1985，Excavation of Zuojiashan Site in Nong'an, Jilin，A batch of important archaeological materials with relatively clear layer relationships were unearthed，Excavator Chen Family、Zhao Binfu in the article "Staging the Neolithic Sites in Zuojiashan and Chronological Sequence of Related Cultural Relics" ("Archaeology" Issue 3, 1990)，Typological analysis of unearthed pottery based on layer relationships，Divide the remains unearthed from the Zuojiashan site into three phases and four sections。Later, based on the changes in the shape and decoration of pottery in each period，Combined dating results and comparison with surrounding archaeological cultures bet365 joining bonus code same period，Named the “lower culture of Zuojiashan” and “upper culture of Zuojiashan” for the first time。This is a milestone for the study bet365 joining bonus code Neolithic archaeological culture in the Songhua River Basin that flows westward。

Lower level of Zuojiashan、After naming the upper culture，Academic circles began to realize that due to the small excavation area of ​​various sites bet365 joining bonus code past，The remains revealed are mainly scattered house sites、Mainly remains such as ash pits，There are still missing links bet365 joining bonus code research on this archaeological culture。Therefore，After 2000，Archaeological research on the Neolithic Age bet365 joining bonus code west-flowing Songhua River basin，Beginning to turn to settlement archeology as a perspective，Multidisciplinary participation，Focus on revealing the settlement patterns contained bet365 joining bonus code Neolithic archaeological culture in this area、Living environment、How to make a living、Research on funeral customs and other aspects。

The Wutai Mountain site is located in the lower reaches bet365 joining bonus code west-flowing Songhua River，Located on the platform on the west bank of Boluo Lake, Nong'an County, Changchun City，Includes the Neolithic Age、Settlement ruins from two periods bet365 joining bonus code Bronze Age，The site became a national key cultural relic protection unit in 2019。In view bet365 joining bonus code important academic value bet365 joining bonus code site，2017-2018，The Jilin Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology and the Changchun Museum conducted a two-year active archaeological excavation bet365 joining bonus code site。

　　Discover the harvest

After investigation bet365 joining bonus code platform on the west bank of Lake Polo，A total of 5 ruins from the same period were discovered。Comprehensive preliminary archaeological work，The Wutaishan site and the Xingshushan site were finally selected for archaeological excavation。A total area of ​​1,500 square meters was excavated at the Wutai Mountain site in two years，Ash pit found、94 various relics such as tombs and house sites，There are 16 houses in them、74 ash pits、3 ash ditches and 1 living room burial，A wealth of pottery was unearthed、Stone tools、Relics such as jade and bone horns。

Based on analysis of unearthed remains，The Wutaishan site is a large settlement site containing remains from the Neolithic and Bronze periods，The Neolithic Age remains are the most abundant。In the ruins discovered，All addresses、The ash trenches and tombs as well as the 59 ash pits belong to the Neolithic Age。These discoveries provide new archaeological data for the archeology of Neolithic settlements in the Songhua River Basin and surrounding areas。A 70-meter long road was also found on the west side bet365 joining bonus code Wutai Mountain site connected to the platform、Trench running through the north and south bet365 joining bonus code platform，The Neolithic remains found are all located in the eastern part bet365 joining bonus code trench，The trench should be bet365 joining bonus code nature of a side trench。

Discovered through comprehensive statistics of pottery fragments unearthed at the Wutai Mountain site，Pottery pieces can be divided into two groups。The first group of pottery sherds accounts for 98% bet365 joining bonus code total number of pottery sherds，Belongs to the remains bet365 joining bonus code Neolithic Age，The most abundant among the Wutai Mountain sites，The pottery is mainly yellow-brown pottery with fine sand，Harder texture，Taking cylindrical cans as bulk，The surface bet365 joining bonus code vessel is decorated with geometric carved lines。Through comparative analysis，We believe that the Neolithic remains at the Wutaishan site belong to the middle period bet365 joining bonus code lower Zuojiashan culture。The second group of pottery sherds accounts for about 1% bet365 joining bonus code total number of pottery sherds，Belongs to the remains bet365 joining bonus code Bronze Age，The remaining 1% of pottery fragments are mostly broken，Not statistically significant。

The excavation area of ​​Xingshushan site is small，But the revealed remains are richer。The ruins discovered are all open under the ② layer，A total of 2 ash pits exposed、4 tombs and 2 house sites。Pottery unearthed from the Xingshushan site was found in Zuojiashan, Nongan、Yuanbaogou、Liangshan, West Section of Dongfeng、In Changchun Yaohongzuizi and Beihongzuizi sites，Comparison bet365 joining bonus code shape and decoration of cylindrical jars，The remains revealed at the Xingshushan site and the second phase bet365 joining bonus code remains excavated in Zuojiashan, Nong'an in 1985、Yuanbaogou Site、West Section Liangshan Phase I、The second group of Yaohongzuizi and the Neolithic remains of Beihongzuizi are the closest，Based on existing research，These remains belong to the late Zuojiashan lower culture。

The American Beta Laboratory conducted carbon 14 dating on the four tombs discovered at the Xingshushan site，Several tombs have been dendro-corrected to be between 3657 BC and 3519 BC。Therefore，Whether in terms of absolute age or connotation，The Xingshushan ruins are all late relics bet365 joining bonus code lower Zuojiashan culture。

　　bet365 joining bonus code layout

After archaeological exploration，A total of 36 Neolithic house sites have been confirmed at the Wutaishan site，16 locations cleared through archaeological excavation，All belong to the lower class culture of Zuojiashan，This is the first time that such a large number of Neolithic house sites have been discovered in the west-flowing Songhua River basin。The house is in a square and semi-crypt style with rounded corners，Central distribution around the center bet365 joining bonus code platform，The doorway basically points to the center bet365 joining bonus code platform。A side ditch may be built on the west side bet365 joining bonus code site。

The circular settlement layout bet365 joining bonus code lower Zuojiashan culture period at the Wutai Mountain site，Rarely seen in the Neolithic Age，The ancestors of Mount Wutai made full use bet365 joining bonus code terrain where the site is located，Complete planning for the construction bet365 joining bonus code village。In addition to considering the effective management of clan tribes, this kind of planning，Also fully consider the local geographical environment、Climate conditions and daily production and life convenience and other factors。

　　Living bet365 joining bonus code

Boluo Lake is the largest natural lake in Nong'an County，The only large natural wetland in central Jilin Province。The geological structure near the Wutai Mountain site has been stable since the Holocene，The landform pattern has basically not changed significantly，The Lake Poro basin has not changed either。Bolo Lake is the source of survival for the ancestors bet365 joining bonus code Wutai Mountain Site，The hydrological conditions profoundly affected the production and life bet365 joining bonus code ancestors of Mount Wutai。

It can be basically determined based on the hydrological characteristics and supply characteristics of Lake Boluo，Located in the temperate monsoon climate zone, the water level changes of Lake Polo since the Holocene have been deeply affected by precipitation。The climate at the Wutai Mountain site was warm and humid between 7324 calyr BP and 5555 calyr BP，The average annual precipitation is 615 mm，A typical forest-steppe environment，The humid climate has caused the formation of many lakes in the low-lying areas bet365 joining bonus code Songnen Plain，At this time, Lake Polo is also at its highest water level，The area can reach 155-200 square kilometers，Water depth 10-15 meters，A large swamp wetland is formed in the low and gentle area in the northern part bet365 joining bonus code lake，A lot of reeds grew、Emergent plants such as cattails，Large areas of mudflat wetland are formed in the lower areas bet365 joining bonus code east and south coasts，Only the western part bet365 joining bonus code lake has obvious undulations，No mudflats formed on the lakeshore。

In order to prevent moisture and facilitate drying of dried fish，The ancestors of Mount Wutai had to overcome a height difference of more than 60 meters，Come to the west bank of Mount Wutai to build houses。A large forest dominated by broad-leaved trees grew in a warm and humid environment，Provided abundant food resources and fuel wood raw materials for the ancestors of Mount Wutai。In addition，In the east of Lake Polo，There is a Neolithic Age site on the gentle slope bet365 joining bonus code mound 500 meters away from the west bank of Aobao Tupao - Yuanbaogou Site。The carbon dating bet365 joining bonus code animal bones unearthed from the site has been corrected to 6140±175 calyr BP (JNBY H5)。The site is 200-210 meters above sea level，30-50 meters above the water surface。When the water level exceeds 180 meters，The low-lying areas on the north and south sides bet365 joining bonus code site have become the passage connecting Boluo Lake with Yuanbaopao and Aobaotupao in the east，The activity space bet365 joining bonus code prehistoric ancestors at the Yuanbaogou site will be limited。From this point of view，The water level of Lake Polo reached its highest during the Holocene Warm Period when the climate was most suitable，But the maximum water level will not exceed 180 meters。

　　Archaeology of bet365 joining bonus code

The west-flowing Songhua River basin is in the gradual transition zone from the mountains to the Songnen Plain，The middle and upper reaches are mostly mountains and hills，The downstream area is mainly river valley platform，Dense network of rivers in the basin，Lake and Swamp，The terrain is less undulating，Abundant water resources, animal and plant resources，Is an ideal living place for human beings。The archaeological botanical research on the Wutaishan bet365 joining bonus code provides important basic information and clues for the changes in plant resource utilization patterns and livelihood methods in the west-flowing Songhua River basin from the lower Zuojiashan culture to the Bronze Age。

After scientific sampling and systematic flotation，The Wutaishan site has obtained relatively rich carbonized plant remains。The discovery of millet and millet，Indicates that local ancestors had begun to plant millet during the lower cultural period of Zuojiashan、Crops represented by millet。Judging from the probability of being unearthed，Agricultural production has entered the northern dry farming system。Based on the comparative analysis of absolute quantity and unearthed probability of millet and millet，Local ancestors utilized millet more than millet，Combining materials from Northeast China and other dry farming areas，The agriculture bet365 joining bonus code lower cultural ancestors of Zuojia Mountain in Wutai Mountain is still in the early stage of development。

In addition to unearthed crop seeds，Other plant seeds were also unearthed from the site，Rupai、quinoa、Polygonum sorrel、Wild soybean、Setaria gracilis、Crabgrass、marijuana、Kochia、Lespedeza、LaLaTeng、Waterthorn needle、Zhenniuermiao、Physalis、Huangbo etc.，Some plants such as barnyard grass、quinoa、Wild soybean、Crabgrass、Physalis etc.，Can be used as an important source of wild plant food，It also indirectly shows that collection still exists as a supplement to the way of livelihood。Remains of cannabis seeds were found in units bet365 joining bonus code lower Zuojiashan culture，Although the number unearthed is limited，But it also once again confirmed the importance of cannabis in Chinese prehistoric society。

　　Zooarcheology

The main animal species unearthed from the Wutai Mountain site include roe deer、Deer、Pig、dog、Ring-necked Pheasant、Freshwater fish、Freshwater Molluscs、Rodentia、Badger、Lynx, etc.。The main source of meat for the ancestors at the site was mainly large and medium-sized mammals，Pheasantidae、Aquatic animals as supplement。Dogs are the only domestic animals among the fauna bet365 joining bonus code Wutai Mountain site，The rest are wild animals，Wild animals occupy a major position in the meat contribution bet365 joining bonus code ancestors at the site。

The ancestors bet365 joining bonus code site adopted a fishing and hunting livelihood based on hunting and fishing。The animal bones at the Wutai Mountain site are lightly weathered but highly fragmented，And there are cutting marks on the bone surface、Cut and smash marks、A series of manual processing marks such as barbecue marks，Indicates that the bones were not exposed on the surface for a long time and that ancestors used animal bones to a high degree，The method of processing animal remains has a certain level of specialization。

Also，Depends on the type of wild animals，The ecological environment around the site is good、Rich wildlife resources，With forest、Grassland、Rivers and other ecological landscapes，Suitable for human survival。Studying this batch of materials will help to understand the production and living conditions bet365 joining bonus code ancestors in the west-flowing Songhua River Basin in the middle Neolithic Age。

　　Physical Anthropology bet365 joining bonus code

The human bone specimens unearthed from the Xingshushan site are the earliest human bone remains from the Neolithic Age discovered so far in the Songhua River Basin bet365 joining bonus code Westward River。Due to the small number of human bones recovered from this excavation，And the preservation condition is average，Currently we can only gain some superficial understanding。

Based on the current published research results on human bones，The Neolithic Age site in the northeastern region is the Houtaomuga site in Da'an, Jilin、Hamin Manha Site in Tongliao, Inner Mongolia、A total of 4 batches of human bone data from the Xinkailiu site in Mishan, Heilongjiang and the Xiaoheyan Cultural tombs in Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia。The age bet365 joining bonus code fourth phase of Houtaomuga is close to the age bet365 joining bonus code Wutaishan site，All belong to the late Neolithic Age。

​​Research shows，The craniofacial features bet365 joining bonus code ancient residents bet365 joining bonus code fourth period are narrow frontal type、Combination of mesoorbital type and flat jaw type，And has greater facial flatness，There is great similarity with the ancient Northeast residents。The Hanmin Manha site is also from the late Neolithic period，The craniofacial morphological characteristics of high skull and broad face reflected by the ancient residents bet365 joining bonus code Hanmin Formation，Researchers believe that its genus should be the Paleo-Northeastern type。

Currently can be determined，At least in the late Neolithic period，Ancient residents bet365 joining bonus code ancient Northeastern type were already widely distributed in the Western Liaohe River、The lower reaches of Nenjiang River and Songhua River。The preservation of human bones unearthed from the Wutaishan site is poor，The skull is broken and mutilated。Later put together in the laboratory，Although precise measurements cannot be made，However, some physical anthropological characteristics bet365 joining bonus code inhabitants bet365 joining bonus code site can still be observed from these broken skulls。Overall，The male skull in Mount Wutai should belong to the high-cranium type，larger facial width and facial flatness，Similar to the skull characteristics bet365 joining bonus code Paleo-Northeast type of ancient residents widely distributed in Northeast my country during the Pre-Qin period。

The Neolithic remains revealed by archeology at the Wutai Mountain site are of great significance，Provides important archaeological materials for studying the chronological sequence and genealogical relationship bet365 joining bonus code Neolithic Age culture in the Songhua River Basin bet365 joining bonus code Westward River。Especially combined with the unearthed remains，Through Flora and Fauna Archeology、Geographical environment、Multidisciplinary interdisciplinary research such as physical anthropology，In order to restore and reconstruct the layout bet365 joining bonus code lower cultural settlements in Zuojiashan、Social organization forms and business methods provide multi-dimensional reference，Enriching the archaeological cultural connotation bet365 joining bonus code lower Zuojiashan Mountain。

(This article is a phased result bet365 joining bonus code National Social Science Fund project "Excavation Report of Wutai Mountain Site in Nong'an County, Jilin Province" (22BKG006)

(Author’s unit: bet365 joining bonus code)