Moral judgment is an evaluation activity，Refers to the evaluation of a person's behavior or personality (good or bad)。In many situations of moral judgment，Dilemma is the most special one。In general situations，Usually according to the theory of binary morality (Theory of Dyadic Meriation，TDM) Evaluation of the degree of damage and intention，You can judge the morality of the situation。Ethical judgment of dilemma and dilemma，Not judging the morality of behavior in this situation，Instead of making a choice of this situation。

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Tram dilemma: A train is flying on the railway，Five people stand in front of the track of the train，Stand alone on another railway。Others don’t see the upcoming train，And you stand next to the track conversion wrench。If you don’t pull the wrench，Five people will be killed; if pulling the wrench，Will kill someone。Finally, you choose not to pull the wrench，Let the train drive according to the original route，Five people to death in the end。

The choice of dilemma and dilemma mainly includes two types of morality and utilitarianism。The principle of moral theory is to obey moral obligations，Think that the right or wrong of a behavior is not determined by the results of the behavior，It depends on the behavior itself and responsibility、Rights and obligations, etc.。Trivers think，There is an inviolable moral rule，These rules will not change due to different situations; if a moral rule can be violated in one case，So it can be violated in any case，So it is no longer a moral rule。In other words，If you think that "not killing" is the classic moral obligation principle of Bet365 lotto review the moralist，So as long as you murder your life，Even to save more life，Then it is still wrong，This means that the purpose is not a reasonable reason to take this means。In the judgment of moral theory，Facing Thomson's classic crowd bridge dilemma，I can hardly choose to push that bystander。McNir and others' studies also found，Compared with young people's test，Elderly people are tested less to choose intervention in the predicament (kill five rescue one)，and have lower moral evaluations for young people who choose to intervene。The victims at this time are used as a tool to use，The purpose is to kill people for saving people。Therefore，This dilemma is also known as instrumental dilemma。

Pedestrian bridge dilemma: A train is flying on the rails，Five people stand in front of the track of the train，They did not see the upcoming train。On the bridge in front of the train, you either let the train drive，Five people hitting the rails，Either push down a strong man next to you to stop the train from driving。Finally, you chose to push the strong man next to you to stop the train from driving，Save five people on the railway，Finally killed someone。

The principle of utilitarianism is to maximize interests。Usually results based on results to maximize moral -related behaviors。The principle of utilitarianism is to maximize interests，It should be maximized by advocating social benefits or "good"，Pain or "evil" should minimize，and abide by moral rules。Because it is necessary to ensure the maximum benefits，It is necessary to ensure that it is not conflicting with the rules of morals，So the dilemma looks difficult to solve。Dilemma usually appears or assumed，If you want to save more people by sacrificing a person (tram's dilemma)。From the perspective of utilitarianism，As long as the interest is greater than cost，Murder will also be regarded as reasonable，Bet365 app download This is the measurement of the result。This scene also appeared in the dilemma adapted from Loto and others，To save the lives of six tourists held by mobs，Only one can kill one of them to explain to the thug，This is also a consideration of maximizing the results of the result。At this time, the victims are only attached to incidental (incidental)，The purpose is to save people，But the additional casualties are unexpected，Therefore, this dilemma is also known as the accidental dilemma，and show that the purpose is to take reasonable reasons for this means。Studies also find out，choice for the moral dilemma of intelligent robots still prefer utilitarian theory，I think compared with humans，Robots who choose to save more people in the predicament can be more accepted and loved。Reasons for utilitarian preferences for intelligent robots，Perhaps because the public does not think that the robot will include emotions in the scope of factors when making decisions。

　From the perspective of emotion and cognition, see the theory and utilitarian theory

In the past few decades，Psychologists are constantly exploring the causes of theory and utilitarian theory，Some progress has been made now。The moral judgment of the dual processing model proposed by Green (Dual-Process Model)，The importance of recognizing emotions in moral judgment，But I don’t think that only emotions work，Cognitive processing like moral reasoning is also functional。Green pointed out，Want to know the role of emotions and cognition in moral judgment，The premise is the type that distinguishes moral judgment，That is the theory of morality and utilitarian theory。The cognitive processing used because the individual is different when making different judgments，Individuals judged by the debut theory use the moral intuition of dependence on emotion; and the individual who bet365 best casino games makes the discussion judgment uses controlled cognitive processing，That is moral reasoning。Therefore，Green's dual processing model is actually a reconciliation of the views of Hume and Kant on emotion and rationality。In these two psychological mechanisms，It also includes different influencing factors: internal and external groups、Age difference、Space distance、Power。Among them, the internal and external groups are also a special space distance。The following will detail how the psychological mechanism is reflected in the space distance、Age difference and power。

According to the dual processing model，Two options of dilemma and dilemma are interacted between the following two situations: the emotional emotional emotional emotional emotions cause rejection of injury; cognitive assessment of the result prompts the acceptance of damage to maximize the benefit。That is to say，True theory judgment is usually associated with relatively high emotional reactions，That is, more emotional processing is adopted when the individual makes judgments; the judgment of utilitarianism is usually attributed to prudent reason。Some scholars point out，Two dilemmas will trigger areas in the brain close to emotional areas and the processing process of these areas，And this emotional processing process will interfere with the individual to make the utilitarian choice in order to avoid hurting more people。These emotions include a series of discrete personal emotions (such as the victim's pain and empathy)，and some physiological reactions caused by making harm to others。Study on neural imaging also indicates，The dilemma of the pedestrian bridge inspires stronger emotions than tram's dilemma。，Patients with emotional injuries on the abdomen on the abdomen on the abdomen side presented an unusual utilitarian judgment。But when this Bet365 lotto review negative emotion starts to associate with the dilemma and affect the individual，They will no longer tend to make utilitarian tendencies (to improve their own happiness)，Choose to make more intuitive moral、More behaviors，Taoist tendency behavior。Therefore, the dual process model study of moral judgment indicates，When people face difficult personal moral dilemma，Cognitive and emotional factors will affect their decision。The above discovery promoted Green and his colleagues to explain the judgment of Taoism and utilitarianism，The judgment of moral theory is driven by fast and automatic emotional processes，and the utilitarian judgment is driven by slow and laborious cognitive processes，Need motivation and cognitive resources。

Evratet and others' research discovery，If the subject invests more efforts when making a difficult situation，The result will be biased with utilitarianism; on the contrary，When investing more emotions，It will bring Taoist theory bias。This discovery has been verified in different types of moral difficulties。For example，Compared with people without religious beliefs，People with religious belief have stronger emotions and make a debut judgment。This is because individual choice will enhance the emotion of moral difficulties。At the same time，The same results were found in the age differences on moral judgment。Studies indicate，The moral judgment of the elderly on the dilemma will be more biased towards moral theory，while young people are more oriented to utilitarianism，This is caused by changes related to age in the process of emotion and cognition。As you grow,，The emotional processing ability of the elderly will increase，Careful reasoning ability will decline。Studies also find out，In the predicament of foreign language expression，The subject is more willing bet365 live casino games to choose the damage，To achieve the purpose of maximizing results，This is consistent with the perspective of utilitarianism。This is because from the perspective of dual processing model，Non -national language can reflect the reduction of emotional reactions to damage (that is, decrease in obligation tendencies)，It can also reflect the increasing cognitive evaluation of the results of the presence of foreign languages ​​(that is, increased utilitarian tendencies)。This situation of utilitarizing foreign language context，It can be regarded as a difference caused by the difference in distance perception。Individuals are always inclined to invest more emotion with more things that are closer，Perform more cognitive processing of individuals far away。In a study，Most of the admits will not intervene in the dilemma of the bridge，This is because in this dilemma，The space distance between the subject and the victim is approximate，and involved physical contact，Therefore, a lot of emotional reactions triggered the test。At the same time，The intimate relationship between the subject and the victim will also affect it to make a judgment，Teenagers and adults are more willing to make moral judgments to individuals who have positive emotions with them，Make utilitarian judgment to individuals familiar with them。But if it is not a strong emotional person, you will definitely not make a utilitarian choice，A study found，When people think carefully or have higher work memory capacity，They tend to make more utilitarian judgments。Study found out，There is also contact between power and utilitarianism，People who have been given high power are more likely to accept utilitarian behaviors than those who have given low power。Similarly，People who have greater power in society will make more practical decisions，Bet365 lotto review At this time, the high power of the high power considers a question is not just yourself but the entire collective interest。

To sum up，The interpretation of the two types of moral judgment of morality is concentrated in the emotion and cognitive psychological mechanism behind it。Whether it is age difference、Space distance、Internal and external groups are still power，In the end, it will be reflected in the form of emotion and cognition。

(Author Unit: Psychological and Health of the School of Psychology and Psychological Health of the School of Psychology, Gansu Province, Gansu Province)