Many of our options involve the benefits of weighing smaller rewards and bigger rewards in the future，These options are called cross -dead decisions。For example，We may have to choose whether to spend wages now or for retirement savings。Although the delayed reward is greater，But many people prefer instant rewards instead of rewards obtained after delay。A potential explanation is，Instant rewards may cause greater emotional response than delay rewards。This is a dominant theory in the cross -term decision -making literature，It has been confirmed in the two systems (thermal systems and cold systems) models，This model assumes that our preference for instant rewards comes from the emotional response of "heat"，and patience come from more thoughtful and "cold" reasoning。

Comprehensive research discovery，Positive emotions can reduce the time discount rate of individuals，Make it more or more long -term choice; negative emotions can increase individual time discount rate，Make it more biased towards short -term selection。But there are other studies indicating，Negative emotions and positive emotions have the opposite effect on cross -term decisions。That is to say，A negative state encourages people bet365 best casino games to fight impatient，Active state makes them more inclined to the present。For example，Li Xiaoming Studies Discovery，Compared with the test that is positive and neutral,，When the decision -making confirmation is high，Test in a negative emotional state will choose a larger and delayed reward。Visible，Emotional costs on the impact of cross -term decision -making are inconsistent，The specific emotions of the same price may have different effects on cross -term decision -making。

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Research in the past shows，Personality can affect personal discount rates，High -level outgoability can predict preference for instant satisfaction。Study discovered，In the predicted discount rate，External orientation and cognitive ability exist in the main effect，There is also a significant interaction between exterior and positive emotions。Extreme people prefer to get rewards immediately when they are positive for the first time。And Ifcher and Zarghamee investigated whether positive emotions will affect cross -period decision -making behavior，Results indicate，Compared with neutral emotions，Mild positive emotions significantly reduced the time discount rate of the subject，More preference for long -term returns in the selection task of cross -term selection; negative emotions make people shorter，Small rewards that preference can be Bet365 app download fulfilled early。Wang Peng and Liu Yongfang also found，The time discount rate of the trial of the pleasant group decreases，The subject is more inclined to select the delay option; and the discount rate of the time of the sad team's test increases，They are more inclined to choose the real -time option。

Although it is not very clear about how many processing systems participating in the process of cross -term decision -making，But some researchers think，The interaction between the two processing systems of thermal system and the cold system determines the performance of the individual in cross -term decision -making。Hot/Cold System Theory Consid by，The thermal system is related to the impulse of the individual，It is an emotional drive，It is manifested as a simple conditional reflection，The response speed is fast; the cold system is related to the self -control of the individual，It is a cognitive drive，Careful，So it's slower。So，The results of the above research support the individual when facing instant income and have greater emotional activation，The thermal system occupies a dominant position in decision -making，And the emotion may reduce the role of cognitive execution function in cross -term decision -making。For example，Henry Lin and others inspected the effects of future scenarios on cross -term decision -making，As a result, I found that the situation of positive Bet365 app download costs made high work memory、High suppression control and low dopamine genetic risk individuals have a higher time discount rate increase。

But，There are also studies believe，The degree of emotional evolution is not whether the income is immediately，and choose the situation。Lempert and others use the technology of eye movement，Measted the change of pupil magnification in the degree of pupils that represent emotional activation。As a result, I found，The subject has a greater pupil amplification reaction for options (whether it is an instant option or a delay option) in the series of cross -term selection，and have a greater pupil amplification reaction for options with higher average value than past choices，Emotional evolution and other influencing factors have an impact on cross -dead decisions。

　　Negative emotions make individuals more orientated for short -term selection

Gray's research indicates，Compared to positive emotions and neutral emotions，People lack rationality in negative emotions，Short eyes，easier to make impulse。Chen Xiaoling also found the impact of different emotions on individual self -control through different emotions，Compared with the positive emotional group and the neutral emotional group，A test of the negative emotional group will have more impulsive choices。It is worth mentioning is，Some studies focus on the effects of specific negative emotions on cross -term decision -making。bet365 best casino games For example，Lerner and others induced the disgust and sadness of the trial through emotional videos and memories of emotional events。Research results found，Compared to neutral and disgust，In the state of sadness and emotion, the test is more inclined to choose a small and immediately reward; relative to neutral emotions，Disdish emotions have not changed the choice of the subject。Also studying and using the incident -related potential (ERP) to study how anger and sadness affect the cross -term decision。The results of behavior research indicate，Compared with neutral emotions，Angry and delay reward preferences，while sadness does not change the individual's choice preference。ERP results found，Compared with neutral and sad start，During the evaluation phase，Angry starts a larger P1 in the center of the ear and the top leaf area，larger P2 in the central area of ​​Earlot，larger P3 in the top leaf area。

People's expected emotions in the future will affect the current selection。Specifically，When people face the negative events that will occur in the future，It is expected to produce negative emotions (such as fear, etc.) during the process of waiting for negative events，That is, people will expect to wait for negative events to be a painful process。This expected negative emotion will make people feel that negative events will occur more disgusting bet365 Play online games than now in the future，Therefore, it is more inclined to choose negative events that occur now，A negative discount phenomenon appears。Based on this，Sun Hongyue and others proved the reason why the individual had negative discounts through experiments，It is because the total negative use of future negative event options not only comes from negative use of negative events itself，It also comes from the expected negative emotions generated by negative events and the negative use of the expected anti -scalp (referring to the individual cannot stop thinking about negative events) in the process of waiting for negative events.。This is the first time that the researchers tried to verify the psychological mechanism of negative discounts through experiments。Future research can directly verify whether the individual produces expected negative emotions when facing future negative events，It should also explore the relationship between other components of emotions and cross -term decisions，and how to awaken how to interact with these other ingredients to adjust the value。

(This article is the separation of the National Natural Science Foundation "Sports and Non's Emotional Movement in Early automated processing" (31960181) phased results)

(Author Unit: School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University)