society。So，Labor issues are individual problems，It is also a social problem; it is political issues，It is also aesthetic and moral issues。

Morris's definition of ideal labor is consistent with his understanding of socialist society。He regards the realization of the ideal social system as the result of the improvement of personal morality and aesthetic ability，Converse，It also regards the socialist system as a guarantee for personal morality and aesthetic ability，I believe that only under the socialist system，"Everyone will survive under equal conditions，Manage your own things without waste，and fully realize that hurting a person means that hurts everything -the meaning of realizing common prosperity "。

Morris's "Wuyou Township News" has obvious imagination of socialist colors，Full of romantic fantasy of the artist。But，His for art and politics、In -depth discussion of individual and social relations，It still has a reference significance today: his interpretation of ideal labor supplements the perspective of labor and innovation for our understanding and interpretation of the core values ​​of socialism; his emphasis on labor and aesthetic functions inspires us to vigorously discover the comprehensive education of labor's comprehensive education. Human value，Perform the rights and interests of the workers，Realize decent labor、Happy Life、Happy Life，Fully reflect the superiority of the socialist system，Enhance the cohesion of the Community of the Chinese Bet365 app download nation and enhance the patriotic feelings of the majority of workers。

(This article is the major project of the National Social Science Foundation "William Morris's literature translation and theoretical interpretation of the literature translation and theoretical interpretation" (18zda289)

(Author Unit: Zhengzhou University British and American Literature Research Center; School of Foreign Languages ​​of Nanjing University)