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The psychological mechanism of moral decision -making and its influencing factors

February 14, 2020 01:30 Source: "China Social Sciences", February 14, 2020, No. 1865 Author: Cui Baixia Zhou Aibao Lei Yunfei

　　Moral decision -making refers to the choice of behavioral ways to face a variety of possible behaviors，And these behaviors have differences or conflicts in good and evil or moral values，The final decision made by individuals to make these possible behaviors on good and evil and morality。It is a prerequisite for individual moral behavior，Show through moral behavior。When making moral decisions，People usually follow two decision -making orientations，That is the theory of utilitarianism and morality，The two will judge the moral level of behavior from different angles。Individuals of utilitarian orientation believe that the right behavior can get the best results，They judge whether moral behavior depends properly on the consequences of the behavior，The process of not behavior。The decision makers of utilitarian orientation will be more inclined to calculate how to choose to maximize the overall result，Then make a choice to maximize the result。The judgment of the individual of moral behavior of moral behavior depends on whether moral behavior meets moral standards，Therefore, it pays more attention to the moral behavior itself rather than what the moral behavior can get。If moral behavior violates its own moral standards，Even if this behavior can achieve the result of maximizing，I will not be accepted。

　　Psychological mechanism of moral decision -making

　　rational reasoning model。in Epiajie、Traditional cognitive psychologists represented by Korberg conducted a lot of research on the moral cognitive development of children and adolescents，Early cognitive psychologists combined their research results on the basis of previous research，Put forward a rational reasoning model for moral decision bet365 live casino games -making。This theoretical model indicates that moral decision -making is an individual's conscious rational reasoning process，It is a moral decision maker first search for information related to the current situation，Then weighing the information you searched，The process of making moral decisions in the end，and emotional emotion is after rational reasoning and analysis。Individual cognitive system on the one hand to characterize and process the information in the decision -making situation，On the other hand, regulate and control the emotions generated during the information processing process。

　　Social intuition model。The traditional rational processing model over emphasizes the role of cognitive reasoning in moral decision -making and ignores the impact of emotional emotions on moral decision -making，More and more moral psychological studies have found that rational processing models cannot explain certain moral phenomena，If people can quickly judge the two brothers and sisters in the incest of their wishes as immoral，But I can’t give a convincing reason，The phenomenon of this fast moral judgment but cannot explain the reason is called "moral disorder"。Based on this，Hadit (Hadit) proposed the social intuition model of moral decision -making，This model indicates that the moral decision is driven by emotion，The intuition induced by emotions can judge and decide on the current moral situation in a short time，Cognitive reasoning only find appropriate reasons for the decisions made before after making decisions。So，Social intuition model believes that in moral decisions，Intuition processing is the cognitive processing，Cognitive processing is to explain the reason for the rapidly formed intuition judgment to explain，Cognitive reasoning occurs after moral decision -making。

　　Dual processing model。Social intuition model believes that emotional and cognitive reasoning will participate in the moral decision -making bet365 live casino games process，But emotional emotions occur before moral decision，Driven function，Cognitive reasoning is after decision -making，Explanation，The two have the order in the process of moral decision -making。Greene and others to inspect people's brain activation in the dilemma of morality in the dilemma of morality，When it is found that individuals have cognitive brain areas (such as the front forehead of the back) and emotional brain areas (such as the front forehead of the inside), they will be activated at the same time，Different moral decision -making different degrees of activation in different brain areas，When the decision makers make utilitarian decisions，Cognitive brain area activation is higher，Decision maker's emotional and brain activation of decision -making decisions is higher。Based on this，Green and others believe that the moral decision -making process also contains two different psychological mechanisms，respectively for cognitive processing mechanisms and emotional processing mechanisms，and proposed the dual processing model of moral decision -making。This model indicates，Cognitive processing and emotional processing jointly affect moral decisions，Among them, cognitive processing is cautious、Consciousness、Controlled moral reasoning process，Emotional processing is fast、Unconscious、Automated moral intuition process。For a specific moral decision -making task，These two processes play a role at the same time，Competition with each other。

　　Influencing factors of moral decision -making

　　One is a moral event。Research mainly focuses on the impact of the type and nature of moral events on moral decision -making。Green and others through research on individual emotional reactions and conflicts caused by the dilemma of moral dilemma，It is believed that the dilemma of morality can be divided into personal moral dilemma and non -personal moral dilemma。The damage behavior in non -personal moral difficulties is not caused by decision Bet365 lotto review makers，As in the "tram dilemma", pull the lever to sacrifice one person in order to save more people，The damage behavior in personal moral difficulties is caused by decision makers，Such as the "Bridge Dilemma", push a person down to save the lives of five people。Research indicates，In the overpass dilemma，Compared with individuals who start "not killing life"，Individuals that start the moral rules of "life -saving" will make more utilitarian decisions，In the "tram dilemma"，Start different moral rules，There is no significant difference in decision -making by individual individuals。Damasio and others divided their personal moral dilemma into high conflict dilemma and low conflict dilemma。In high conflict moral dilemma，Individual decision -making speed is faster; and in low conflict moral dilemma，Slow of individual decisions。Zhang Jie found，In the moral dilemma under high conflict，Individuals launched by money will be more inclined to make utilitarian moral decisions than other non -money -activated individuals，In the low conflict moral dilemma，Individuals launched by money have no significant differences with other decision -making behaviors of other non -money initiatives。

　　The second is a moral situation。Whether there is someone else in the process of moral decision -making，The individual is randomly assigned to the observation group and the control group，Under the circumstances of or without others，Report to a series of dilemma of morality。Although the two groups of participants do not have significant baseline differences in personality characteristics and moral decision -making tendencies，But the research results show，Especially in personal moral difficulties，Social observation promotes obligations decision。Overall，Decision confidence decreases，The response time is significantly extended。Youssef et al. (Youssef) et al.，As a bet365 Play online games result, I found that the social pressure group under the condition of personal difficulties can make more moral decisions，Show less utilitarian decision -making orientation。But under non -personal dilemma and general dilemma conditions，The individual and control group of the social pressure group does not have significant differences in the decision -making orientation of utilitarianism。，There are research using economic framework and moral framework to study the decision -making tendency of individuals in the dilemma of morality，As a result, individuals under the moral framework are more inclined to do mutual assistance and cooperation behavior。

　　Third is the factors of decision makers。In the past research, the emotional state of the decision makers、Cognitive load and self -involved、Self -structure and other aspects conduct a large number of research。In terms of the impact of the emotional state of decision makers on its moral decision -making，Study discovered，Compared with those individuals who watch neutral videos，Individuals watching humorous videos are more likely to make utilitarian moral decisions，and spend more time in the decision -making process。Chapman and others pointed out，The moral decision of the individual in disgusting emotion is more inclined to Taoist orientation。，Anxiety will also affect moral decisions，Anxious individual will make more moral decisions in personal moral difficulties。In terms of the influence of cognitive load on decision makers on its moral decisions，Research indicates，Cognitive load will affect the investment of individual cognitive resources in decision -making，The investment of cognitive resources is positively related to the utilitarian decision -making orientation in moral decision -making。Green and others can reduce the cognitive resources available to individuals to occupy cognitive resources，As a result, I found that individuals will make more moral decisions，Compared bet365 live casino games with the utilitarian decision -making，Short decision -making time。On the contrary，Under low cognitive load conditions，Individuals will have more cognitive resources to invest in moral decisions，To make utilitarian decisions that require rational reasoning。In the dilemma of morality，The higher the self -involvement of the individual，The conflict between moral decision -making orientation and utilitarian decision -making orientation is also greater。Weng Yuanyuan examined the relationship between the self -constructive thoughts and moral decisions of individual or collectivism，once again verified that the individual of collectivism has a lower utilitarian decision -making tendency in the dilemma of moral dilemma，And believes that this is achieved through the intermediary role of empathy and thinking。，Gender of Decision makers、Race and religious beliefs will affect their moral decisions。

　　The morality of people on specific issues is stable to themselves、Objective and universal。But，Related research indicates，Moral decision -making will be affected by multiple factors，Similar moral events are in a specific situation，Moral decisions made when decision makers are different when they are different，The flexibility of showing decision -making orientation。Although most of the moral dilemma used by most moral decision -making research institutes is assumed (such as "tram dilemma")，But many decisions in real life will cause damage，To improve the overall results (such as a child who punish naughty to improve future behavior、fine to prevent speeding)。In this case，The moral dilemma in real life is similar to the dilemma used by the research institute.。So，Ethical decision -making research conclusions are not limited to reactions to hypothetical situations，It is also suitable for social life to a large extent，It has a certain explanation and enlightenment effect bet365 Play online games on many moral phenomena in social life。

　　(Author Unit: School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University)

Editor in charge: Changchang