Dunhuang Grottoes are extensive and profound，It is an academic ocean。Dunhuang is located at the strategic hub bet365 bonus bets Silk Road，Occupied the western frontier in historical times，As Yangguan、The cultural symbol bet365 bonus bets "two passes" of Yumen Pass，Unique geographical location and strong cultural intersection characteristics，What makes Dunhuang’s history and culture unique，Especially in terms of regional historical characteristics，There are historical conditions and corresponding historical accumulation that are not available in other places。At least the following three aspects have strong regional historical characteristics，Deserves researchers’ attention。

　Reunderstanding and rewriting the bet365 bonus bets Xixia art

The Yuan Dynasty did not compile the history of Xixia，Same，There is no trace of Xixia painting in the historical documents of painting，So the long-term understanding of Xixia art history originated from the discovery bet365 bonus bets Blackwater City paintings by the Russian Kozlov expedition in 1909。Revelation from the Investigation of Xixia Caves in Dunhuang in the 1960s，And Ningxia in the second half bet365 bonus bets 20th century、Gansu、Successive archaeological discoveries of Xixia cultural relics in Inner Mongolia。Based on the understanding and research of these cultural relics and archaeological data，Han Xiaomang was published one after another、Sun Changsheng、Chen Yuexin's "History of Xixia Art" (2001)，Tang Xiaofang、Chen Yuning's "History of Xixia Art" (2010)。However, due to the long-standing limitations of Western Xia academic circles on the true appearance of Dunhuang Grottoes, Xixia caves，No one is qualified to investigate Xixia caves；However, the research progress of Dunhuang academic circles on Xixia caves is not ideal，At least after the publication of "History of Xixia Art"，Dunhuang academic circles are still stuck in the research status bet365 bonus bets Dunhuang Academy in the late 20th century with Liu Yuquan as the main force，Weak and weak，Follow-up research has not kept up。What is even less ideal is，Research with Mr. Liu as the core force still focuses on the Han Dynasty caves of Mogao Grottoes，There is a serious lack of understanding bet365 bonus bets spread and influence of Tibetan images in the Xixia period，So overall, the research on the Xixia Grottoes still remains at the superficial understanding bet365 bonus bets caves，I didn’t get into the mystery。

What truly reveals the mysterious and profound face of Xixia art history is the study of Heishui City Thangkas by Tibetan art historians represented by Xie Jisheng’s team、Mogao Grottoes Cave 465、Cave 3 of Yulin Caves in Guazhou、Guazhou East Thousand Buddha Cave No. 2、Research on Cave 5，These studies focus on the Xixia period represented by Tibetan Buddhist images，Sino-Tibetan fusion while integrating Chinese and Tibetan images、The bet365 bonus bets Xixia art that blends both explicit and subtle aspects，This kind of style is favored by the Song Dynasty、Liao、Jin and Uighur、Xi Xia art influenced by the Polo art of Tibet and even East India，This is the true spirit and appearance of Xixia art。

In recent years, with the joint efforts of many members, our "Dunhuang Xixia Grottoes Research" large project research team，Farewell to Mogao Grottoes、Yulin Grottoes、East Thousand Buddha Cave、Five temples and Xixia caves launch special investigation and research，Under the joint discussion of researchers from different academic backgrounds，For the first time, I gained a comprehensive and completely different understanding bet365 bonus bets history of Xixia Buddhist art，See the historical background and reasons for the emergence bet365 bonus bets extremely simplified Western Xia Sutra paintings, which are mainly Han Dynasty caves in Mogao Grottoes，Seeing the possibility of collective construction of caves by local officials in Shazhou during the Western Xia Dynasty, mainly the Han Dynasty caves of Mogao Grottoes，I saw the relationship between Western Xia ritual Buddhist caves and images, mainly the corridor of Cave 61 of Mogao Grottoes，Saw the assembly Buddha formed during the two reconstructions represented by Cave 464、Tibetan Scripture、A Xixia cave under the Huayan structure that integrates burial and burial，Re-understand and interpret the Western Xia Buddhist images that were previously unified and named "Bodhisattva" and are actually Huayan Haihui Bodhisattva，Saw the Pure Land in Tang and Song Dynasties、Huayan、The coexistence of Chinese and Tibetan people under the framework of traditional thoughts such as Fahua、Yulin Cave No. 3 of Interaction between Sutra and Esotericism、4 Cave、East Thousand Buddha Cave No. 2、5、The diverse art history of Xixia in Cave 7，I also saw another aspect of Xixia Buddhist art, represented by Xixia Buddhist sutra prints, that was influenced by Song and Jin prints, that is, Xixia print art，At the same time, we also saw the "Wenshu Hall" in Cave 2 of Yulin Grottoes in the Western Xia Dynasty, which was influenced by the prints of this period, with Wenshu as the main figure，Re-understand the profound impact of Xixia Buddhism on the Dunhuang Grottoes as a whole, which was influenced by the dual background bet365 bonus bets two major systems of Xixia "official Buddhism" and "local Buddhism"，Going deeper into the essence of new understanding bet365 bonus bets historical face of Xixia Buddhism。

In particular, Cave 465 bet365 bonus bets Mogao Grottoes is judged to be the Tibetan esoteric mandala transplanted from the snowy plateau to Dunhuang on the Silk Road during the Western Xia Dynasty，Emphasis on the unique esoteric teachings and practice concepts of Tibetan Buddhism embodied in the Eight Corpse Forests，At the same time, a new seven-Buddha system on the top bet365 bonus bets cave, which was influenced by Han Buddhism, was added，Became a model of “reconstruction bet365 bonus bets pantheon” during this period，Let us see Xixia Buddhism’s attempt to construct a new Buddhist system，And efforts in practicing Buddhism。

While studying the art of Dunhuang Xixia Grottoes，Must be compared with the brand new history of Xixia Buddhism revealed mainly from Xixia documents in Heishui City、Buddhist Thought、Combining Buddhist characteristics，In particular, we must see the history of Buddhism behind the large-scale Buddhist activities represented by the royal family during the Xixia period，And the Xixia people’s concept of attaching importance to Buddhist practice。Such as Xixia Buddhist rituals、Practice、Chant the mantra、Repentance、Huma、Attach importance to Buddhist practices such as burning and giving，Need to combine a large number of key points translated from Tibetan in Blackwater City documents、Dharani、Mantra，And newly translated tantric texts from this period，Only in this way can we understand the true connotation bet365 bonus bets Dunhuang Xixia Caves, which are full of changes and profound thoughts。

These are the new gains and discoveries we have made in recent years in the study of Xixia Grottoes，Undoubtedly the bet365 bonus bets Grottoes’ important contribution to the history of Xixia art，It is the fundamental premise and academic foundation for rewriting the history of Xixia art。

Overall，Placing the history of Xixia art in the Song Dynasty、Liao、Gold、Tibet、Thinking in the context of Uighur and other diverse art systems，Re-understand the history of multi-ethnic art exchanges and integration from the 11th to the 13th centuries。The status of bet365 bonus bets Grottoes is important on this issue，Therefore, the indispensable contribution and significance of bet365 bonus bets Grottoes in the study of Xixia history and culture cannot be ignored。

　　Building a distinctive folk belief system bet365 bonus bets Middle Ages

A complete history bet365 bonus bets construction of Dunhuang Grottoes，There is no doubt that it is the most authentic record and the most vivid memory of local beliefs in Dunhuang for more than a thousand years，The changes in the theme content of cave murals in different periods，These are the true trajectories bet365 bonus bets historical changes in Dunhuang people’s beliefs，So the cave murals represent the rich and diverse folk beliefs of Dunhuang, which was the important city on the Silk Road and "the city of Huarong" for more than a thousand years，Use tangible history to give the most faithful and objective image record，It is the most precious historical information on faith in history，It is a historical memory that cannot be found anywhere else。So from this perspective，In the study of medieval history，Dunhuang is the most feasible historical observation point，It is the most reliable basis for constructing medieval beliefs、Evidence and chain。Because bet365 bonus bets support of first-hand information from Dunhuang，This provides us with an entry point for understanding and interpreting issues related to medieval history，The credibility of history has also increased accordingly。

The earliest Dunhuang caves in Beiliang No. 268、272、The beginning bet365 bonus bets construction of Cave 275，Dunhuang people used grottoes for the first time、When trying to express the Buddhism they understand and believe in through cave sculptures and murals，Not fully accepting the already very developed Buddhist art in Gandhara and the Western Regions that came along the Silk Road，But make choices and make trade-offs。The design bet365 bonus bets cave roof became the symbol of "heaven" in the tombs bet365 bonus bets Han and Jin Dynasties，The caisson form that combines the dome top with square circles is combined with the "three circles and three squares" concept bet365 bonus bets universe that the Chinese have had since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period，At the same time, during the Han and Jin Dynasties, a large number of palace-shaped niche buildings showing the heavenly palace appeared in tombs，Let us see the localization of Dunhuang people’s understanding of Buddhism，Added factors closely related to the local concept of ascension to heaven in Buddhist cave spaces。Arrived in the Western Wei Dynasty 249、285 Cave 2，The sky image on the top bet365 bonus bets cave is even more complicated，But careful combing revealed that，They all come from the traditional tomb image system of Han and Jin Dynasties，Combined with the caisson that expresses the concept bet365 bonus bets "three circles and three squares" universe，It can be said that they are the most common image expressions bet365 bonus bets belief needs of merit lords and believers for the combination bet365 bonus bets Buddhist concept of rebirth in the Pure Land and the traditional idea of ​​ascension to heaven through tombs。You can still find it if you look carefully，This kind of rebirth in the pure land world of Buddhaland、The idea of ​​ascending to heaven and becoming an immortal has always been accompanied by the construction bet365 bonus bets cave，Even to the Xixia period，When people reused the small niche in Cave 285 as a place to bury the ashes and relics of monks，The main consideration is still the reuse bet365 bonus bets image on the top bet365 bonus bets cave。Go to the caisson on the top of No. 5 Tower of Mogao Grottoes in the Yuan Dynasty，Using a very dynamic and rotating painting method，The most artistic expression bet365 bonus bets believer’s concept bet365 bonus bets heavenly world。This extremely imaginative image expression，It really makes people admire the ancients’ superb understanding and visual expression bet365 bonus bets universe，Indicates that people’s ideas have not fundamentally changed for more than a thousand years，The imagination and cognition bet365 bonus bets unknown heavenly world do not show much difference。This is really the image history of a place that has been consistent in terms of beliefs and ideas for nearly 2000 years。

Of course，There are ideas that have not changed much，There are also huge variations in image styles。In terms of Thousand Buddhas，From the early Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern Dynasties, which mainly served the Zen view、Now、The future "Three Thousand Buddhas of Three Times"，In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was divided into four directions、Little Thousand Buddhas who focus on the concepts bet365 bonus bets ten directions，Then Thousand Buddhas, which was popular in the late Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties and Song Dynasty, was mainly based on "Buddha Speaks of Buddha's Name Sutra"，Often associated with Buddhist repentance，However, the overall concept of expressing the world of Mahayana Buddhism is the main clue bet365 bonus bets Thousand Buddhas painting。But in the late period of Cao's Guiyi Army, the Thousand Buddhas Movement became popular，It was influenced by the trend of thought at the end of 1052 that was popular in the Liao Dynasty，Is a graphic expression bet365 bonus bets danger of Buddhism，Hope to teach people a warning about the destruction of law，From this point we can see the other side bet365 bonus bets changes in local Buddhist beliefs in Dunhuang。

There are also outstanding buildings like the Tang and Song Dynasties、Having a sense of space、Various large-scale scripture paintings that express the beauty bet365 bonus bets heavenly world，In the late Guiyi Army and early Xixia years，Completely moving towards simplification，Even simplified to the point where no description of architectural space or scenes bet365 bonus bets heavenly world appears in the warp changes，Only one main Buddha surrounded by offerings to Bodhisattva，At most, there are several incarnations of boys。The trajectory of such image changes，Can only be seen in Dunhuang，It is an interesting phenomenon that has occurred in a place that has used paintings to express Buddhist beliefs and concepts for more than a thousand years。

In the late Guiyi Army and Xixia Period，With the diversification of Buddhist beliefs，And the emergence of a new Silk Road law-seeking craze，Rufatian, a Buddhist translator who came to China from India、Shi protector、Natural disasters, etc.，Not only provided fresh blood for the introduction and spread of newly translated tantras during this period，What’s more, some of them stopped at this Silk Road gathering place when passing through Dunhuang，So the Mogao Grottoes appeared like the Heavenly King Hall、The Eight Pagodas in Cave 76 and other images that are obviously influenced by the new themes and patterns of Indian Polo art。From this point of view，Dunhuang, as the frontier bet365 bonus bets Silk Road, has a keen acceptance of new Buddhist art，It is the unique historical motivation for the continuous change of beliefs in this place。

Design and continuous drawing of portraits of donors in caves，Not only the local rulers of a place since the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern Dynasties、Eminent Monk、Ordinary people、Lower officials、Lower monks，Especially the large number of female images that were not easy to show up in historical periods，Very vividly and realistically drawn in different caves in different periods，His voice, appearance and smile、A graceful posture can be preserved for thousands of years or even longer，This is also a major contribution bet365 bonus bets Dunhuang Grottoes to local history and local beliefs，It is the living history bet365 bonus bets most authentic people in history，The historical image not only makes up for the shortcomings of written records in other places，It also enriches the history of Dunhuang as if it were a piece of color movie film，Vocal and colorful。

So say，Constructing the historical beliefs of a place in the medieval period，bet365 bonus bets has the most complete image remains，There is a lot of room for research，But so far，There is no complete work on the history of bet365 bonus bets local beliefs in the academic community，Therefore, there is great potential for research on this issue。

Re-understanding the bet365 bonus bets Kingdom of Khotan on the South Silk Road

In ancient times, Khotan was an important Buddhist city on the South Silk Road，Is the academic and dissemination center of Mahayana Buddhism，Is an important transit point for Buddhism to be introduced into the mainland，About the relationship between Khotan Buddhism and Han Dynasty，Much attention is paid to international academic history。For Buddhism in Khotan, a great Buddhist country on the South Silk Road，Chinese classics and documents、Dunhuang Chinese and Tibetan documents、There are many records in Buddhist scriptures，But understanding of Khotanese Buddhist images，Except Hotan area and Dandan Urik、Damagou Kaladun Buddhist Temple、Rewak Buddhist Temple、Duwa Pagoda、Baravast Ruins、Ayrak Ruins、Yotgan Ruins、The dilapidated temples found in Niya ruins and other places、Buddha、Sculpture、Beyond the mural，There are well-preserved murals from the Tang, Five, and Song dynasties in the Dunhuang Grottoes、A large number and concentration of auspicious images from Khotan、Historical paintings，The title text is also well preserved，There are still copies of these auspicious images and historical monuments and paintings inscribed in the Tibetan Scripture Cave。There are statues of Buddha respectively、The auspicious image of Bodhisattva、God King Statue、Sacred Relic Picture、Legendary story painting categories，Among the Buddha statues, there is the Rui Statue in Bogayi City, Khotan、Auspicious statues in the ancient city of Khotan、The auspicious statue of Mocheng in Khotan、The auspicious statue in Khotankan City、The auspicious statue of Sakyamuni in Haiyan Temple in Khotan、A picture bet365 bonus bets auspicious image of Sakyamuni rising from the city of Rajagaha to live in Haiyan Temple、Kasyapa Buddha soared from Sravasti to live in the auspicious image of Gucheng、Microwave Buddha vacated from Savatthi City to Khotan to live in the auspicious statue、Jiejiasong Buddha also came from Sravasti and lived in Gucheng with auspicious images、Sakyamuni Buddha soared from Sravasti to live in the auspicious statue of Gucheng、Kanagyamuni Buddha came from Sravasti to live in auspicious images in Gucheng、Statue of Buddha Bathing in the Jade River in Khotan、Stone statue of Buddha in Khotan、The statue of Zhu Jubanguo Buddha soaring in the sky in Nuyue Temple、The Niutoushan statue comes from Qishan Mountain in the sky、Maitreya Buddha appears with Sakyamuni as auspicious image，There is an auspicious statue of Bodhisattva Voidgarbha in the Sakya Jaya Temple on the West Yuhe River、Void Treasure Bodhisattva guarding the statue of Rui in Khotan、Maitreya Bodhisattva came to live in Seoul with Sakyamuni Buddha、The image bet365 bonus bets sun and moon in the palm bet365 bonus bets Ruyi Wheel Bodhisattva、Manjusri Bodhisattva came to Khotan and the auspicious statue、The auspicious statue of Samantabhadra comes to Khotan、The Bodhisattva Mahasthamaprapta comes and descends on the auspicious statue of Khotan、Miaojixiang Bodhisattva protects the Khotan auspicious statue、Vajrapani Bodhisattva protects the auspicious statues of Khotan and more than 10 kinds，The god-king category mainly refers to the eight gods who guard Khotan，There is also a picture bet365 bonus bets sacred site of Niutoushan in Khotan、Story painting of King Bishamon and Shariputra fighting against each other to build Khotan Kingdom。These images appear from the Mogao Grottoes bet365 bonus bets Tang Dynasty，Popular during the Tubo period bet365 bonus bets Mid-Tang Dynasty，It became a common theme in caves during the late Tang, Five Dynasties and Song Guiyijun periods。

The above large and complete statues of Rui in Khotan、Historical paintings appear in bet365 bonus bets cave paintings，Reflecting the close relationship between bet365 bonus bets and Khotan on the Silk Road。bet365 bonus bets people can fully accept these coming from Khotan，And all of them are a type of images with strong local characteristics that express the protection of Khotan by Buddhism，It seems to indicate that bet365 bonus bets was the “city where Huarong and Huarong passed” along the Silk Road，Attitude towards Khotan Buddhism，And the unique Silk Road fusion spirit in bet365 bonus bets area。

For us today, we observe the exchanges of Silk Road culture and art from the perspective of human civilization exchanges and integration，The emergence and preservation of rich and complete historical paintings of auspicious images from Khotan in the bet365 bonus bets cave murals，It is an important image material for us to re-understand Buddhism in Khotan, a Buddhist country on the South Silk Road。so far，Many Buddhist temples discovered in the ancient Khotan area、No relics similar to the bet365 bonus bets cave murals of Khotan Rui's historical paintings have been found in the pagoda ruins，But we have good reasons to believe，These auspicious historical paintings that appeared in bet365 bonus bets，The original image powder should be the content that appeared in the local Buddhist temple in Khotan，Introduced to bet365 bonus bets area via the Silk Road and loved by bet365 bonus bets people，However, its transmission route may be direct or indirect。So，These historical paintings of auspicious statues of Khotan in bet365 bonus bets are precious materials for re-understanding the Buddhist beliefs of Khotan, a Buddhist country on the South Silk Road。Zhang Guangda、Rong Xinjiang、Sun Xiushen、Zhang Xiaogang、Zhu Lishuang and others have already conducted relevant research，Has revealed many little-known and interesting profiles of Khotanese Buddhist history。However，How to restore these bet365 bonus bets Khotan images into Khotan’s local temple space or belief system，In fact, it is another difficult academic topic and academic mission。

Above，We look at it from three aspects，Discussed the unique contribution of Dunhuang Grottoes to the study of medieval history。In fact，This is just a microcosm bet365 bonus bets academic significance bet365 bonus bets Dunhuang Grottoes。Considering the unique contribution and significance bet365 bonus bets Dunhuang Grottoes to historical research，Scholars still need to start from their own different fields，To summarize，Only in this way can we outline the historical status of Dunhuang Grottoes、Academic status and academic significance，Strive forward in their respective subject areas and academic directions，Bravely bear the burden of history，Climbing academic peaks。Only this，The contemporary tasks and academic goals of “Construction of Dunhuang Academic Highlands” can be achieved。

(The author is a "Young Changjiang Scholar" bet365 bonus bets Ministry of Education、Professor, School of History and Culture, Shaanxi Normal University)