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deception and decision -making in the development of children's moral cognition

May 28, 2020 05:17 Source: "Chinese Social Sciences", May 28, 2020, 1935 Author: He Wenjing Wu Jixia

　　People often have a certain misunderstanding of children's "lying"，I don't understand anything when I think my child is young，There is no awareness of moral awareness and standardized education for preschool children;，Parents are like an enemy，Worried about whether the child will learn badly。But，A series of development psychology research indicates，Deception is not only a common phenomenon in children's growth，It is a reflection of the development of children's cognition and decision -making ability。

　　Children's "lies" to reflect the development of cognitive ability

　　The Institute of Children's Institute of the University of Toronto, Canada has conducted a series of tests for children and adolescents of 1,16 -year -old children，Among them, the younger test children will be taken to a room to sit and sit well，Then place a plush toy behind them，and ask children not to turn around to peek。When researchers make excuses to temporarily leave the room，The hidden camera took the children's response: Most of the children who were tested could not help but go back to see the toys behind them。But when the researchers returned to the room and asked if the child turned around，Children at the age of 4-6 basically denied their "foul" behavior，Among them, the "lie" ratio of 4 -year -old children is as high as 90%。Researchers point out，As far as the development of children's cognitive ability，"Lying" in an early age is often a manifestation of high cognitive ability，It means that children can already be under the premise of understanding the requirements of adults and specific scenes，Try to adopt a more regular way to satisfy your curiosity psychology。

　　Study on psychological theory of children's psychology，Children are limited by their own cognitive ability bet365 best casino games development before the age of 2，Basically unable to achieve deception; effective deception behaviors begin to appear at about 4 years old。Children's "lying" not only reflects the development of general cognitive ability，It is also consistent with the "decentralized" development trend of children's growth: children around 4 years old have basically possessed good cognitive ability，Being able to combine your own purpose and refer to the surrounding environment and the requirements of adults，Consciously judge and select your own behavior。But the deception of children during this period is more of a contextual behavior response，It will be adjusted accordingly with the changes of the situation, especially the situation of the situation,。For preschool children，Deception is more to get rid of difficulties or avoid punishment，No direct contact with moral cognition or moral concepts。

　　The general trend of the development of children's moral cognition

　　The development trend of children's moral cognition and overall cognitive ability is consistent，Gradually developed with the maturity and development process of children。With the growth of your own cognitive ability，Children can gradually internalize the requirements of adults and the common norms of society，Based on this, preliminary moral cognition。Development of children's moral cognition，On the one hand，On the other hand, they are also limited by their understanding and acceptance of rules，At the same time, it will be subject to individual factors，such as personality、Gender、The effects of various factors such as house education methods。

　　Mature factors are the primary factor in the field of children's growth and development。As you get older，The development of children's cognitive ability and moral cognitive development is also gradually growing，This is particularly significant in the development of preschool children。As far as individual development is concerned，General cognitive bet365 Play online games ability and simple decision -making reasoning have been initially appeared when children are 2 years old，It developed to a relatively stable stage at the age of 5;，The development of moral cognition will be slightly later。Pre -school and early school -age，Adult feedback on children's deception behavior has an important impact on the formation of the correct moral cognition of children。

　　Children's moral cognition is internal hidden development

　　Development of Cognitive Capability Compared to Display，The development of children's moral cognition is closer to the mode of implicit development。"Dual Processing" theory of KLACZYNSKI (KLACZYNSKI) pointed out，Cognitive reasoning and behavioral decisions are affected by inspiration systems and analysis systems, respectively，The development of these two cognitive systems is independent。From the perspective of development，Social experience can promote the formation of inspiration，The corresponding rules abstract from experience，Therefore, the inspiration system is also known as the experience processing system。Inspiration of children's inspiration and use of certain rules and skills，and depend on the situation factors。If children do not get correct guidance and feedback during the formation and training of moral cognition，It is difficult to form the correct concept of moral development，and will bring long -term negative effects on future development and growth。

　　When children "lie" or make dishonesty as time，If an adult does not care about this，So similar behaviors may be very likely to appear repeatedly; but when children's behavior is timely feedback and correct guidance，At safety、Supported context atmosphere，Good moral cognition will gradually form。Fundamentally，Children's moral cognition and behavior performance is not solidified，More often refer to the comprehensive impact of the situation。Jacobs thinks，Inspiration is a special strategy formed after the development Bet365 lotto review of children's social maps。The basis of the inspiration system is an indestructible memory，Only less consciousness participation and cognitive efforts need to be occurred，Can be quickly、Automatically recognize environmental characteristics，Promoting information and existing knowledge structures assimilation。A horizontal cutting study found，Although children basically have general moral cognitive ability when children are 4 years old，But moral emotional judgment did not mature until the age of 6-7; at the same time，Children's emotional camouflage and moral cognitive evaluation also tend to be stable at the age of 6-7。Where，Moral cognitive evaluation and emotional understanding as a kind of hidden strategy，That is, an influence on children's behavior。

　　In a specific social situation，When the basic rate information is difficult to collect or integrate，People will use representative inspiration to solve problems，The judgment prejudice and inspiration found in adult research also confirmed in children's research。Jiang Qin and others adopt the effects of delayed decision -making task inspections on the development of the emotional decision -making development of children aged 3-4，The impact of finding the ability of viewpoint selection on children's emotional decisions is development，4 -year -old children's views selection ability has been preliminary development，When choosing a different point of view, it shows that when choosing a different decision -making trend for yourself。Children start at the age of 4，Not only knows how to make preliminary decisions and choices，It can also be understood that the difference between "standing from your own perspective" and "standing from the perspective of others" for selection; in this period，It is very necessary to carry out effective moral cognition and standardized education for children。Carry out moral cognition and standardized education bet365 best casino games in a timely manner，Create a good moral development environment，It has important significance for the formation and development of children's moral cognition。

　　The deception of children is contextual

　　In the study of children's deception behavior，The most representative is Piaget's research on lying definition and moral evaluation。Deception refers to the misunderstanding of the intention to cultivate others，Acts that cause others to make mistakes or enter the misunderstanding。It is intentional、Strategy、Three characteristics of faith，The most important feature is belief，refers to deception from the understanding of the wrong belief。Some psychologists even regard deception as a clear sign of understanding of misunderstanding。

　　The psychological theory of children's social cognitive ability and the association of children's deception are not unchanged，The situation may make children deceive and understand the wrong belief understanding of different relationships。Lang (LANG) and Perner research believes，The deception of children is not only related to social cognition，Other dimensions of social development are like a good heart、Will、Self -concepts and other possible correlated。Specifically，In different situations，Display deception、There is a difference between the association between concealed deception and the understanding of the wrong belief: the explicit action deception and the misfalted belief understanding is not significantly correlated at any age group，Display language deception and misunderstanding understanding is only significantly positive when 3 years old，and 4、Hidden deception and misunderstanding understanding of 5 -year -old children is significantly positive。That is to say，Children have formed a clear self -concept at the age of 4-5，Being able to infer the requirements and reactions of others in a specific situation，So as to use the way of behavior that meets the requirements of others。

　　Children's moral cognition bet365 best casino games and general cognitive ability development is not synchronized、Equal，This is particularly obvious in the study of autism children。Beron-Cohen and Russell studies were found，As an individual with normal intellectual development，Children with autism cannot complete the moral judgment task corresponding to age。Research on autism children in recent years pointed out，Psychological theoretical ability and self -emotional recognition are related to decision -making。When you are unfair,，Children with autism through psychological theoretical tasks will refuse to accept unfair allocation，I will also feel unhappy and make a decision for rejection。It is difficult for children to distinguish their emotions from the "other" emotions in specific situations，Although it has the level of normal intelligence development，But it is difficult to have the moral cognitive ability that is compatible with the level of cognitive development。

　　Promote the correct moral cognition of children

　　The development and cultivation of moral cognition is a lifelong journey，The starting point has begun when the age of 4 or even earlier。Pre -school and early school -age，Adults should form a consciousness of moral cognitive education for children，instead of "the child is still young，I don't understand nothing "to simplify the treatment of children's lies and deception。Parents and teachers should lead by example，Words and Education，Perform correct moral cognition and standardized education in the early days of children's life。

　　As far as specific parent education technology is concerned，Berk believes that appropriate guidance is an effective way to cultivate children's moral cognition。When a child is deceiving,，Parents can explain the impact of their behavior on their behavior on others and recommend that children make up for a reasonable way。In this process，Parents should pay attention to words and deeds as one，Do a good job of children，Create safety for children、bet365 live casino games Supporting moral cognitive education atmosphere，This helps promote children to form the correct moral cognition，and further promote the formation of good moral quality。

　　(Author Unit: School of Education of Suzhou University)

Editor in charge: Changchang