The steamed bun bet365 games is an intermittent semi-inverted flame ceramic firing bet365 games with a dome shape，The prototype first appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty，Mostly distributed in northern my country，There are also sporadic distributions in central and southern my country。Early steamed bun kilns used firewood as fuel，After the Tang Dynasty, the steamed bun kilns in the north mainly used coal as fuel。"Fuliang County Chronicles" contains "Xinping Pottery，Beginning in the Han Dynasty"，It means that the firing of ceramics in Jingdezhen began in the Han Dynasty。At the latest during the Five Dynasties period，Jingdezhen began to use steamed bun kilns。After that，Steamed bun bet365 games has become one of the main ceramic bet365 games types in Jingdezhen。its characteristics、Product and technology exchange and integration, etc.，Worth exploring in depth。

　　Jingdezhen steamed bun bet365 games started in the Five Dynasties

Throughout the development history of ancient Chinese ceramic kilns，After the rising flame round bet365 games，Because there are many plains in the north、The south is mountainous and other reasons，The ceramic kilns in northern my country are moving towards the semi-downflamed steamed bun bet365 games (called steamed bun bet365 games based on its shape，Called Ma Ti bet365 games according to its plan，The author refers to them collectively as "Steamed Bun bet365 games") development，Southern my country is developing toward dragon kilns。Jiangxi is in line with the development direction of kilns in southern my country，As early as the Shang Dynasty, ceramic kilns, mainly dragon kilns, appeared，For example, the dragon bet365 games of the middle and late Shang Dynasty found in Jiaoshan, Yingtan。Afterwards，Among the famous bet365 games ruins of past dynasties discovered in Jiangxi，Like Hongzhou bet365 games、Jizhou Yonghe bet365 games, etc.，The dragon bet365 games ruins were discovered。

But，The distribution of dragon kilns and steamed bun kilns is not clearly divided by geographical conditions。With the spread of northern brick and tile technology to the south，The steamed bun bet365 games was also spread to the south and used for firing porcelain，For example, the Tang Dynasty steamed bun bet365 games for firing celadon was discovered in Beiditou, Chaozhou, Guangdong，Its shape is long strip，It should be caused by the influence of Long bet365 games。The steamed bun bet365 games has a shorter bet365 games body，Leave a furnace opening behind the door seal，Used to throw firewood or coal。The flame first rises from the combustion chamber to the top of the bet365 games，Then pour it back to the bottom of the bet365 games，Through the smoking port under the back wall，Exhaust through the chimney，It is a semi-downflame bet365 games。Steamed bun bet365 games has the following characteristics: simple structure，The chimney is not high，Easy to build，Low investment in infrastructure；Small size，Flexible use；The temperature rises and falls slowly。Based on these characteristics that are different from dragon bet365 games，In the southern bet365 games industry area, it is seen that steamed bun kilns are used as auxiliary kilns for plain kilns or dragon kilns。

Jingdezhen also conforms to this development law，Based on the current archaeological excavation situation，3 Tang Dynasty dragon kilns have been discovered、1 dragon bet365 games of the Five Dynasties and multiple dragon bet365 games relics of the Song Dynasty。Among them，Excavation of a Dragon bet365 games from the Tang Dynasty at the Nanyao bet365 games Site，Excavation of two late Tang Dynasty dragon kilns at the Lantian bet365 games site，One dragon bet365 games was found in the Hutian bet365 games site but was not excavated，Daotangli、One Northern Song Dynasty dragon bet365 games was excavated at the Phoenix Mountain site，Excavation of a Dragon bet365 games from the Southern Song Dynasty at Hutian bet365 games，Excavation of 3 Dragon Kilns of the Southern Song Dynasty in Yaoli Ancient bet365 games Site Group。During the excavation of the Hutian bet365 games site in 1996，A steamed bun bet365 games from the Five Dynasties period was discovered。Visible，Jingdezhen was the first to use steamed bun bet365 games to make porcelain，Reflects the eclectic characteristics of the local bet365 games industry。

Judging from the existing archaeological discoveries in Jingdezhen，Both the Five Dynasties and the Ming Dynasty, Jingdezhen used steamed bun kilns to bake porcelain。There are 2 kilns in the Five Dynasties period，14 imperial kilns in the Ming Dynasty、Hutian bet365 games 1。There are certain differences in the shapes of steamed bun kilns in these two periods，The fired products are also very different。

Two Five Dynasty kilns excavated in Jingdezhen，Although they can all be regarded as steamed bun kilns，But the materials used to build the bet365 games are completely different。The bet365 games in Hangkou Village, Wanggang Township is a cave bet365 games dug into the side of the mountain，The steamed bun bet365 games of Hutian bet365 games is made of bricks。The biggest difference between its bet365 games shape and Jingdezhen Ming Dynasty steamed bun bet365 games is the smoke exhaust system，It is a slender flue cut out of the back wall of the bet365 games，Not a chimney。Five Dynasties Period，Jingdezhen’s main products are celadon and white porcelain，Many Five Dynasty kilns such as Yangmei Pavilion、Baihuwan and other cities burn both celadon and white porcelain，Both kilns only produce celadon。

　　Jingdezhen Ming DynastySteamed bun bet365 games and its products

Mid and late Ming Dynasty，Steamed bun bet365 games is the main form of bet365 games used by the imperial bet365 games factory。The 14 steamed bun kilns excavated by Yu bet365 games Factory are a whole，The ruins of the upper and lower three kilns are overlaid and broken，The usage time lasts for a long time，According to the excavators, it is estimated to be from Xuande to Wanli years。The steamed bun bet365 games in Yu bet365 games Factory has a clear smoke chamber、Chimney structure，The area of ​​the fire chamber and the bet365 games bed are almost the same，The bet365 games is smaller，About 4 meters in length，About 2 meters wide。The steamed bun bet365 games in Hutian bet365 games Wuyuling is in shape、Basically the same size as the steamed bun bet365 games of Yu bet365 games Factory。They are very similar to the structure of northern steamed bun kilns，It’s just that the bet365 games bed is flat without reverse tilt，Furthermore, there is a new design in the imperial bet365 games steamed bun bet365 games where the bottom of the smoke chamber is lower than the bet365 games bed。

Different from the situation in the Five Dynasties steamed bun kilns，The products fired in the steamed bun kilns of the Ming Dynasty were all mainstream products at that time，Whether it is an imperial bet365 games or a private bet365 games，The kilns are very small，Obviously to better control the firing，It should be said that it represented a relatively mature firing technology at that time。90% of the artifacts unearthed from the bottom of Hutian Wuyuling Steamed Bun bet365 games are plain white-glazed stem cups，There are a small number of blue and white pine, bamboo and plum bowls。Back in the 1980s，Zhou Ren and others from the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences discovered it，Chenghua Period，The aluminum content in Jingdezhen porcelain bodies is significantly higher than that of the previous dynasty。Since then, studies have also shown that，The alumina content of Chenghua porcelain bodies is higher than that of other porcelain bodies in the Ming Dynasty。The improvement of alumina can not only improve the fire resistance of the carcass，It can also promote the formation of more mullite crystals in the matrix，Making the porcelain body more translucent，Making Chenghua folk bet365 games utensils different from the previous heavy and heavy characteristics of folk kilns，Becomes thinner and lighter。The content of calcium oxide in the Chengcheng glaze is slightly less than that of the previous Yongxuan and subsequent Jiawan periods，The glaze layer will be relatively thick and appear as moist as jade。Even in folk bet365 games artifacts，The oily and thick feeling of Chenghua enamel is also very prominent。Variations in these glaze recipes，Finally it all needs to be realized in the bet365 games firing。The characteristics of slow heating and cooling of steamed bun bet365 games and its small size，All contribute to the realization of the final effect of the product。

There are no bet365 games-fired products left in the imperial bet365 games steamed bun bet365 games，But according to the bet365 games sweat of the bet365 games，It can be judged that this is a bet365 games for burning high-temperature utensils，It is probably the "Qing bet365 games" recorded in Jiajing's "Jiangxi Province Dazhi" of the Ming Dynasty for burning small utensils。Lampu further explains "Qing bet365 games" as: "Only the wrapped Qing bet365 games can be fired together。What is Bao Qing？Gaifan puts the billet into his bet365 games，Everything must be polished to become a good product，There are bitter things but no green tools，The burner will be compensated separately。Not only the official organs of the factory are like this，The same is true even if every household is burning together。""Green" is a common saying in Jingdezhen porcelain industry，That’s a good idea，"Qing bet365 games" is a bet365 games that can bake all the porcelain that is loaded into the bet365 games。As an imperial bet365 games factory, it is a bet365 games that can ensure that all the items put into the bet365 games are fired into good quality，Represents the highest level of firing technology at that time。Of course，“Qing bet365 games” is not unique to Imperial bet365 games Factory，"Jiangxi Provincial Dazhi·Cao Zheng·bet365 games Production" records: "There are fifty-eight pottery bet365 games officials...and about twenty folk green kilns。"But it is not yet certain whether the folk "Qing bet365 games" is a steamed bun bet365 games。Due to the high temperature of the imperial bet365 games factory, there are special color kilns for firing color glazes，Then the Qing bet365 games fired small high-temperature porcelain except for high-temperature colored glazes。Therefore，Xuande to Wanli period，White glaze、Small utensils in blue and white and underglaze red are the main products of Yu bet365 games Mantou bet365 games。These products represented the highest level of porcelain making technology at that time。

　　Technological sources vary greatly in different periods

The origins of steamed bun kilns that appeared in different periods of Jingdezhen’s history are not the same。The steamed bun kilns in Jingdezhen in the Five Dynasties were not affected by the steamed bun kilns in the north at the same time，From a structural point of view，The exhaust structure at the end of the bet365 games is different from that of northern steamed bun kilns，And similar to the southern steamed bun bet365 games。According to research by Qin Dashu，From the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty，The shape of steamed bun kilns in the north has changed from slender to wide and short。The steamed bun kilns in Guangdong during the Tang Dynasty were different，For example, the Tang Dynasty bet365 games discovered in North Ditou, Chaoan, Guangdong in 1954，Full length 4.97 meters、Width 2.12—2.26 meters，There are three fire-absorbing holes under the bet365 games end，Followed by three rectangular flues，Tonggao1.4 meters。Similar to this bet365 games tail structure is the Guanchong bet365 games in Xinhui, Guangdong，The back wall of the bet365 games is vertical，With three flues，Recessed inner wall，There are concave birch sleeves on both sides of each flue，Can be used to seal the flue by laying bricks from top to bottom。Not only does the southern steamed bun bet365 games not have a big chimney，The flue tends to be relatively long and slender，And only three。The flue or parallel and straight up，Or it may converge into a smoke hole at the top，The pumping power is far inferior to that of the northern steamed bun kilns of the same period。This also proves that the southern steamed bun bet365 games during the Five Dynasties period was not a product of the influence of northern steamed bun bet365 games technology during the same period。

The steamed bun kilns of the Five Dynasties in Jingdezhen are the same as those of the southern steamed bun kilns of the same period，Close relationship with brick bet365 games。The direct evidence is，The "Second Service" Brick bet365 games in Ganzhou, Jiangxi from the Five Dynasties to the Early Northern Song Dynasty。At the end of this brick bet365 games, there are three flues running side by side from the bottom to the top of the bet365 games，The flue configuration is exactly the same as that of the Five Dynasties bet365 games in Hangkou Village, Wanggang Township, Fuliang County。Judging from the archaeological report，The chimney behind is just three slender flues perpendicular to the ground at the end of the bet365 games。The same is true for the steamed bun bet365 games of Hutian bet365 games in the Five Dynasties，There is no large chimney or smoke chamber at the end of the bet365 games。However, although this type of bet365 games is technically closely related to the brick and tile bet365 games，But the steamed bun kilns of the Five Dynasties in Jingdezhen were all porcelain kilns used for firing celadon，Not a brick bet365 games。Hutian、The firing level of the Five Dynasty steamed bun kilns in Wanggang Township and Liujiawu is also lower than that of the Long bet365 games of the same era，Can only produce celadon。

The structures of the Imperial bet365 games Factory and the Hutian bet365 games Ming Dynasty Steamed Bun bet365 games are similar，Basically the same as the steamed bun bet365 games in the north。Slightly different is，Ordinary steamed bun bet365 games has a larger body，The bet365 games bed is higher in front and gradually lowers in the back，Generally 3 chimneys。The steamed bun bet365 games of the Imperial Ware Factory in the Ming Dynasty was smaller，About 4 meters in length，About 2 meters wide；The bet365 games bed is flat and has no slope，Suppose a large horizontal rectangular chimney，And a recessed flue is added between the bet365 games bed and the back wall，This is a new situation that has not been seen in northern steamed bun kilns in the past。Steamed bun bet365 games was a bet365 games shape commonly used for firing porcelain in northern areas before the Ming Dynasty。In the Ming Dynasty Xuande and later imperial wares factories adopted steamed bun kilns，Maybe it has something to do with the diversification of its firing varieties and the high quality requirements for its products。Overall，The steamed bun bet365 games of the imperial bet365 games factory in the Ming Dynasty was the result of improvements based on the mature steamed bun bet365 games in the north，On the one hand, it adapts to the fact that Jingdezhen uses firewood as fuel；On the other hand, the bet365 games body is reduced in order to control product quality，It is an all-inclusive technical embodiment。

The steamed bun kilns that appeared in Jingdezhen in different periods reflect the complex and tortuous process of exchanges in the bet365 games industry。As a southern bet365 games，Although Jingdezhen is restricted by geographical environment，But in the long-term production process，The bet365 games workers gave full play to their initiative，Change different areas、Integration and combination of technologies for different products，Become an important link in the history of Jingdezhen porcelain making。

(This article is part of the Jiangxi Provincial Social Science Fund Project "Research on Jingdezhen Ceramic Industry Archeology and Industrial Heritage Protection from the Perspective of Technological History" (21LS11)、Phase results of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education Science and Technology Research Project (GJJ211326))

(Author’s unit: Ancient Ceramics Research Center of Jingdezhen Ceramics University)