■Shangshan Site in Pujiang, Zhejiang bet365 mobile betting/photo provided

The Origin of Agriculture and the Origin of Humanity、The origin of civilization is also called the three "ultimate questions" in the field of archeology。The origin of agriculture is the fundamental symbol that divides the Old Neolithic Age，But in the vast land of prehistoric China，The origin of agriculture is not the only way of cultural adaptation during the transition period to the Paleo-Neolithic Age。Even in areas of agricultural origin，North China、Middle and lower reaches bet365 mobile betting Yangtze River、The Lingnan region also has different forms。In areas without agricultural origin，Cultural adaptation changes also occurred during the same period，The forms also vary。With the progress of archaeological discoveries and research in recent years，The transition from the Old to the Neolithic Age in China is becoming increasingly clear。Academic circles gradually realize that，There is a wealth of diversity，The development is not simply linear。The issue bet365 mobile betting transition from the Paleo-Neolithic Age in China has become a relatively independent research field。In this context，It is necessary to think about key issues in this field，With a view to promoting future research。

　　The bet365 mobile betting and space framework is becoming clearer

Since the reform and opening up，There has been a significant increase in archaeological discoveries related to the transition from the Old Neolithic Age in China，There has been a substantial breakthrough in relevant understanding。Take the work bet365 mobile betting past ten years as an example，A series of sites of this stage have been discovered in the Northeast region，Including Daxingtun、houtaomuga、Cylinder Kiln、Twin Towers、Tengjiagang et al，Filled the gap。Central and southern Inner Mongolia、Yu Min Culture was discovered in northern Hebei，Yu Min、Simagou、The excavation of Xinglong and other sites has provided new information for understanding the transition from the Old to the Neolithic Age in the northern grassland area。Add existing archaeological discoveries，Currently we can make a more detailed distinction between the time stages bet365 mobile betting transition period between the Paleo-Neolithic Age in China。

The beginning of this stage can be marked by the appearance of pottery。Pottery (container) is fragile，Not suitable for transportation，Its appearance often means a decrease in the residential mobility of hunting and gathering groups。Judging from the current archaeological discoveries，At least 1 year ago.About 30,000 years ago，Lingnan、Middle and lower reaches bet365 mobile betting Yangtze River、North China、Northeast，Even Japan、Siberia，Pottery appeared in all of them。The data for Lingnan and the middle and lower reaches bet365 mobile betting Yangtze River are earlier，Some data are more than 20,000 years old。Because there are not enough dating specimens，The reliability bet365 mobile betting specimen (which may contain older "dead carbon") is not high enough，The era is still controversial，So it cannot be said that the pottery in a certain place is the earliest，It cannot be said that pottery from other areas spread from this area。From a global perspective，Pottery making technology has been invented repeatedly in different regions。

Combining existing findings，We can put 1.Set around 50,000 years as the beginning bet365 mobile betting transition to the Old Neolithic Age in China。The setting of this upper limit is the product of compromise，It can be changed。The lower limit is relatively clear，That’s about 8500 years ago，A series of Neolithic cultures emerged in North China and the middle and lower reaches bet365 mobile betting Yangtze River during this period，Rushangshan、Pengtoushan、Hou Li、Xinglongwa etc.。Among them，Shangshan and Pengtoushan are slightly earlier than each other。The reason for using the term “emergence”，Because of its sudden appearance，And on an unprecedented scale，A large number of house addresses were found in related ruins、Pottery、Grinded stone tools、Domesticated species, etc.。

With the deepening of research，We seem to be able to further distinguish the transitional stage bet365 mobile betting Paleo-Neolithic Age into Early、Two issues late。The time mark bet365 mobile betting distinction is the Younger Dryas event。This climate event lasts only more than 1,000 years，The warming process at the end bet365 mobile betting Pleistocene was interrupted，The climate is getting colder again。This event may have accelerated the origin of agriculture。Although the current dating accuracy of archaeological materials is not detailed enough，However, it is generally feasible to divide the early and late periods into practice。The important thing is，It can help us see the development process bet365 mobile betting Paleo-Neolithic transition more clearly，For example, at the Wannian Xianren Cave site, you can see the significant changes in rice utilization before and after the Younger Dryas event。

From the perspective of partitioning，According to cultural and ecological conditions，The author divided prehistoric China into North China in "Prehistoric Modernization" (2020 Edition of Sanlian Bookstore)、Middle and lower reaches bet365 mobile betting Yangtze River、Northeast、Southwest、Lingnan、Ecotone、Qinghai-Tibet Plateau、Northwestern and other regions。Due to material limitations，There were two areas that were not included at that time: one was the northern grassland area，The other is the coast and island area。The discovery of Yumin Culture makes the transition to the Old Neolithic Age in the northern grassland a subject that can be explored。With the increase in archaeological discoveries，Further subtle differences may also be found within regions，For example, between the lower and middle reaches bet365 mobile betting Yangtze River，Loess Plateau and Basin in North China、Foothill、Between plain areas。There are differences even within the same archaeological culture，For example, the Houli culture in Shandong has differences between riverside and inland，Abandonment process study shows lower residential mobility in the former。For such a vast area as prehistoric China、In terms of an area with rich and diverse natural environment，We will definitely find more unique local adaptations，This may be a direction for our future research。

　　Discussing the transition mechanism bet365 mobile betting Paleo-Neolithic Age

From the perspective of cultural adaptation，The so-called Paleo-Neolithic transition is how hunter-gatherers responded to external (environmental) and internal (society) challenges，Form a suitable cultural adaptation model。Therefore，The discussion bet365 mobile betting transition mechanism bet365 mobile betting Paleo-Neolithic Age must center on the cultural adaptation mechanism of hunter-gatherers。Hunter-gatherer research is a research field at the intersection of anthropology and archaeology，Gathering Ecology、Evolution、Society、Many theories and perspectives such as agency。So，Exploring the cultural adaptation mechanism of hunter-gatherers，Is an important direction in archaeological theoretical research。Then，Why do we need to explore the mechanism bet365 mobile betting transition from the Paleo-Neolithic Age？The reason is that archaeological reasoning needs to establish a theoretical model。

Archeology understands the past through physical remains，It is also commonly known as seeing through things and seeing people，The path of archaeological reasoning is divided into induction、Deduction and Analogy。The summary starts from each specific archaeological discovery，From special to general，Finally rose to the theoretical level；Deductive reasoning is just the opposite；Induction and deduction complement each other，Both are indispensable。This process is similar to criminal investigation，But it is worth explaining，There are a series of models for criminal investigation to refer to，A certain pattern corresponds to certain material characteristics，Instead of endless reasoning。Models come from theoretical research，It goes hand in hand with reasoning bet365 mobile betting material，Thus improving the efficiency of reasoning。

In current Chinese archaeological research，Special lack of understanding of patterns，Even misunderstanding the pattern，Think that such reasoning is using materials to apply patterns or preset views。Reasoning bet365 mobile betting patterns and reasoning bet365 mobile betting materials are processes of matching each other，It’s not about cutting your feet to fit the shoes。Result of exclusion mode，It’s just that archeology is not capable of seeing things clearly and seeing people。The reason is，No matter how rich the archaeological materials are，In fact, they are only a very small part of ancient life，And the material itself cannot speak，It cannot directly tell us what happened in ancient times。Benefits of starting bet365 mobile betting patterns，It can directly explain the person himself。Due to the huge gap between ancient and modern life，Archaeologists must use tools such as ethnoarchaeology、Experimental archeology and other "mid-range theories" to build models。Research on so-called hunter-gatherers，It is part of pattern research。

The cultural adaptation mechanism of hunter-gatherers can be divided into two aspects: long-term and short-term。The long-term mechanism includes continuous advancement of technology、Improvement of initiative、The continued growth of population and the enhancement of social complexity and the formation of energy maximization strategies formed on this basis。Short-term strategies include increasing liquidity、Development Reserve、Expand recipe、Strengthen the use of food resources、Ask for help from surrounding groups, etc.。First，The use of these strategies is subject to environmental conditions，For example, it is difficult to achieve long-term reserves in tropical rainforest areas (and unnecessary)，It is also not conducive to improving liquidity。Another example，Some areas lack animal and plant resources that can be intensively utilized。Secondly，There is a “ceiling” for these strategies，Such as improved liquidity，Human walking alone，There is a limit to the distance you can move every day。Finally，Different strategies have their costs，And may restrict each other。If liquidity increases to a certain level，Mobility within a group may lead to differentiation，Some members who are not suitable for mobility may stop instead，Stay in central camp，Allow members suitable for mobility to further improve mobility。This way，We may see it in archaeological materials，On the one hand, technologies suitable for flow (such as fine stone leaf technology) are further developed，On the other hand, there are centralized settlements and technologies suitable for low mobility (such as adzes、Stone millstone, etc.)。With the increase of population，The boundaries bet365 mobile betting group’s domain will be clearer，Large-scale mobility (between resource patches) will be restricted，The mobility in a small area (within the resource patch) will increase。

In the transitional period bet365 mobile betting Paleo-Neolithic Age，The combination of long-term and short-term strategies of hunter-gatherers may form different cultural adaptation models，Part bet365 mobile betting pattern is very clear，Can be supported by both hunting and gathering theory and archaeological materials。The most obvious model is towards agricultural production，But it should be noted，There are many forms of agricultural production。In terms bet365 mobile betting objects used，Can be divided into cereal cultivation、Animal feeding、Rhizome cultivation，On this basis，Depending on local conditions，formed into different forms。In terms of development level，Everyone is different，To a lesser extent there is “low level food production”，As in Lingnan area，Limited contribution to agricultural production。High degree of intensive agriculture，For example, rice-centered agriculture has been formed in the middle and lower reaches bet365 mobile betting Yangtze River。

The second model is towards the utilization of aquatic resources。The resource area of ​​aquatic resources is vast，Advantage of shipping，Suitable for fixed-point use，Support settlement，Also has different seasonality from terrestrial resources，Can better buffer the pressure caused by insufficient terrestrial resources and limited mobility。Of course，There are differences between freshwater and ocean in the utilization of aquatic resources，There are also differences in different climate zones，The key lies in the difficulty and sustainability of resource utilization。The further away bet365 mobile betting coastline，The more difficult it is to exploit，But sustainability is better。

The third mode is to continue hunting and gathering。The above long-term and short-term cultural adaptation strategies can be called positive strategies，Hunter-gatherers can actually adopt negative strategies to deal with it，If adopted to reduce the birth rate、Drowned baby、Behaviors such as abandoning elders，Avoid population pressure，So that you can continue hunting and gathering。Some areas are inherently suitable for hunting and gathering livelihoods，Less affected by environmental changes at the end bet365 mobile betting Pleistocene，So that you can continue to engage in hunting and gathering。

Are there more modes?？bet365 mobile betting intensive agriculture to hunting and gathering，is a continuous transition，There are various mixtures。The current summary of relevant models is relatively simple。As the research deepens，Predictable，More patterns will be created，Make archaeological reasoning more precise and accurate。

　　Motive analysis deserves detailed bet365 mobile betting

Discussion of motivation often lacks distinction，Thus attributing the Paleo-Neolithic transition to the sole or primary agent。But，The formation of anything is the result bet365 mobile betting interaction of internal and external factors。From the perspective of internal and external factors，The transition to the Paleo-Neolithic Age involves changes in the external environment，End bet365 mobile betting last ice age，The beginning bet365 mobile betting Holocene with a relatively warm and stable climate，Has both a push and pull effect on the formation of new livelihoods。Internal factors should be more important，But in archaeological research，There is not enough work in this area。

In addition，The interconnection between internal and external factors is also an aspect worthy of further exploration。If some research believes that the sea level dropped by more than 100 meters during the Last Glacial Maximum，At that time, there were hunter-gatherer groups with high social complexity living near the coast。With rising sea levels，These areas are flooded，These groups continue to evacuate inland。The population density in the area where people migrate will increase，Social complexity will still come。The higher the social complexity，It also means that competition within society is stronger。The purpose bet365 mobile betting origin of agriculture is more likely to obtain production surplus for "feasting"，Not just for basic food resources。From the archaeological evidence，Zhejiang’s mountain climbing culture，The pottery appeared early，And it showed a differentiated form from the beginning，Some exquisitely processed pottery (such as pots) exists，And there are signs of brewing，Indicates that the society of Shangshan Culture is likely to have a certain degree of social complexity。

At present, when we discuss the transition to the Paleo-Neolithic Age, we basically emphasize positive factors such as push or pull，Rarely consider negative obstacles。Hunter-gatherer societies are usually egalitarian，bet365 mobile betting this mechanism that inhibits the power to generate production surplus，Agriculture is where bet365 mobile betting possible to produce production surplus。Therefore，For agriculture to originate, egalitarianism must be broken。How to break the egalitarianism of hunting and gathering societies also needs to be discussed，No destruction, no establishment，Destruction and establishment are dialectical relationships。The emergence of social complexity is the result of breaking egalitarianism，Obviously，Some areas took the lead in achieving breakthroughs，This process deserves further study。

There are not only internal and external differences in motivation，There is also a difference between near and far，Far cause represents long-term development，Proximate causes are the effects of short-term or sudden factors。The discussion of distant causes involves the mechanism of cultural adaptation of hunter-gatherers，The discussion of proximate causes mainly considers the triggering factors。Flannery、Scholars starting from ecology such as Rindos believe that no triggers are needed at all，Long-term and stable interactions between humans and animals and plants are sufficient to lead to domestication。This view can also be supported by the theory of self-organizing complex systems，When the system is in critical state，It doesn’t matter what triggers the mutation，What matters is how the system reaches the critical state。The reason why the issue of proximate cause is considered here，It is because bet365 mobile betting coupling relationship between China’s Paleo-Neolithic transition and environmental events。At least in North China，The Younger Dryas event may have played a final role in the origin of agriculture。It is precisely for this reason，We can use it as the boundary between the transitional stage of China's Old Neolithic Age，Divided into two phases, morning and evening。

Research on the transition bet365 mobile betting Paleo-Neolithic Age in China needs to pay attention to the issues of mechanisms and motivations，This involves in-depth theory，Can effectively improve the efficiency of archaeological reasoning，Achieving the purpose of archaeological research to reveal things and people。At the same time，You can integrate multidisciplinary theories into archaeological research，Help solve the problem，In reverse，The results of archaeological research that go deep into people are more likely to be cited by other disciplines than pure archaeological materials。

　　(This article is part bet365 mobile betting National Social Science Fund’s major project “Research on the Theoretical System of Archeology with Chinese Characteristics in the New Era” (21&ZD234) phased results)

(The author is a professor bet365 mobile betting Department of Archeology and Museology, School of History, Renmin University of China)