The steamed bun kiln is a intermittent semi -fierce flame ceramic firing kiln with a round arches，Its prototype first appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty，Most distributed in northern my country，There are also sporadic distribution in central and southern my country。Early steamed bun kiln used firewood as fuel，The steamed bun kiln in the north after the Tang Dynasty mainly used coal as fuel。"Fu Liang County Chronicle" contains "Xinping Pottery，Beginning in the Han Dynasty "，refers to Jingdezhen firing ceramics from the Han Dynasty。until late in the Five Dynasties，Jingdezhen began to use steamed bun kiln。Later，Poorbari kiln has become one of the main ceramic kiln types of Jingdezhen。Its features、Products and technical exchange blending and other aspects，It is worth exploring in -depth discussions。

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Looking at the history of the development of ancient Chinese ceramic kiln，Following the flame -like round kiln，Due to Northern Duo Pingchuan、Duoshan, South, etc.，my country's northern ceramic kiln furnace towards the half -flame -type steamed bun (referred to as steamed bun kiln，According to its plane map, it is called a horseshoe kiln，The author collectively referred to as "steamed bun kiln") Development，Southern my country develops to Long Kiln。Jiangxi is in line with the development direction of the kiln in southern my country，As early as the Shang Dynasty, a ceramic kiln mainly appeared in the dragon kiln，For example, the middle and late Dragon Kiln。Since then，In the naming kiln ruins found in Jiangxi，such as Hongzhou Kiln、Jizhou Yonghe Kiln, etc.，All found dragon kiln ruins。

but，The distribution of dragon kiln and steamed bun kiln is not completely divided by geographical conditions。With the southern biography of the northern brick and tile technology，The steamed bun kiln has also been passed to the south and used for firing porcelain，As discovered by the Tang Dynasty in the head of Beidi, Chaozhou, Guangdong, the gimmick kiln fired in the Tang bet365 Play online games Dynasty，It has a long strip shape，It should be caused by the influence of the dragon kiln。Tim Bo Kiln is shorter，Leave a furnace after the door sealed，It is used to invest firewood or coal。Flames first ascended from the burning room to the top of the kiln，Then pour back the kiln bottom，Smoking port under the back wall，excreted through the chimney，belongs to a semi -inverted flame kiln。The following characteristics are the following characteristics: simple structure，Easy to build，Easy to build，Less infrastructure investment; small volume，Flexible use; slower and cooling。Based on these characteristics that are different from the dragon kiln，There is a auxiliary kiln in the Southern Kiln Industry Area as a auxiliary kiln as a vegetarian kiln or Long Kiln.。

Jingdezhen is also in line with this development law，According to the current archeological excavation situation，Three Tang Dynasty Long Kiln has been found.、1 Fifth Dragon Kiln and many places in the Song Dynasty Long Kiln。Where，Nanyao kiln site excavated 1 seat in Long Kiln in Tang Dynasty，Lantian Kiln site excavated two nights of Tanglong Kiln，The site of the Hutian kiln was found 1 but not excavated，Daotangli、Fenghuangshan site excavated 1 seat in Long Kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty，Hutian kiln excavated 1 Block of Long Kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty，Yaoli ancient kiln site group excavated 3 Long Kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty。1996 In the excavation of the site of the Hutian kiln，I found a steamed bun kiln in the fifth generation period。Visible，Jingdezhen Porcelain made of porcelain earlier than steamed buns，It reflects the characteristics of both the local kiln industry.。

Judging from the existing archeological discovery of Jingdezhen，Five Dynasties and Jingdezhen of the Ming Dynasty have used steamed bun kiln to burn porcelain。There are 2 kiln in the fifth generation period，14 Blocks of the Royal Kiln Factory in the Ming Dynasty、1 block of Hu Tian kiln。There are certain differences in the shape of the kiln furnace in these two periods，Frequent products are also very different。

Two five -generation kiln excavated in Jingdezhen，Although all can be regarded as steamed bun kiln，But the material of the mound kiln is completely different。bet365 live casino games The kiln of Wanggang Township Hangkou Village is a cave kiln excavated on the side of the mountain，The steamed bun kiln of the lake field kiln is made of bricks。The biggest difference between its kiln furnace form and the big bun kiln in the Ming Dynasty in Jingdezhen are the smoke exhaust system，It is a slender flue cut from the back wall of the kiln，instead of chimneys。Five Dynasties，The main products of Jingdezhen are celadon and white porcelain，Many five -generation kiln yards such as Yangmei Pavilion、White Tiger Bay and other two varieties: burn celadon and white porcelain，and both kiln furnaces only produce celadon。

　　Jingde Town Ming DynastyMantou kiln and its products

In the middle and late Ming Dynasty，The bun Kiln is the main form of kiln in the Royal Kiln Factory。14 steamed bun kiln excavated by the Royal Kiln Factory is a whole，Among them, the remains of the upper and lower kiln furnaces are overlapping and broken，The use time continues very long，According to the excavator, it is inferred that it is the Xuande to Wanli years。The steamed kiln of the Royal Kiln Factory has a clear tobacco room、Chimney structure，The area of ​​the fire bore and kiln bed is almost the same，The kiln body is smaller，The length is about 4 meters，about 2 meters wide。The steamed bun kiln of the Ufish Ridge of Huntian Kiln is in shape、Basically consistent with the steamed kiln of the Royal Kiln Factory。They are very similar to the structure of the northern steamed bun kiln，It's just the phenomenon of the flatness of the kiln bed without reverse tilt，And the gimmick kiln of the Royal Kiln Factory also appeared in the new design of the cigarette room lower than the kiln bed。

Different from the five generations of steamed bun kiln，The products made by the bun kiln in the Ming Dynasty were all mainstream products at that time，And whether it is the royal kiln or the folk kiln，The kiln is very small，Obviously to better control the firing，It should be said to represent a more mature firing technology at that time。90%of the unearthed utensils unearthed in the Baoyao kiln kiln in Huntian are plain white glaze high -foot cups，There are a small amount of blue and white pine bamboo plum bowl。As early as the 1980s，Zhou Ren and others of Shanghai Silicate Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences discovered，Bet365 lotto review Chenghua period，The aluminum content in the porcelain tire in Jingdezhen has significantly increased from the previous dynasty。After that, there have been studies that have been stated，The alumina content of the Chenghua porcelain tire is higher than the aluminum content of porcelain tires in other Ming Dynasty。Improvement of alumina can not only increase the refractory resistance of the carcass，It can also promote the formation of more Mo Lai stone crystals，Make porcelain tires more clean and clean，3949_3968，It becomes even thinner。and the matching of calcium oxide in the porcelain glaze compared to the previous Yongxuan and the subsequent Jiawan period slightly less，The glaze layer will be relatively thick and presents jade -like moisturizing。Even in the folk kiln utensils，The sense of oily and thickness of Chenghua glaze is also very prominent。The changes in these glazed recipes，Finally, you need to be achieved in the furnace furnace。The characteristics of slow cooling of steamed bun kiln and their smaller volume，All help to achieve the final effect of the product。

Products fired on the furnace furnace in Royal Kiln Factory，But according to the kiln of the kiln，It can be judged that this is a kiln of burning high temperature utensils，It is likely to be the "green kiln"。Lanpu further explained the "green kiln" as: "Only Baoqing Kiln can be burned。What is Bao Qing? Gai Fan set into its kiln，Bi Tao Cheng is all young，There is a bitter uncle，Then pay separately。Unique factory organ takes this way，That is, the burning of the households also。"Green" is the common saying of porcelain industry in Jingdezhen，That means good meaning，"Green Kiln" is the kiln that can burn all the porcelain that can be burned into the kiln。As the Royal Kiln Factory, it can ensure that all the kiln utensils are burned into a kiln with good quality，represents the highest firing technology level at that time。Of course，"Green Kiln" is not unique to the Royal Kiln Factory，"Jiangxi Province Dazhi · Taozheng · Kiln System" narrative: "Fifty -eight of Tao Kiln Officers ... about 20 people in folk green kiln。"But the folk" Qing Kiln "is not yet determined by the bun Kiln now。Due to the high -temperature color glaze of the Royal Bet365 app download Kiln Factory, there are special color kiln firing，Then the green kiln is burned by small high -temperature porcelain except the high -temperature color glaze。From this，Xuande from Xuande to the Wanli period，White glaze、small artifacts of blue and white and red in the glaze are the main products of the Royal Kiln Factory's steamed bun kiln。These products are representing the highest level of porcelain technology at that time。

　　Different technical flow in different periods

The source of the steamed bun kiln that appears in different times in Jingdezhen history is not the same。The steamed bun kiln in the five generations of Jingdezhen is not affected by the contemporary northern steamed bun kiln，From a structural perspective，Its kiln tail smoke exhaust structure is different from the northern steamed bun kiln，Similar to the southern steamed bun kiln。According to the study of Qin Dashu，From the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty，The northern steamed bun kiln system has undergone changes from slender to broad development。and the steamed bun kiln in the Guangdong area of ​​the Tang Dynasty is different，If the Tang Dynasty kiln found in Chao'an Beidi, Guangdong in 1954，Full length 4.97 meters、width 2.12-2.26 meters，There are three fire holes below the tail of the kiln，After that, there are three rectangular flues，1.4 meters high。Similar to this kiln tail structure, there are Guangdong Xinhui officials，Vertigh wall behind the kiln，There are three flue，Recently in the inner wall，There are concave birch sets on both sides of each flue，It can be used as a built -in brick -closed flue from top to bottom。Southern steamed bun kiln not only does not have a large chimney，The flue is often relatively slender，and only three。flue or parallel straight up，or gather to the top into a cigarette hole，Southern steamed bun kiln not only does not have a large chimney。This also proves that the steamed bun kiln in the Fifth Dynasties of the South in the South of the South was not the product of the technology influence of the northern steamed bun kiln in the same period。

The steamed bun kiln in the fifth generation of Jingdezhen is the same as the southern steamed bun kiln at the same time，The relationship with the brick tile kiln is closely。Direct evidence is，Jiangxi Ganzhou Five bet365 best casino games Dynasties to the early Northern Song Dynasty "Two Affairs" brick kiln。This brick kiln tail has three flue tails from the bottom side to the top of the kiln，Its flue settings are exactly the same as the five -generation kiln in Hangkou Village, Wanggang Township, Fuliang County。From the perspective of the archeological report，The chimney behind it is just three slender flue vertically vertical on the ground。The steamed bun kiln in the fifth generation of Huadian kiln is the same，There is no larger chimney or smoke room for its kiln tail。However, although this type of kiln has a technical close connection with the brick and tile kiln，But the fifth generation of Jingdezhen's steamed bun kiln is all used to furnish celadon porcelain kiln，instead of brick tile kiln。Hu Tian、Wanggang Township and Liujiawu's fifth -generation steamed bun kiln are also lower than the contemporary Long Kiln level，Can only produce celadon。

Royal Kiln Factory and Huntian Kiln Mingdi Bun Kiln structure is similar，Basically consistent with the steamed bun kiln in the north。The slightly different is，Larger body of ordinary steamed bun kiln，Gradually low in front of the kiln bed，Generally 3 chimneys。The bun kiln body of the Ming Dynasty Royal Instrument Factory is small，The length is about 4 meters，about 2 meters wide; the kiln bed is flat without slope，Set a long square -shaped large chimney，And add concave flue between the kiln bed and the rear wall，This is a new situation that was not seen in the northern steamed bun kiln in the past。The bun Kiln was a kiln shape commonly used in the northern region of the northern region before the Ming Dynasty。Ming Dynasty Xuande and its future Royal Instrument Factory adopted steamed buns，It may have a certain relationship with the diversification of its burning varieties and the high requirements of the product。Generally speaking，The steamed bun kiln of the Yu Kiln Factory in the Ming Dynasty is the result of improvement of improved steamed bun kiln in the north，On the one hand, it adapts to the reality of Jingdezhen with firewood as fuel; on the other hand, the kiln body is reduced to control the quality of the product，is a technical manifestation of compatible and packed。

The steamed bun kiln appearing in Jingdezhen in different periods reflects the complex and twists bet365 best casino games and turns of its kiln industry.。As a Southern Kiln Farm，Although Jingdezhen is constrained by the geographical environment，But in the long -term production process，The kiln workers have given their initiative，Different areas、Technical blending of different products，Become an important link in the history of Jingdezhen porcelain。

(This article is the Research on the Protection of Ceramics Industrial Heritage and Industrial Heritage Protection of Ceramics Industrial Heritage and Industrial Heritage of the Jiangxi Provincial Social Science Foundation Project "(21LS11)、Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education Science and Technology Research Project (GJJ211326) phased results)

(Author Unit: Ancient Ceramics Research Center of Jingdezhen Ceramics University)