■Anguo Kaiyuan Tongbao Counterfeit bet365 bonus bets Author/Photo provided

Sogdia is located in the Zerafshan River Basin between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers，centered on Samarkand。In an inscription from an Achaemenid ruler from the 6th century BC，Sug(u)da) was one of the eastern provinces of ancient Persia，Being obliged to pay taxes and perform military service。In Western classical literature，This area is called "Sogdiana"。"Historical Records·Biography of Dawan" records "from the west of Dawan to Xi'an" and "Hanshu·Biography of the Western Regions" records "the north road crosses Congling in the west and exits Dawan、Kangju、Danger Cai Yan”，The geographical scope covered actually implies the Sogdian region。The "Li Yi" country recorded in "Book of the Later Han·Biography of the Western Regions" is the first separate introduction to Sogdia in Chinese literature，But the word "Sogdonia" first appeared in "Book of Wei·Biography of the Western Regions"，Also introduced in detail including Kang Guo、The history of Sogdian countries including Anguo and Shiguo sending envoys to China to pay tribute。With the development of trade along the Silk Road，People have a clearer understanding of Sogdia，The meaning of Sogdia is becoming increasingly clear，The theory of "Nine Surnames of Zhaowu" appeared。With the Arab conquest of Sogdia in the mid-8th century，Sogdia gradually integrated into the Islamic cultural circle。Sogdian civilization is an important part of the ancient Silk Road civilization exchanges，Sogdian bet365 bonus bets are one of the most representative cultural symbols in Sogdian civilization。It is the exchange and mutual learning between different civilizations，Created the Sogdian region’s unique coin language and culture that reflects the blend of East and West。

　　Continuous imitation and innovation

Hellenistic bet365 bonus bets are the original prototype of Sogdian coinage。With the military conquests of the Greco-Macedonians，Sogdia was directly or indirectly involved in the Hellenistic world。From Alexander’s expedition to the middle of the 2nd century BC，Sogdia has always been ruled and influenced by the Greeks，This created conditions for the spread of Hellenistic culture。Early 3rd century BC，Kang of Sogdia、Anguo and Shiguo respectively use the bet365 bonus bets of Antiochus I, King of the Seleucid Dynasty、Based on the bet365 bonus bets of Euthydemus I, King of Greece and Bactria, and Alexander-style bet365 bonus bets，Conducted coinage activity。Antiochus I counterfeit bet365 bonus bets have the king’s head on the front，The back is a bust on a horse。The counterfeit coin of Euthydemus I has the king's head on the front，The back is the seated Greek god Hercules。Alexander’s counterfeit bet365 bonus bets have the king’s head on the front，The reverse shows a seated Zeus or a standing Hercules。

During the Great Yueshi-Kushan Empire Period，Kang Guo、Anguo and Shiguo are on the original basis，Ashtam bet365 bonus bets were issued separately、bet365 bonus bets of Silkodes and bet365 bonus bets of Fusegghares。The front of the Ashtam coin is a bust of the king，Archer on the back。The obverse of the Hilkodes coin shows the bust of the ruler，The back is holding a spear、Standing soldier statue，Both sides are vertical parallel Greek letters or horse busts。The front of the coin of Fuseghares is the king’s head，The back is a standing statue of Heracles and Greek letters。These three types of counterfeit bet365 bonus bets are mainly silver bet365 bonus bets，One drachma、Three currency values: half drachma and opor，Hercules still appears on bet365 bonus bets。

Based on the Shapur I inscription of Naqi Rustam，Around 260 AD，The eastern territory of the Sasanian Persian Empire reached the Sogdian area。Although it is still controversial whether the Sasanian Persian Empire actually ruled Sogdia，But the influence of Sasanian Persia on Sogdian bet365 bonus bets is undeniable。bet365 bonus bets based on the bet365 bonus bets of Sasanian Persian King Perus I appeared in Kang State，The king’s head is on the front，The back is the fire altar。Anguo’s Mawak bet365 bonus bets and Asba bet365 bonus bets reflect distinct Iranian cultural characteristics，The king’s head is on the front，The back is the fire altar。Anguo’s large-scale imitation of Sasanian Persian bet365 bonus bets is the Bukhara Hudat coin based on the bet365 bonus bets of Sasanian Persian king Vahlan V，The king’s head is on the front，The back is an emblem or a fire altar，Sogdian bet365 bonus bets of this period bear witness to the influence of the Sasanian Persian Empire。

mid-7th century，The Tang Dynasty established Jisi Prefecture in the Sogdian region centered on Kang State，The Sogdian countries all used the "Kaiyuan Tongbao" round square hole coin as the prototype，Carried out coin minting activities。The inscription on the early Chinese counterfeit bet365 bonus bets of Kang State is "Kaiyuan Tongbao"，The back is the Y-shaped emblem and βγy，Later evolved into the king’s name and title written in Sogdian letters on the front，A round square hole coin with a Y-shaped emblem and other emblems on the back。Anguo’s Chinese-style counterfeit bet365 bonus bets have “Kaiyuan Tongbao” on the front，The emblem on the back，Later, Anguo’s bet365 bonus bets had a camel image on the front，The back is the fire altar。Shi Guo’s Chinese counterfeit bet365 bonus bets have a bust of the king on the front，On the back are the local emblem and Sogdian letters，But the square holes on Chinese bet365 bonus bets are not minted。

　　Combination of foreign culture and local culture

From the Hellenistic era to the mid-Tang Dynasty，Sogdian bet365 bonus bets draw lessons from both Eastern and Western coinage methods，Overall experienced from Greek-style counterfeit bet365 bonus bets、The evolution of Sasanian Persian counterfeit bet365 bonus bets to Chinese-style counterfeit bet365 bonus bets。The evolution of each type of coin has both inheritance and change，Even the same cultural factors reflect different marks of the times。

The earliest three types of counterfeit bet365 bonus bets adopted production methods and Attica standards，The material is mainly silver bet365 bonus bets，All Greek letters appear，Coin value is four drachmas、One drachma and three opor，The Greek gods Zeus and Hercules also appear on the bet365 bonus bets，Overall，Belongs to the category of Greek bet365 bonus bets。The shape of Greek counterfeit bet365 bonus bets、Zeus, Hercules and the Greek alphabet are all reflections of the influence of Greek culture on the local currency after it was introduced to Sogdia，Counterfeit bet365 bonus bets from the Da Yueshi-Kushan Empire period still have names written in Greek letters，The way of making bet365 bonus bets、image、The currency value and currency inscriptions continue the characteristics of previous Greek bet365 bonus bets。However，Compared with early Greek counterfeit bet365 bonus bets，The images of bet365 bonus bets from the Dayuezhi-Kushan Empire period gradually blurred，bet365 bonus bets become smaller，Weight reduction，Greek letter deformation，Even difficult to identify。

From the 470s to the early 7th century，Sogdia was successively conquered by Sasanian Persia、The rule and influence of the Gida and Turkic dynasties。The Y-shaped emblem belonging to the Gaida people appears on the front of the coin，Continue to be used on subsequent Chinese-style counterfeit bet365 bonus bets，And eventually became the symbol of the Ikhshed dynasty of Kang State，Reflects the coexistence of local political changes and cultural continuity，This is also the cultural product that came to Sogdia from the two-way activities of the spread of Iranian civilization eastward and the westward migration of the Gaida people。With Sogdia and the Tang Dynasty in politics、Exchanges in many aspects such as economy and culture are getting closer，Sogdian countries have imitated China's "Kaiyuan Tongbao" bet365 bonus bets，Mainly copper bet365 bonus bets。Except "Kaiyuan Tongbao" appears on early Chinese counterfeit bet365 bonus bets，Most Chinese bet365 bonus bets have the king’s name and title written in Sogdian script。In addition，Local representative emblems also appear on the bet365 bonus bets，and symbols for Zoroastrianism and Nestorianism。

The shape and specific information of Sogdian bet365 bonus bets，Reflects the profound Hellenism、Iran、China、The influence of factors such as nomads and Sogdians。The interaction between different civilizations produced a pluralistic and unified coin culture，Eventually formed the "Eastern Sogdian" bet365 bonus bets centered on Kang State、The "Western Sogdian" bet365 bonus bets centered on Anguo and the "Southern Sogdian" bet365 bonus bets centered on Shiguo。

　　Exchange and integration of diverse civilizations

Sogdia’s geographical location provides an important guarantee for multicultural interaction。Early Sogdia was the eastern edge bet365 bonus bets ancient Persian Empire and the Hellenistic world，Another place where the Dayue people were when Zhang Qian was on his mission to the Western Regions。This kind of meeting led to the exchange of Eastern and Western civilizations in the Sogdian region，Sogdia has gradually moved from the edge world bet365 bonus bets East and the West into the center of civilizational interaction。

​​Sogdia’s exchanges with different countries and ethnic groups have become an important way for the spread of multicultural elements。In history, Sogdia has experienced ancient Persia、Alexander the Great and his successors、Seleucid Dynasty、Greek-Bactrian Dynasty、Da Yueshi-Kushan Empire、Sasanian Persia、刈达、Turkic、Tang Dynasty、Control or influence of the Arab Empire，Sogdia failed to establish a unified central power。Therefore，In the process of minting，Countries in the region have been imitating the bet365 bonus bets of ruling or influencing stronger countries，Developed Greek-style bet365 bonus bets、Minting activities based on Sasanian Persian bet365 bonus bets and Chinese round square hole bet365 bonus bets。

Sogdia and China、India、West Asia、The Mediterranean world has established extensive connections，Make it an important hub for interactions with different countries and nations and a gathering point for diverse civilizations。This can be seen from the distribution of Sogdian bet365 bonus bets，The issuance and circulation of Sogdian bet365 bonus bets have different scopes，Generally gathered from the north of the Amu Darya River to the Zerafshan River Basin，Kang State as the three major coinage centers、Anguo and Shiguo are important hubs located in the middle of the Silk Road。

With the development and prosperity bet365 bonus bets Silk Road，The settlements in Sogdia and outside are both commercial channels connecting the East and the West，It is also an important link for cultural interaction。As an important commercial nation on the Silk Road，Multicultural factors were introduced to China through Sogdian merchants。This is how we think about the ancient Mediterranean、Iran、The interaction between Central Asia and China provides certain reference，It also provides a new perspective for writing the history of Sino-foreign relations。

　　(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund project "Collation and Research of Ancient Sogdian bet365 bonus bets from the Perspective of Civilization Blending" (21BSS050)

(The author is a distinguished professor at the School of International Cultural Exchange, Hebei Normal University、Researcher at the Research Center for the Inheritance and Development of Excellent Traditional Chinese Culture)