mobile bet365 judgment is an evaluative activity，Refers to the evaluation of a person’s behavior or character (good or bad)。In many situations of mobile bet365 judgment，Dilemma is the most special kind。In general situations，Usually based on Theory of Dyadic Morality，TDM) assess the degree of harm and intentionality，You can then judge the morality of the situation。And the dilemma of mobile bet365 judgment，It is not a judgment on the morality of the behavior in this situation，Make a choice about the situation instead。

　Deontology and Utilitarianism: Choice Types of mobile bet365 Dilemmas

The Trolley mobile bet365: A train speeding down the tracks，Five people are standing in front of the track where the train is running，There is a person standing on the other track。Others did not see the upcoming train，And you are standing next to the track conversion wrench。If you don’t pull the wrench，Five people will be killed；If you pull the wrench，It will kill someone。In the end you chose not to pull the wrench，Let the train run on its original route，Finally killed five people。

Dilemma choices mainly include two types: deontology and utilitarianism。The principle of deontology is to comply with mobile bet365 obligations，Believe that whether an action is right or wrong is not determined by the result of the action，It depends on the behavior itself and responsibility、Rights and obligations, etc.。Deontologists believe，There are inviolable mobile bet365 rules，These rules do not change based on circumstances；If a mobile bet365 rule can be violated in a situation，Then it can be violated in any case，This is no longer a mobile bet365 rule。In other words，If you think "don't kill" is the classic mobile bet365 obligation principle of deontologists，Then as long as one person’s life is murdered，Even to save more lives，Then it is still wrong，This means that the end does not justify the means。In deontological judgment，Facing Thomson’s classic footbridge dilemma，The subject will almost never choose to push the bystander。The research of McNair et al. also found that，Compared with young subjects，Older subjects are less likely to choose to intervene in difficult situations (kill five and save one)，And has a lower mobile bet365 evaluation of young people who choose to intervene。The victims at this time are used as tools，The purpose is to kill to save others。Therefore，This dilemma is also called the instrumental dilemma。

Footbridge mobile bet365: A Train Speeding on the Tracks，Five people are standing in front of the track where the train is running，They didn’t see the coming train。On the footbridge in front of the train, you can either let the train move，Crash into five people on the railroad tracks，Or push a strong man next to you to stop the train。In the end you chose to push the strong man next to you off the footbridge to stop the train，Saved five people on the railroad tracks，Finally killed a person。

The principle of utilitarianism is to maximize interests。Ethically relevant actions are usually evaluated based on maximization of outcomes。Utilitarianism is also regarded as an ethical philosophy，Advocates that social welfare or "good" should be maximized，Pain or "evil" should be minimized，And abide by mobile bet365 rules。Precisely because we must ensure maximization of interests，We must also ensure that it does not conflict with mobile bet365 rules，So the dilemma seems difficult to solve。Dilemmas often present choices or assumptions，How to save more people by sacrificing one person (trolley dilemma)。From a utilitarian perspective，As long as the benefits outweigh the costs，Murder will also be seen as justified，This is a measure of results。This scene also appeared in the dilemma adapted by Lotto and others，In order to save the lives of six tourists who were held hostage by thugs，You can only kill one of them to give the thugs an explanation，This is also based on the consideration of maximizing the benefits of the results。The victims at this time are just incidental losses，The purpose is to save people，But the additional casualties were unexpected，Therefore this dilemma is also called the contingency dilemma，And show that the purpose is a reasonable reason for adopting the means。There are also research findings，Still prefer utilitarianism when it comes to ethical dilemma choices for intelligent robots，Think compared to humans，Robots that choose to save more people in difficult situations are more accepted and loved。Reasons for utilitarian preference for intelligent robots，Maybe it’s because the public doesn’t think robots take emotions into consideration when making decisions。

　Deontology and Utilitarianism from an mobile bet365 and Cognitive Perspective

Over the past few decades，Psychologists continue to explore the causes of deontology and utilitarianism，Some progress has been made so far。Dual-process model of mobile bet365 judgment proposed by Green，Acknowledge the importance of emotions in mobile bet365 judgment，But I don’t think only emotions play a role，Cognitive processing like mobile bet365 reasoning also has its role。Green pointed out，Want to understand the role of emotions and cognition in mobile bet365 judgment，The premise is to distinguish the types of mobile bet365 judgment，That is, deontology and utilitarianism。Because individuals use different cognitive processing when making different judgments，For example, individuals who make deontological judgments use emotion-dependent mobile bet365 intuitions；Individuals who make utilitarian judgments use controlled cognitive processing，i.e. mobile bet365 reasoning。Therefore，Green’s dual-process model is actually a reconciliation of Hume’s and Kant’s views on emotion and reason。And in these two psychological mechanisms，Contains different influencing factors: internal and external groups、Age difference、Spatial distance、Power。The internal and external groups are also a special spatial distance。The following will describe in detail how psychological mechanisms are reflected in spatial distance、Age difference and power。

Based on the dual processing model，The two options of the dilemma arise from the interaction between the following two situations: the emotion of harm prompts the rejection of harm；Cognitive evaluation of consequences prompts acceptance of harm in order to maximize benefits。In other words，Deontological judgments are often associated with relatively high emotional responses，That is, individuals use more emotional processing when making judgments；Utilitarian judgments are often attributed to prudent reasoning。Some scholars pointed out，Dilemmas trigger areas of the brain closely associated with emotion and the processing in these areas，And this emotional processing will interfere with individuals making utilitarian choices to avoid harming more people。These emotions include a range of discrete personal emotions (such as victim distress and empathy)，And some physiological reactions resulting from behaviors that harm others。Neuroimaging studies also show，The footbridge dilemma evokes stronger emotions than the trolley dilemma。In addition，Patients with emotion-related damage to the ventral prefrontal cortex show abnormally high utilitarian judgments。But when this negative emotion begins to be associated with a difficult situation and affects the individual，They will no longer be inclined to engage in utilitarian behaviors (to enhance their own happiness)，The choice to make is more morally intuitive、Preferable behavior，That is, morally inclined behavior。Therefore, research on the dual process model of mobile bet365 judgment shows that，When people face difficult personal mobile bet365 dilemmas，Both cognitive and emotional factors influence their decisions。The above findings prompted Green and his colleagues to elaborate on deontological and utilitarian mobile bet365 judgments，Deontological judgments are driven by rapid and automatic emotional processes，Utilitarian judgments are driven by slow and laborious cognitive processes，Requires motivation and cognitive resources。

Research findings by Everett et al.，If subjects put more effort into making dilemma judgments，The result will have a utilitarian bias；Opposite，When investing more emotions，It will have a deontological bias。This finding was verified in different types of mobile bet365 dilemmas。For example，Compared to people without religious beliefs，Religious people have stronger emotions and make deontological judgments。This is because personal choices enhance the emotional salience of mobile bet365 dilemmas。At the same time，Same results were found regarding age differences in mobile bet365 judgment。Research shows that，Elderly people’s mobile bet365 judgments about dilemmas tend to be more deontological，Young people tend to be more utilitarian，This is caused by age-related changes in emotional and cognitive processes。As we grow older，The emotional processing ability of the elderly will be enhanced，And the ability to reason carefully will decline。There are also research findings，In a dilemma expressed in a foreign language，The subjects were more willing to choose harm，To achieve the purpose of maximizing the results and benefits，This is consistent with the utilitarian view。This is because from the perspective of the dual processing model，Non-native language may both reflect reduced affective responses to harm (i.e. reduced obligatory tendencies)，May also reflect increased cognitive evaluation of the consequences of the dilemma presented by the foreign language (i.e., increased utilitarian orientation)。This situation of utilitarianizing foreign language situations，Can be seen as caused by differences in distance perception。Individuals always tend to invest more emotions in things that are closer，Conduct more cognitive processing on distant individuals。In a study，Most subjects will not intervene in the pedestrian bridge dilemma，This is because in this dilemma，The spatial distance between the subject and the victim is close，And involves physical contact，This triggered more emotional reactions in the subjects。At the same time，The close relationship between the subject and the victim will also affect his judgment，Adolescents and adults are more likely to make mobile bet365 judgments about individuals with whom they have positive emotional connections，Make utilitarian judgments about individuals with whom they are less familiar。But it does not mean that people with strong emotions will not make utilitarian choices，A research finding，When people think carefully or have higher working memory capacity，They tend to make more utilitarian judgments。Research findings，There is also a connection between power and utilitarianism，People who are endowed with high power are more likely to accept utilitarian behavior than those who are endowed with low power。Same，People with more power in society make more practical decisions，At this time, when dealing with a problem, those with high power consider not only themselves but the interests of the entire collective。

In summary，Explanations of the two types of mobile bet365 judgments focus on the emotional and cognitive psychological mechanisms behind them。No matter the age difference、Spatial distance、Internal and external groups are still power，Eventually it will be reflected in the form of emotion and cognition。

(Author’s unit: Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of mobile bet365 and Mental Health, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University)