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Agricultural Origin and the Origin of Humanity、The origin of civilization is also known as the three "ultimate problems" in the field of archeology。Agricultural Origin is the fundamental symbol of the era of the old Neolithic era，But on the vast land of prehistoric China，Agricultural Origin is not the only cultural adaptation method in the transition period of the old Neolithic era。Even in the agricultural origin area，North China、The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River、Lingnan region also has different forms。In a area without agricultural origin，Cultural adaptation changes have also occurred at the same time，Forms are also different。With the progress of archeological discovery and research in recent years，The appearance of the transition of the old Neolithic era in China is becoming increasingly clear。The academic community gradually realized，There is a rich diversity，Its development is not simple linear。The transition problem of the old Neolithic era in China has become a relatively independent research field。In this context，It is necessary to think about the key issues in this field，View future research。

　　The time and space framework is becoming clearer

Since the reform and opening up，Archaeological discovery of the transition of the Chinese old Neolithic Age has increased significantly，Related understanding has a substantial breakthrough。Take the last ten years of work as an example，Northeast China has found a series of sites at this stage，Including Daxingtun、Rear Wood Gat、cylinder kiln、Double Tower、Tengjiagang, etc.，filled the blank。In the central and southern part of Inner Mongolia、An Yumin Culture was found in northern Hebei，Yumin、Simamgou、The excavation of sites such as Xinglong to understand the new information of the transition of the old Neolithic era in the northern grassland belt。Add the existing archeological discovery，At present, we can make a more detailed distinction on the period of the transition period of the old Neolithic period of China。

At this stage, the emergence of pottery can be used as a sign。Tao (Rong) device is fragmented，Not suitable for handling，Its appearance often means a decline in hunting and collecting group living liquidity。From the current archeological discovery，At least 13,000 years ago，Lingnan、The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River、North China、Northeast，and even Japan、Siberia，Tao。Among them, the data in the middle and lower reaches bet365 live casino games of Lingnan and the Yangtze River earlier，Partial data exceeds 20,000 years to the time。Because the annual specimen is not enough，The reliability of the specimen (which may exist more ancient "dead carbon") is not high enough，There is still controversy in the age，So you can't say that the pottery in a certain place is the earliest，Not to mention that pottery in other regions is spread from this area。From the world's perspective，Ceramics technology has been repeatedly inventing in different regions。

Combined with the existing discovery，We can set the time of the transition of the Chinese Old Neolithic Age for about 15,000 years.。The setting of this upper limit is the product of the fold，can be changed。The lower limit of its lower limit is relatively clear，That is around 8500 today，This period has emerged in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in North China and the Yangtze River.，Pengtou Mountain、Pengtou Mountain、Later Lee、Xinglongwa, etc.。Where，The age of the mountain and Pengtou Mountain is slightly early。The reason why the term "emerge" is used，It is because it appears suddenly，and the scale unprecedented，A large number of room sites are found in related sites、pottery、grinding Stone、domestication species, etc.。

With the deepening of research，We can further distinguish between the transitional stage of the old Neolithic era into early、Two in the evening。The time sign of the distinction is the new fairy wood event。This climate event lasted only more than 1,000 years，The heating process at the end of the world was interrupted，The climate is heavy and cold。This incident may accelerate the origin process of agriculture。Although the accuracy of the current age of archeological materials is not meticulous enough，But the division of the two -stage period of the morning and evening is roughly established。The important thing is，It can help us see the development process of the transition of the old Neolithic era more clearly，If you can see a significant change in the use of rice before and after the new fairy wood incident at the Wannian Fairy Cave site。

From the perspective of partition，According to cultural and ecological conditions，I divide prehistoric China into North China、The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River、Northeast、Southwest、Lingnan、Ecological staggered band、Qinghai -Tibet Plateau、Northwest and other areas。Due to the limitations of materials，At that time, there were still two areas not included in: one was the northern grassland area，The other is the coast and island area。The discovery of Yumin Culture has transitioned to the old Neolithic era of the northern grassland.。With the increase in archeological discovery，It may also find more subtle differences in the area，As between the lower reaches of the Yangtze Bet365 lotto review River and between the midstream area，North China Loess Plateau and Basin、Football、Between the plain area。There are even differences within the same archeological culture，If Li culture in Shandong, there is a difference between along the river and inland，Research on the waste process shows that the former has a lower liquidity of the former。A vast area of ​​prehistoric China、A variety of areas such as rich and diverse natural environment，I must find more places with different characteristics，This may be a direction for our future research。

　　Discuss the transition mechanism of the old Neolithic era

From the perspective of cultural adaptation，The transition of the so -called Old Neolithic Age is how the hunting collectors respond to the challenges of external (environment) and internal (society)，Forms a suitable cultural adaptation mode。So，The discussion of the transition mechanism of the old Neolithic era must be centered on the cultural adaptation mechanism of the hunting collector。Hunting Collector Research is a research field of cross -research between anthropology and archeology，Gathering Ecology、Evolution、Society、Energy and other theories and perspectives。So，Discuss the cultural adaptation mechanism of hunting collectors，It is an important direction for archeological theory research。So，Why do we explore the transition mechanism of the old Neolithic era? The reason is that archeological reasoning needs to establish theoretical mode。

Archeology to understand the past through physical relics，It is usually referred to as people，The path of archeological reasoning is divided into induction、Interpretation and analogy。Sumulating is from various specific archeological discoveries，From special to general，Finally rose to the theoretical level; deductive reasoning is the opposite;，Neither of them are indispensable。This process is similar to a criminal detection case，But what is worth explaining is，Criminal detection case has a series of models to refer to，certain mode corresponds to certain material features，instead of inferior reasoning。Model comes from theoretical research，It is in line with the reasoning of from the material，to improve the efficiency of reasoning。

In the current Chinese archeological research，Special lack of understanding of mode，Even misunderstandings of the mode，Think that this reason is to use the material to apply mode or preset viewpoint。The reasoning of the proceeding with materials from the pattern is a process of matching each other，Not a suitable performance。Results of the exclusion mode，is the ability of archeology to see people insufficient。The reason is，No matter how rich the archeological materials，In fact, it is just a very small part of ancient bet365 best casino games life，and the material itself does not speak，Can't tell us what happened directly。Benefits of the model，It can directly explain the person itself。There is a huge gap due to ancient and modern life，Archaeologists must use national archeology、Experimental archeology and other "medium theories" to build mode。The so -called hunting collector research，is the component of mode research。

The cultural adaptation mechanism of hunting collectors can be divided into two aspects: long -term and short -term。Long -term mechanism includes continuous advancement of technology、Improvement of energy、The continuous growth of the population and the enhancement of social complexity formed on the basis of this and the formation of energy maximizing strategies。Short -term strategies include improving liquidity、Development Reserve、Expand recipes、Strengthening the use of food resources、Ask for help from the surrounding groups。First，The use of these strategies will be limited by environmental conditions，For example, it is difficult to achieve long -term reserves in the tropical rain forest area (nor necessary)，It is not conducive to improving liquidity。Another example，Some areas lack of animal and plant resources that can be strengthened。Next，These strategies have "ceiling"，improvement of liquidity，Based on human walk，The distance that can be flowing every day is limited。Last，Different strategies have their own costs，and may restrict each other。If the liquidity increases to a certain degree，The liquidity of members in the group may produce differentiation，Some members who are not suitable for flowing may stop，Stay in the central camp，Let members suitable for flow further improve liquidity。This，We may see on archeological materials，On the one hand, it is suitable for flowing technology (such as fine stone leaf technology) to further develop，On the other hand, a centralized location and technology suitable for low liquidity (such as 锛、stone mill plate, etc.)。As the population increases，The domain boundary of the group will be more clear，The liquidity of a large range (between resource plaque) will be limited，The liquidity of a small range (inside the resource plaques) will increase。

During the transition period of the old Neolithic era，Hunting collectors have a long -term combination of short -term strategies that may form different cultural adaptive modes，Some modes are very clear，Able to get support of hunting collection theory and archeological materials。The most prominent model is to move towards agricultural production，But what needs to be noticed is，The forms of agricultural production are very diverse。As far as the target uses，Can be divided into grain bet365 best casino games planting、Root cultivation、Root cultivation，There are also different，According to the situation in various places，Forms different forms。As far as the degree of development，There are also different，Low degree "Low -level food production"，If in Lingnan area，Limited agricultural production contribution。High degree is about agricultural agriculture，For example, an agricultural centered on rice centered on the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River。

The second model is to use the use of aquatic resources。The resources of the aquatic resources are vast，Advantages of shipping，Suitable for fixed -point use，Support settlement，At the same time, there is a seasonality different from terrestrial resources，It can better buffer the pressure caused by the limited liquidity。Of course，The difference between the use of freshwater and ocean in the use of aquatic resources，There is still a difference in different climate bands，The key is the difficulty and sustainability of resource utilization。The farther away from the coastline，The more difficult to use，but better sustainability。

The third mode is to continue hunting and collection。The above -mentioned long -term and short -term cultural adaptation strategies can be called positive strategies，Hunting collectors can actually adopt negative strategies to deal with，If the birth rate is reduced、Drowning Baby、Abandoning Old Actions，Avoid population pressure，Therefore, you can continue to hunt and collect。Some areas are already suitable for hunting and collection of livelihoods，The impact of the environmental change at the end of the world is less impact，Therefore, you can continue to engage in hunting collection。

Is there more models? From collection agriculture to hunting collection，Is a continuous transition，There are all kinds of mixed。The summary of the current model is relatively simple。With the deepening of research，You can predict，More modes will be established，Make the archeological reasoning more precise and accurate。

　　Dynamic analysis is worthy of refined discussion

Discussion on dynamics usually lacks distinction，Therefore, the transitional transition of the old Neolithic era is attributed to the only or main motivation cause。but，The formation of everything is the result of the interaction of internal and external factors。From the perspective of internal and external causes，The transition of the old Neolithic era involves changes in the external environment，End of the last ice period，The new world starts with relatively warm and stable climate，The formation of the formation of new livelihood has the effect of pushing and pull。Internal causes should be more important，But in archeological research，The work in this area is not enough。

other，The interrelated Bet365 lotto review connection between the internal and external causes is also worthy of further discussion。If there are studies, it is believed that the sea level of the sea has dropped by more than 100 meters，At that time, there was a hunting collection group with higher social complexity near the coast.。With the rise of the sea level，These areas are flooded，These groups continue to evacuate from inland。The population density of the population moved into the zone increased with this，Social complexity will be passed over。The higher the social complexity，It also means that the competition in the society is stronger。The purpose of the origin of agricultural is more likely to get the remaining production of the "feast" production，Not just to obtain basic food resources。From the perspective of archeological evidence，Zhejiang's Shangshan Culture，It appears early，and the form of differentiation at the beginning，There are some exquisite processed pottery (such as pots)，And there are signs of wine brewing，It shows that there is a certain social complexity in society in the mountain culture。

At present, we discuss the transitions of the old Neolithic era. Basically, we basically emphasize positive factors such as push or pull，and rarely consider negative obstacles。Hunting Collection of Society is usually an alternative，It is this mechanism that suppresses the power to produce the remaining power，Agriculture may produce the remaining production。So，The origin of agricultural must break the echisticism。How to break the alternativeism of hunting and collection of society is also a need to discuss，Not broken，Breaking and standing is a dialectical relationship。The occurrence of social complexity is the result of breaking the alternative，Obviously，Some regions have taken the lead in making breakthroughs，This process is worth investigating。

Dynamic is not only the difference between inside and outside，There is still a distant distinction，Far due to long -term development，Near the cause is the effect of short -term or sudden factors。The discussion of the distant cause involves the mechanism of the cultural adaptation of hunting collectors，Recent discussions mainly consider trigger factor。Flannery、Rindos (Rindos) and others from ecology.，The long -term stable interaction between humans and animals and plants is enough to cause domestication。This view can also be supported from the theory of self -organizing and complex systems，When the system is in a critical state，What factors are triggered by mutation is not important，The important thing is how the system meets the critical state。The reason why it is considered a problem with the problem here，It is due to the bet365 best casino games coupling relationship between the transition of the Chinese old Neolithic era and environmental incidents。At least in North China，The new fairy wood incident may play the role of the door in the process of agricultural origin。Also for this reason，We can use the transition stage of the old Neolithic period of China as the boundary，Divided into two issues in the morning and evening。

Research on the transition of the Chinese old Neolithic Age needs to pay attention to the mechanism and the problem of motivation，This involves the in -depth theory，It can effectively improve the efficiency of archeological reasoning，The purpose of realizing archaeological research through people。At the same time，You can integrate multidisciplinary theory into archeological research，Assistance to solve the problem，Turn in turn，The results of archeological research deep into people are more likely to be cited by other disciplines than pure archeological materials.。

　　(This article is the National Social Science Fund major project "Research&ZD234) Pharmaceutical results)

(The author is a professor at the Department of Archeology and Culture of the School of History of Renmin University of China)