After more than 100 years of evolution and development，Freud's psychoanalytic theory has long been out of its original root social environment，and gradually reveal the development difficulties hidden under its light in the background of today's society。Dested，Freud is trying to rebuild the human psychological significance from the perspective of naturalism，Also for the physical and mental relationship in its theory、Individualization and decision -making problems Laracked。These three problems are like the sword of Damocaris hanging on psychoanalysis，It may be possible to eliminate the theoretical construction of psychoanalysis at any time。Because of this，Todd Dufresne (Todd Dufresne) will only think that "the crisis of psychoanalysis is psychoanalysis itself"。

Post-Kleinian School psychoor analysts did not copy Freud's theoretical framework，but on the basis of Freud's classical psychoanalysis theory，With a new theoretical perspective and method, the internal problems in Freud theory are solved and promoted to further development。Specifically，The Claine School has promoted three theoretical transformations around the development dilemma of Freud theory，It is mainly manifested in the following three aspects。

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On the issue of physical and mental relationships，Freud emphasizes the body's one -way foundation for psychological psychology，Confusion of physical and mental relationships in its psychoanalysis theory。At the beginning of psychoanalysis，Freud starts from the perspective of biology，I believe that the body has a decisive effect on the psychology。Bet365 lotto review At this time，He insists that "the biological field does laid the foundation for the psychological field"，And once obsessed with psychology to neuroma biology。But，Freud found in subsequent clinical work，Psychology is also independent and acts on the body。For example，In the article "On the Subcise"，He pointed out that the content of the subconscious is no longer the foundation of the body and "the product that is irrefutable is the spiritual product"。This is the case，Psychological seems to be able to affect physical symptoms through the conflict of subconsciousness and expression。Obviously，Freud's hypothesis about the psychological layout of the body，Caused the confusion and contradictions of physical and mental views in this theory and practice，This also makes the difference between the heirs on the problem of physical and mental relations。For example，Karl Abraham insists on the decisive role of the body during psychological generation; while René a. Spitz and Hanna Segal and others start from a psychological perspective，It is believed that the symbolic construct in the psychological world can affect the physical symptoms of the patient。

In order to get rid of the influence of Freud's vague body and mind，Hou Claine School psychoanalyst emphasizes the interweaving of the body and psychology。They point out，Body and psychology are two sides of the same development process，and gradually show their respective features in a series of interaction processes。According to this，After the representative of the Klein School, Wilfred R. Bion proposed the "Proto-Mental System"、β elements and alpha elements to describe the development process of psychological development。He advocates，The body is no longer a prototype of the spirit or symbol of the spirit，but a deep body，The emotional factors represented by bet365 best casino games α and β are the first mother of the psychological。Visible，The body and psychology in Byang's theory have no actual distinction，The body itself is a capable person who can accommodate psychological content，This breaks Freud's physical and mental dual opposition division。This view of Byang is highly respected by other post -Clein school psychoanalysts，They all emphasize the inconvenience of physical and psychological。For example，From the view of Donald Meltzer，Babies first constructed the psychological world through the body's direct feelings of the mother，At the same time, it re -organizes its behavioral response to the mother through different identification methods in the psychological world。Visible，The body has not been independent of psychology，but intertwined with each other。

　　Perspective perspective of individualization: from subjective construction to the construction of the subject

Freud's psychoanalysis theory is excessively dependent on individualization analysis，Not universal，The main manifestation is the subjectivity of its constructing subject。Starting from Freud，Psychoanalysis theory is a summary and summary based on many psychoanalysis scholars, especially Freud's subjective clinical experience。For this，Pamela Thurschwell bluntly stated in his book "Freud Guide": "The field of psychoanalysis explore，is the field of individual spirit。"It is true，In spiritual analysis practice，Analyst's subjective grasp of patients is necessary and important，It can help them understand the real psychological meaning behind the patient's symptoms。But，This kind of individual subjective judgment brings convenience while bringing convenience，It is also too individualized without objective standards、Critical criticism。Not only that，The theoretical construction bet365 best casino games of psychoanalysis based on subjective clinical practice is undoubtedly individualized。For example，In the book "Group Psychology and Self -Analysis"，Freud first emphasizes the analysis of personal psychology in the collective。Obviously，The individualization of psychoanalysis and the potential subconscious that seemed to see personal experience in Freud ignores the "common potential" of human beings，This makes psychoanalysis limited to individual research，Can't face more complicated social needs。

In order to overcome the individual defects in the theory of psychoanalysis，Hou Clein School psychoanalyst believes that psychoanalysis should get rid of the dependence on the subjective judgment of analysts，The meaning shared by analysts and visitors from the perspective of the subjective perspective。They think，Visitors and patients in the analysis are not the opposition between analysis and analysis，Instead, the psychological relationship between the Chinese Communist Party in the same domain。In this relationship，Regardless of the interpretation of the theoretical concept or the application of the treatment method，Both have obtained the dual identification between the analysts and the subject of the visitors。For example，Byang pointed out in its accommodation function，Mother and baby、Analysts and patients are no longer unilateral repair relationships，but a symbiotic relationship that repeatedly projected and recognized between two people。This is the case，Psychoanalysis can use the subject and individuals to connect the problem of individualization problems，Extend to a more complex group psychology。

　　The logical change of the problem theory: from psychological decision theory of free will

Limited to the background of the times，Freud did not hesitate to implement the decision logic in its theoretical construction。bet365 best casino games In the study of the sturgeon，Freud's application to decide on the existence of logic anti -pushing subconscious motivation，Think that "a series of ideas of neurosis and hysteria patients are just the factors that are determined，Then we can already launch the existence of hidden motivation behind the subconscious "。At the same time，Freud further proposed that sexual desire is the collection of desire based on different parts of the body，So I found a more decisive factor for sexual desire。This is the case，He takes primitive sexual desire as the connection point，The entire psychoanalytic theory was perfected through causality between different concepts，At the same time, the body will connect it with nature，Forms a complete theoretical closed loop from things to heart。This decision logic runs through most of the psychoanalytic theory development context，Many successors of Freud have proposed different theoretical views，But the theoretical logic is mostly determined by the decision theory。As psychoanalyst Leopold Bellak said，Decision theory has become the guiding principle of psychoanalysis。Because of this，Freud's theory is considered to be the "psychological decision theory"。Even the existential philosopher Heidegger also pointed out that "Freud insists on its psychological theory absolute、Decision theory with strong natural scientific characteristics "，and this will greatly weaken the value and meaning of the individual。

Compared with it,，Hou Clein School psychoanalyst holds a more open free will，This determines the logic of Freud theory while breaking the theory of Freud theory. It also makes psychoanalysis more artistic。They think，Individual psychology is not what Freud said，The world built by the causal connection that occurred by the incident。Just opposite，Desire in the Psychological World、Bet365 lotto review impulse and incident are more loose、Open form integrated，Forms a "persistent connection" that is different from cause and effect decisive relationship。In this process，Maintaining long -lasting but non -deconstructive contact between individual experience。It is open，You can produce a new associated mode in depth and in -depth intertwined with the external world at any time.。Mary Williams and others expanded this concept，It is considered that the vagueness and creativity of art is a model of this "lasting connection"。For example，Melze thinks，The initial instinct of the baby is generated by the mother's diversity and beauty，It allows babies to satisfy and anxious in this uncertainty，Then interact with the mother to build an early mother and baby relationship。It is not difficult to find，Hou Klein school theory entered the road of enrollment and innovative views in the road，Make the theory of psychoanalysis more fond of people with free will，More fresh。

Any theory has its limitations，The theoretical development is based on the continuous review and correction of this limitation。Freud's initial theoretical construction conforms to the seeking of personal value at that time，But the inner dilemma it faces cannot make it adapt to more open and diverse theoretical and clinical needs。After the theory of the Clein School, the theory of the school not only indicates the direction of Freud's theory out of the predicament，It also opened up a new perspective for the development of many psychoanalysis genres based on Freud theory and even the development of the entire psychoanalytic philosophy。

　(This article is the National Social Science Fund general project "Research on the Protection System of abuse children in social flow" (BHA170130)、Anhui Province Humanities and Social Science Research on Humanities and Social Science Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, "Base of precision psychological assistance:‘ third wave ’psychotherapy method system construction and application research (SK2021ZD0020) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: Children's Teachers College, Nanjing Xiaozhuang College)