Dunhuang Grottoes are profound and profound，Is the academic ocean。Dunhuang is located in Silk Road to rush，Occupy the western border in the historical period，As Yangguan、Yumen Pass "two levels" cultural symbol land，Unique geographical location and strong cultural intercourse characteristics，Make Dunhuang's historical and culture have its unique side，Especially in terms of regional historical characteristics，Historical conditions and corresponding historical accumulation that are not available in other places。At least three aspects of the following three aspects have strong regional historical characteristics，worthy of researchers' attention。

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The Yuan Dynasty did not repair Xixia History，Similarly，There is no trace of Xixia painting at all in the history of painting，Therefore, the long -term understanding of the history of Xixia art originated from the discovery of the painting product of the Russian Citzlov Expedition in Russia。Investigation of the Xixia Cave of Dunhuang in the 1960s，and the second half of the 20th century Ningxia、Gansu、Inner Mongolia, Xixia cultural relics archeology has been discovered one after another。Based on the understanding and research of these cultural relics and archeological data，Luo Xiao busy published one after another、Sun Changsheng、Chen Yue's new "History of Xixia Art" (2001)，Tang Xiaofang、Chen Yuning "History of Xixia Art" (2010)。But because of the long -term Xixia academic circles, there is a limit to understanding the true appearance of the Xixia Caves of the Dunhuang Grottoes，No one has the conditions to investigate Xixia Cave; while the research progress of the Xixia Cave in Dunhuang is not ideal，At least after the publication of "The History of Xi Xia Art"，Dunhuang academic circles still stay in the research status of Liu Yuquan as the main research in the late 20th century.，weak power，Subsequent research does not keep up with。What is even more unsatisfactory is，Studies based on Mr. Liu as the core force remain in the case of the Han Chuan Cave in Mogao Grottoes，The spread and influence of Tibetan images in the Xixia period is seriously insufficient，So overall research on Xixia Grottoes still stays in the appearance of the cave，No in -depth Tang Olympics。

The mysterious and deep appearance of the history of Xixia art in the real sense is the Tibetan art history scholar represented by Xie Jisheng team.、Cave 465、Cave 3、Guazhou Dongqian Buddha Cave No. 2、5 Cave Study，These studies are represented by Tibetan Buddhist images in the Xixia period，At the same time, the fusion of Han and Tibetan images in the Chinese image、History of Xixia Art History of Xixia，This is Song、Liao、Gold and Hui、Xixia Art, the influence of Polo art in Tibet and even Bet365 lotto review East India，is the real sense of Xixia art spirit and appearance。

In recent years, our "Dunhuang Xixia Grottoes Research" major project research team is under the joint efforts of many members，Just Mogao Grottoes、Yulin Cave、Dongqian Buddha Cave、Five temples Xixia Cave launched a special investigation and research，Under the joint discussion from different academic background researchers，For the first time, I have a comprehensive and completely different understanding of the history of Xixia Buddhist art，I saw the historical background and the reason why the Xixia Classic transformed by the Mogao Grotto's Han Chuan Cave.，I saw the possibility of the official collective collective built cave in the Shazhou local collective collective built cave in the Xixia period, which is mainly based on the Han Chuan Cave of the Mogao Grottoes，I saw the relationship between Buddhist caves and images of Xixia ritual Buddhist caves and images based on Cave 61 of Mogao Grottoes，I saw the Ji Li Buddha formed by the two rebuilds represented by Cave 464、Tibetan Scriptures、A Xixia Cave under the architecture of Huayan Buried，Re -understanding and interpretation The Xixia Buddhist images of Huayanhai will be named after "supporting the Bodhisattva"，I saw the Pure Land in the Tang and Song dynasties、Huayan、Fahua and other traditional ideological architectures of Han and Tibetan coexistence、Yulin Cave 3、4 Cave、Dongqian Buddha Cave No. 2、5、7 Cave Xixia Multi -Art History Fighting，I also saw another Xixia Buddhist art appearance influenced by the Song and Golden prints represented by Xixia Buddhist scriptures.，At the same time, I also saw the "Wenshu Tang" in the Xixia period, which was dominated by Wenshu, the second cave of Yulin Grottoes under the influence of the prints of this period.，Renew from the overall recognition of Xixia Buddhism, which is affected by the dual background of Xixia's "official Buddhism" and "local Buddhism", has a profound impact on the Dunhuang Grottoes，The essence of new understanding of the historical appearance of Xixia Buddhist history。

Especially to judge the mandala from the Snow Plateau to Silk Road Dunhuang，Emphasize the eight corpse forests reflected in Tibetan Buddhism unique to the concept of practice concepts，At the same time, add the new seven Buddha systems that are affected by the influence of Han Dynasty Buddhism，Become a model of "God's Reconstruction" during this period，Let us see the attempts of Xixia Buddhism to construct a new Buddhist system，and the effort to practice Dharma。

Study at the same time as the art of Xixia Grottoes in Dunhuang，The new Xixia Buddhist history revealed by the Black Water City Xixia Literature、Buddhist thought、Combination of Buddhist characteristics，In particular, I want to see the Buddhist history behind the large -scale Buddhist activity represented by the Royal Family during the Xixia period，and the concept of the West Xia people attach importance to Buddhist practice。Such as the ritual of Xixia Buddhism、Practice、Mantra、bet365 Play online games Rites、Hu Mo、The importance of Buddhist practice and other Buddhist practice，Need to combine a large number of main doors translated from Tibetan in the Blackwater City Literature、Dharani、Mantra，and the newly translated secret text of this period，In this way, you can understand that the real connotation of Dunhuang Xixia Cave is full of changes and deep thoughts。

The above is the new gains and discovery of our research in Xixia Grottoes in recent years，It is undoubtedly the important contribution of the Dunhuang Grottoes to the history of the art history of Xixia，It is the fundamental prerequisite and academic foundation for rewriting the history of Xixia。

Overall，Put the history of Xixia art in Song、Liao、Gold、​​Tibet、Rebelling and other diverse art systems，Re -understand the history of multi -ethnic art exchanges in the 11-13 century。The status of Dunhuang Grottoes is important on this issue，Therefore, the indispensable contribution and significance of the Dunhuang Grottoes in Xixia History and Culture Research。

　　Build a distinctive folk belief system for Middle Ages

History of a complete Dunhuang Grottoes，There is no doubt that it is the most true record and the most vivid memory of Dunhuang for more than a thousand years of local beliefs，Among them, changes in the content of the cave mural theme at different periods，All are the real trajectory of the historical changes of the people in Dunhuang，Therefore, the Cave mural will the rich and diverse folk beliefs for more than a thousand years of Dunhuang in the "Hua Rong's Metropolis Metropolis" of the Silk Road Town，Give the most loyal and objective image record with tangible history，It is the most precious history of belief in history，It is a historical memory that other places do not have。So from this perspective，In the study of medieval history，Dunhuang is the most feasible historical observation point，It is the most reliable support for constructing the medieval beliefs、evidence and chain。Because of the support of Dunhuang's first -hand information，Let us understand and explain the issues related to the history of medieval history today，The credibility of history also increases accordingly。

When the earliest Dunhuang Cave Beiliang No. 268、272、275 Cave Camp Construction，Dunhuang people for the first time with a grotto、The way of color plastic and murals of caves try to express the Buddhism they understand and believe in，It is not a full acceptance of the Landhara region and the Western Regions that are already in the Silk Road.，Instead of choosing and choosing。The top design of the cave became the "Tian" in the tomb of the Han and Jin dynasties at that time，And with the Chinese people since the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, the combination of the combination of algae in the combination of the concept of the universe concept of the universe in the universe，At the same time, a large number of 龛 buildings that appeared in the tomb during the Han and Jin dynasties appeared at the same time.，Let us see the localization of bet365 Play online games Dunhuang people's understanding of Buddhism，Factors that are closely related to the concept of littering with the local tombs in the space of Buddhist caves。To the Western Wei Dynasty 249、285 Cave，The sky images on the top of the cave are even more complicated，But carefully sort out and discover，They all come from the traditional tomb image system of Han and Jin dynasties，Algaei，It can be said that they are the most commonly common belief demand for the concept of merit and believers to combine the concept of Buddhism and the traditional tomb。If you look closely, you can also find it，This kind of Pure Land of the Buddha Kingdom、The ideas of Shengtian Chengxian have always been accompanied by the built of the cave，So as to the Xixia period，People are re -utilizing the small crickets in Cave 285 as the buried monk's ashes incarbies，The main consideration is still the re -use of the top sky image of the cave。Then to the algae well at the top of the No. 5 Mogao Grottoes in the Yuan Dynasty，Dynamic and rotating painting methods，Make the most artistic performance of the world world in the concept of faith。This imaginative image expression，It really admires the high superposition of the ancients' understanding and visual expression of the universe space，It shows that people’s thoughts have not changed fundamentally for more than a thousand years，The imagination and cognition of the unknown world of the unknown kingdom did not show much difference。This is really the image history of the image of belief and ideas in the past 2000。

Of course，There is little change in ideas，There are also great image styles with great changes。Single is for thousands of Buddhas，From the early Sixteen Kingdoms Northern Dynasties to serve the Zen view -based performance,、Now、The future "Three Three Thousand Buddhas"，to the Sui and Tang dynasties with Quartet、Little Thousand Buddhas, mainly based on the concept of ten squares，The Thousand Buddhas, which are popular in the Song Dynasty of the Five Dynasties of the Late Tang Dynasty in the Song Dynasty and Five Dynasties.，Often associated with Buddhist rituals，However, the concept of the Mahayana Buddhist world in general is the main idea clue of the main ideas of Thousand Buddha painting。But in the Cao's return to the rebels, a large number of thousands of thousands of Buddha changes，It was affected by the influence of the French trend of French thoughts at the end of 1052 in the Liao Dynasty，It is an image expression for the danger of Dharma，I hope to teach people a warning to Fa destroy，From this point, you can see the other side of the changes in the local Buddhist belief in Dunhuang。

There are also protruding buildings like the Tang and Song dynasties、There is a sense of space、Strongly show the wonderful transformation of the world of the world of the world，In the late and early Xixia，Full of the simplified route，Even the description of any architectural space and the world scene of the kingdom of heaven without appearing in the transformation，Only a master of the Buddha Bet365 lotto review surrounds the bodhisattva，At most, there are a few bodies and children。Tracks of changes in this image，Only in Dunhuang can see，It is an interesting phenomenon that happened in a place for more than a thousand years to express Buddhist belief and concepts with painting。

At the late and Xixia period of the return of Gui Yijun，With the diversification of Buddhist beliefs，and the emergence of the new Silk Road French boom，Translation monks who come to China from India、Shihu、Disaster Disaster, etc.，Not only does the new translation and spread of the new translation and spread of this period provide fresh blood，What's more, because of some of them, they stopped at this Silk Road convergence when they passed Dunhuang，So Mogao Grottoes appeared like the heavenly king hall、Eight Tower changes in Cave 76, such as the new pattern affected by the new pattern of India Polo Art。From this point of view，Dunhuang Place as the keen acceptance of the new Buddhist art as the forefront of the Silk Road，It is the unique historical dynamic cause of the continuous change of beliefs in this place。

Design and continuous drawing of portrait portraits in the cave，Not only did the local rulers of a place since the Northern Dynasties of the Sixteen Kingdoms、Monk Dade、Ordinary people、lower officials、Low -level monks，Especially a large number of women's images that are not easy to show up during the historical period，Very vivid and realistic drawn in different caves in different periods，Its sound and laughter、Grandona can preserve the time for thousands of years or even longer，This is also the major contribution of Dunhuang Grottoes to local history and local beliefs，It is the fresh history of the most authentic people in history，Its historical image not only makes up for the regrets recorded in other places，The history of Dunhuang has been enriched and enriched as a color movie film，There is a lust。

So say，Construction of historical beliefs in a place in the medieval period，Dunhuang has the most complete image relics，Research space is very large，But so far，There is no complete book of the history of Dunhuang local belief in the academic world，Therefore, there is a lot of research on this problem。

Re -understand the Buddhist country of the south road of the Silk Road

In ancient times, Yu 阗 was an important Buddhist metropolis on the south road of the Silk Road，Is the Academic and Communication Center of Mahayana Buddhism，It is an important transit station for Buddhism to enter the Mainland，Relations on Buddhism and Han Dynasty，International academic history has more attention。For the Buddhism of the Buddhist Kingdom of the Southern Road of the Silk Road，Chinese classics literature、Dunhuang Chinese and Tibetan Literature、There are more records in the Buddhist scriptures，But the understanding of Buddhist images，In addition to Dandan Urk、Damagou Karadun Buddha Temple、Hotwak Buddha Temple、Duwa Meta、Ballavate Site、Yaylac site、Yitegan Site、Crimson temples found in the Naya site、Meta、Sculpture、Make outside the mural，It is still Bet365 app download well -preserved in the murals of the Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties of the Dunhuang Grottoes、A rich and concentrated amount of Ruibi from 阗、History paintings，The title of the list is also well preserved，In the Tibetan Scripture Cave, there are also these Swiss Status Strokes List Tests Title to Store。There are Buddha statues、Bodhisattva Rui statue、God of God、Holy Trace Figure、Legendary story drawing several categories，Among them, the Buddha statues are in the statue of the city of Lajiajiyi、Yu Xingcheng Ruixiang、Yu 阗 Comparable to Mocheng Ruixiang、Yukan Ruixiang、Yu Haiyan Temple Shakya Shengrong Rongrui、Sakyamuni Zhen Rong from Wangshe City to empty the Haiyan Temple Ruixiang、Ga Ye Buddha from Shewei Guokang in Gucheng Living Ruixiang、Microwave Shi Buddha from the Acropolis is to hold the Ruixiang、Jiega Song Buddha also came from the Guardian State to live in Gucheng to live in Gucheng、Sakyamuni Buddha from Shewei Guokong in Gucheng Living Ruixiang、Gami Muni Buddha from the Guardian State to live in Gucheng and live in Gucheng、Yu Yuhe River Bathing Buddha Rui statue、Yu Shishi Ferri statue、Zhu Kuki Guo Buddha Tengkong Yuyue Temple lives in Ruixiang、Niutou Mountain statue comes from Yushan to the air、Maitreya Buddha with Sakyamuni is now siriioma，Bodhisattva statues have Void Tibetan Bodhisattva in the West Yuhe Sajaye Temple、Void Tibetan Bodhisattva guards the statue of 阗、Maitreya Bodhisattva comes with Shakyamuni Buddha to live in the portrait of Seoul、Ruyi Wheel Bodhisattva's palm of the sun, moon, moon,、Manjushri Bodhisattva came down to the statue of the country and Rui、Puxian Bodhisattva came down to the statue of the country of Ruigui、Da Shi to the Bodhisattva to reduce it from the statue of the country and Rui、Miao auspicious Bodhisattva guards the statue of 阗、Diamond Bodhisattva guards more than 10 species such as the statue of the Guo Guorui，The King of God mainly refers to the eight gods that are guarded by 阗，And Yu Niutou Mountain Holy Trace、The story of the story of the king of Pishamen and the Sariputra's decision to build the sea。These images appear from Mogao Grottoes Shengtang Cave，Popularity during the Tubo period in the middle of the Tang Dynasty，To the Song Dynasty of the Five Dynasties of the Late Tang Dynasty became a common theme in the cave。

The above large and complete Yu Xingrui statue、History painting appears in the cave murals in Dunhuang，Reflecting the close relationship between Dunhuang on the Silk Road。Dunhuang people can accept these from 阗，And all of which are a type of image that shows the rich local characteristics that the Dharma is guarded by 阗，It seems to indicate that it is Dunhuang as the "Hualing City of Huarong" as the Silk Road，Attitude to Buddhism，and the spirit of the Silk Road Rong in the Dunhuang area。

For us to observe the exchange of Silk Road Culture and Art from the perspective of the interaction between human civilization and exchanges today，The abundant and complete Ruixi Ruixiang history paintings from the Dunhuang cave murals appear and Bet365 app download reserve，It is an important imaging information for us to re -understand the Buddhist country of the Silk Road.。So far，Many Buddhist temples discovered in the ancient area、No in the pagoda site, no relics are similar to the painting of the Dunhuang Cave murals.，But we have sufficient reasons to believe，These Swiss portrait history paintings appeared in Dunhuang，Its original image powder should have appeared in the content of the local Buddhist temple，It was introduced into the Dunhuang area through the Silk Road and loved by Dunhuang people，However。So，Dunhuang's History paintings are precious information for re -understanding the Buddhist nation of the Silk Road in the Silk Road.。Zhang Guangda、Rongxinjiang、Sun Xiu、Zhang Xiaogang、Zhu Li Shuang and others existing related research，It has revealed that many fresh and interesting side shadows that are well -known and interesting in the history of Buddhism。but but，How to restore these Dunhuang's Yu Xuan images to the temple space or belief system of Yukimoto Tu，In fact, it is another difficult academic issue and academic mission。

above，We from three aspects，Talking about the unique contribution of the Dunhuang Grottoes to the study of medieval history。In fact，This is just a microcosm of the academic significance of Dunhuang Grottoes。Considering the contribution and significance of Dunhuang Grottoes to the Institute of History，Also, scholars need to start from different fields，Make summary，Fang can outline the historical status of Dunhuang Grottoes、Academic status and academic significance，Struggle in their respective disciplines and academic directions，Yongshu History burden，Yong climb academic peak。Only this，The era mission and academic goals of "Dunhuang academic highland" can be achieved。

(The author is the "Youth Yangtze Scholar"、Professor of History and Cultural Institute of Shaanxi Normal University)