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"Old Drifting" de -gender psychological characteristics are obvious

May 05:28, May 08, 2020 Source: "China Social Sciences", May 8, 2020, No. 1921 Author: Jiao Chan Wang Yixin Chen Rongruo

　　With the development of China's economy and society，More and more elderly people are in order to take care of their children and the third generation，Actively or passively away from your hometown，Come to the big city，This group is called "Old Drifting"。In recent years，"Old Drifting" while maintaining the increasing number of people，presents new features。According to the "China Mobile Population Development Report 2018" display，"Old Drifting" that originally appeared as a migrant population，Many have shifted from the population to a permanent population。With the increase in the permanent population of the "old drift"，Its physical and mental health has caused the government、Following the society and academic circles。

　　Factors affecting the mental health of the elderly

　　Studies indicate，Perform social support、Loneliness and psychological elasticity are the main factor affecting the mental health of the elderly。"Old Drifting" as an important group for the elderly，The less your understanding of social support、The higher the sense of loneliness、The lower the psychological elasticity，The lower the level of physical and mental health。

　　Different support from actual society，Perform social support refers、Expectation and evaluation of social support，and belief in social support that may be obtained。Loneliness refers to people in some kind of strange、A lonely produced in a closed or special environment、Lonely、Unpleasant negative emotional experience。Psychological elasticity means that individuals face adversity、Trauma、Tragedy、A good adaptation process when threatening or other major pressures，The ability to rebound in difficult experience，It can be improved by learning，At the same time, it is affected by the individual environmental factors。

　　Many domestic and foreign studies display，Through social support, there is a significant gender Bet365 app download difference before the old age，Generally speaking，Women's understanding of social support is higher than men。The influence of gender on loneliness is still controversial，Some studies have found that women's loneliness level is higher than men，Some studies have found that men are higher than women，But in general, most studies show that gender will significantly affect loneliness。Psychological elasticity also has gender differences，Some studies have found that the level of female psychological elasticity is higher than men，For example, there are more than boys by the left -behind girl.，But the level of mental health is higher than the boy; among adults who have encountered severe pressure and adversity，Women's successful proportion is higher than men。Another study is found，Men's psychological elasticity level is higher than women，Especially in the two characteristics of autonomy and non -yielding。

　　The reason for the difference in gender is mainly due to congenital biological differences。In recent years，The results of brain science have also been confirmed。According to social cognition and social role theory，The socialization process of the acquired day will also lead to gender differences。It can be said，The socialization process based on congenital biological differences ultimately leads to the formation of gender differences。In the process of socialization，Individuals will make their behavior in accordance with social expectations by imitating same -sex individuals or adopting social expectations。Eastern and Western culture thinks，Women are more sensitive to interpersonal relationships、easier to perceive care，Men need strong independence、Avoid emotional。So，No matter what kind of cultural framework is，Compared to men，Women pay more attention to their own society and interpersonal relationships，Can be more actively investing in the establishment and maintenance of various relationships，I can also feel the support of various sources in life，Others will also have more emotional communication with women，Bet365 app download Provide women with more help。At the same time，Women are psychologically prone to dependence and more sensitive，It is easier to emotional when the social relationship is damaged; and men follow masculinity、Independent typical gender character，Do not easily express emotional needs，It is difficult to establish intimate social relations，It is not easy to get social support。

　　"Old Drifting" in terms of social supportDecoration phenomenon appears

　　The Pearl River Delta is the main gathering area of my country's migrants，Shenzhen population is more obvious。This study is based on the "old drifting clan" of various communities in Shenzhen，Use random sampling to survey，A total of 436 "Old Drift" participated，Among them, 265 women，171 men，Not included illiterate elderly。

　　Perform social support measurement tools. The use of BlumenThal and others were revised in 1987、Jiang Qianjin translated into Chinese understanding social support tables,psss)。This scale has 12 self -assessment projects，The total score is 12-84 points;、Friends support and other support (including leaders、Relatives、Colleagues) Three dimensions。The higher the score of the income score on the dimension and the total table，The higher the degree of support of social support。

　　Loneliness Measurement uses UCLA Lonely Sensing Table Third Edition，A total of 20 questions。Compared to the first two editions，This version has reduced the requirements for the reading ability required for understanding entries。UCLA Lonely Sensing Table Third Edition can be applied to various people。

　　The measurement of psychological elasticity uses a psychological elastic meter table translated by Ni Qianyu and others。This scale table has 14 entries，Total scores are 14-98 points，The higher the score，The better the psychological elasticity。

　　Survey and data analysis can be seen: "Old Drifting" understanding social support、A sense of loneliness and psychological elasticity occurs all exfoliating phenomena。In terms of understanding social support，The total average score of different gender elderly people (P = 0.931) and the average division of Bet365 app download each dimension have no statistical differences。Female average total score of 59.70，Men's average total score 59.59。Family support、Friends support and other support three dimensions，The average score of women is 20.15、19.34 and 20.22，Men's average scores are 20.42、19.26 and 19.91。In terms of loneliness，Women's average score 44.05，Men's average score 43.29，No statistical differences (P = 0.340)。In terms of psychological elasticity，Women's average score 49.92，Men's average score 51.27，There is no significant difference (P = 0.062)。

　　Analysis of the psychological characteristics of "Old Drifting" to exfoliating

　　On the one hand，With the aging of the human body，The metabolism of secreting hormone cells gradually weakened，Hormone levels will also decrease。Testosterone levels and oxytocin levels have a great impact on social behavior。Testosterone is a kind of male hormone，The secretion of adult men is 20 times the woman's secretion。oxytocin is described as hormones and intimate hormones that love，Play an important role in human emotional connections and other social behaviors，Women's oxytocin level is significantly higher than men。Men's testosterone levels will decrease every year after the age of 40，and women start to shrink when the ovaries start at about 45,Caused a sudden drop in estrogen secretion level。With age，Sex hormone differences in sexual hormones in elderly men and women gradually decrease，Perform social support、Psychological elasticity Correspondingly occurs to exfoliating phenomena。On the other hand，Chinese workplace men pay too much attention to authority and level，Continuous chasing achievements，With the old age，Social role loss (for example, most men and women have changed from conspirators to retirees、The transition from a career child to a caring person)，The effect of gender character specifications will be reduced，They also gradually return to the family，Achievement orientation is gradually converted into an interpersonal orientation。With the old age，Women's interpersonal Bet365 app download circle gradually shrinks，The source of social support will gradually decrease。So，The differences between the elderly's understanding of social support between the elderly are not statistically significant。other，Due to changes in social characters and physical and mental functions，The level of self -confidence and spiritual satisfaction of men and women has decreased，The common pressure is limited to daily life，Internal and external factors on the individual and external factors on psychological elasticity will also converge，Therefore, the gender difference in psychological elasticity is not obvious。

　　It is worth noting that，"Old Drifting" lonely de -genderization phenomenon is unique。Studies at home and abroad are displayed，The level of loneliness of female elderly people is higher than men，There are significant gender differences。but，This study shows that the loneliness of "old drifting clan" does not have gender differences。This is mainly because the "old drift" leaves the homeland，Come to a foreign country，Stay away from the original social network，and 囿囿囿，It is difficult to integrate into the community and build a new intimate relationship in a short time。At the same time，"Old Drifting" came to a foreign country，Regardless of gender，All housework with heavy and not accustomed to participate。This cuts the time for men to participate in social activities。The most important thing is，For the "Old Drift"，Different neighborhood relationship with the habitual acquaintance society，The neighborhood relationship of the city presents strangeness and isolation。So，"Old Drifting" appears to go to the sense of loneliness。

　　Studies from Europe and the United States indicate，Elderly women understand social support and psychological elasticity than old men。This is inconsistent with the conclusion of exfoliating from the "old drifting" psychological characteristics in this study，The main reason is the existence of cultural differences。Individuals under collectism believe that they are interdependent entities inlaid in the Bet365 app download social network，The individual under individualism believes that he is independent，Build social support through self -conference，This difference helps understand the psychological process related to relationships。Social support under personalism mainly comes from core family members、Intimate friends and other close relationships，Social support under collectivism will also come from the entire family and friends，Social support from acquaintances often plays an important role in daily life。Confirmation of foreign studies，Women are more affected by friends in understanding social support，and men are more affected by the family。So，Chinese men retirement under collective at collective doctrine、The source of social support after movement changes with the change of social relations，and the social support source of foreign men under the retirement of individualism will not change significantly，So the level of social support is still lower than women。

　　Because the elderly to worship the elderly regardless of gender is the traditional virtue of the Chinese nation，Men and women and elderly are easier to internalize themselves to be more vulnerable、The concept that needs support。At the same time，As part of psychological elasticity，The response strategy of the elderly is protected、Restore、The role of adapting and continuous development of individuals，Individual quality will in turn affect psychological elasticity。Foreign elderly people under individualism are limited to less，There are more response strategies，and the social role and gender stereotype still have more choices for men，Therefore, male psychological elasticity may also be greater than women。but，"Old Drifting" regardless of men and women，All will bear the heavy responsibility of taking care of the descendants，All will receive children、Factors such as family and other factors，Therefore, there is no obvious gender difference in the response strategy。

　　(This article is the special funds for scientific and technological innovation strategy in Guangdong Province (the "climbing bet365 live casino games plan" special funds) project "Sunshine sunset drifting in the country: the investigation and intervention of the psychological health of the‘ old drifting family ’(PDJH2020B0513)、The key project of "hidden power: old drifting mental health and happiness city construction" (2018wzdxm015) phased achievement)

　　(Author Unit: School of Psychology, Shenzhen University、Shenzhen Senior Middle School)

Editor in charge: Changchang