In the current Internet era，bet365 ohio promo code spreads rapidly，A mixed bag of true and false bet365 ohio promo code，often results in "spreading rumors"，My legs are broken if I refute the rumors”。Why in the current public opinion environment，So hard to refute rumors？Why even if factual evidence is presented，Tell the public the truth truthfully，Some people still find it difficult to reverse their misconceptions？The "backfire effect" in psychology may help explain this phenomenon。This effect refers to an incorrect message being corrected，If the corrected bet365 ohio promo code is contrary to the person’s original opinion，On the contrary, it will deepen people’s trust in this (originally) wrong bet365 ohio promo code。

The “backfire effect” was proposed by American journalist David McRaney in 2011。He discovered，When a person faces accusations from public opinion，The more I want to defend myself，The more you present facts and make sense，The more it bet365 ohio promo code trigger further denial from the other party，Even attack。In other words，When an individual encounters opinions or evidence that conflict with his or her beliefs，Unless the opinion or evidence is sufficient to completely destroy the original belief，Otherwise the individual bet365 ohio promo code ignore or refute them and reinforce their original beliefs。

In the United States，Every flu season kills thousands and generates hundreds of millions of dollars in medical costs。A US investigation found，About 43% of the public believe that the flu vaccine will cause the flu。To correct this view，The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has published a popular science article on its official website，In order to change public perception。Afterwards，Researchers investigate this practice，I found that popular science articles have significantly corrected people’s misunderstandings，But it also significantly reduces the willingness of respondents who are highly concerned about vaccine side effects。It can be seen from this，Although refuting bet365 ohio promo code is an effective way to eliminate the harm caused by bet365 ohio promo code，But it will also cause some audiences to believe in bet365 ohio promo code，Even tend to act on bet365 ohio promo code。

This phenomenon of persuasive bet365 ohio promo code inducing the “backfire effect” often occurs in other situations in daily life。For example，When tobacco companies push back on the message that smoke is harmful，People will believe the bet365 ohio promo code more。Except for rumor refuting bet365 ohio promo code，Product warning bet365 ohio promo code may also have negative effects。There are research findings，When disclosing the health risks of cigarettes or artificial sweeteners，Such product warnings lead to more purchases of these products。

Then，Why does this happen？In psychological research on rumors，The theory of The Motivated Reasoning is often used to explain the "backfire effect"。Motivated reasoning is the tendency for people to process and respond to bet365 ohio promo code defensively，i.e. accepting and seeking corroborating bet365 ohio promo code，Ignore、Question or refute challenging bet365 ohio promo code and its source。Specifically，When people are exposed to bet365 ohio promo code that challenges their beliefs or preferences，Being emotionally stressed due to conflict，Then there is an urge to relieve the tension，i.e. cognitive dissonance。Spurred by this impulse，People will ignore it、Question or refute challenging bet365 ohio promo code and its source。In the process of generating rebuttal bet365 ohio promo code，People often have availability bias (Availability Heuristic)，That is, judging the possibility of an event based on its cognitive ease。For example，Someone was involved in a plane collision last month，So now I prefer to take the train。But in fact，The train accident rate is higher than the plane accident rate。

Another explanation for the “backfire effect” is the illusion of truth and misunderstanding of motives。On the one hand，People will mistakenly record rumors as fact due to forgetfulness，The Illusory Truth Effect。According to the illusion of truth theory，When people encode bet365 ohio promo code，Will give false bet365 ohio promo code a negative label，But it will not give true bet365 ohio promo code a positive label。After a while，Negative tags are forgotten long before the message itself，People will have the illusion of truth in this situation，Vaguely remember rumors as “truth”。On the other hand，People will misunderstand the motivation of refuting rumors，Thus believing the rumors even more。In other words，When people are exposed to rumor-refuting bet365 ohio promo code，Especially in some bet365 ohio promo code with daily biased ideas，You will think that the rumor refuters are trying their best to cover up some ulterior "facts" in the rumors，Thus believing these rumors even more。

In addition，Psychological resistance is also one of the causes of the "backfire effect"。Psychological resistance theory refers to when certain restrictions cause people to feel that their autonomy or face is threatened，They will have a rebellious or resistant mentality，Then the thought or behavior of regaining autonomy，Specifically manifested as believing more in restricted concepts or taking more restricted behaviors。Therefore，When refuting rumors or persuading bet365 ohio promo code makes people feel their autonomy or face is threatened，They will have a kind of psychological resistance，Thus leading to the "backfire effect"。

Although it is difficult to fundamentally eliminate the negative impact of rumors by refuting them，However, rumor refuters can formulate a rumor refuting plan based on the causes of the "backfire effect" when releasing rumor refuting bet365 ohio promo code，Minimize the "backfire effect"，Reduce the "sequelae" of refuting rumors。2021，A study from Princeton University in the United States showed that，Compared to hearsay evidence，When subjects receive scientific evidence bet365 ohio promo code，will update their beliefs more rationally。Therefore，When the rumor refuter provides bet365 ohio promo code to refute the rumor，Can provide bet365 ohio promo code in scientifically standardized terms，So as to better correct people’s misunderstandings。Considering the impact of availability bias，Rumor-refuting bet365 ohio promo code should also be presented in clear and easy-to-read forms such as charts and graphs，Making bet365 ohio promo code easier to encode and extract，Bring more truth to the audience and make it easier to find，Thus prompting them to believe the truth。

Add bet365 ohio promo code that reminds social norms or social identity when refuting rumors，It may also be an effective measure。People tend to imitate group behavior，To gain social identity and the good feeling it brings。Therefore，Rumor debunkers can take advantage of people’s herd mentality，Add bet365 ohio promo code that reminds social norms or social identity to refute rumors or persuade bet365 ohio promo code，Thus prompting the audience to accept refutation or persuasive bet365 ohio promo code in a way that imitates the behavior of the community。

In short，Rumor debunkers before presenting their own factual evidence，The impact of the “backfire effect” should be fully considered，Adopt appropriate coping strategies，So as not to be counterproductive。After understanding the "backfire effect"，When the public accepts rumor-refuting bet365 ohio promo code，You should also reflect on whether you will be affected by it，Look at the bet365 ohio promo code received from an objective and rational perspective。

(Author’s unit: School of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University)