Tao Menghe (1888-1960)，Famous Period，Word Meng He，Born in Tianjin。1906，He graduated from Nankai School，Go to study and education in Tokyo Higher Normal School in Tokyo, Japan。1910，Go to the School of Political Economics, University of London, UK, to study sociology，During the influence of the Weber couple。1912，He and Liang Yuli together with Liang Yuli "China's Country and Town Life"，by British philosopher、Sociologist Hoibastus Preface，Published in London in 1915，is one of the earliest works in Chinese sociology。1913，After graduating from Tao Menghe，Coaching Beijing Higher Normal School、Peking University、Yanjing University and other schools，until 1926，During the meantime, he served as the chief of liberal arts staff of Peking University。1918，Tao Menghe published an article "Social Survey" in "New Youth"，Empirical style of advocating social survey。1922，The "Social and Education" he published is the pioneering work of Chinese education sociology。 

February 1926，The board of directors of the China Education and Culture Fund was established，Social investigation department，Tao Menghe was invited to host this new social survey institution。1926-1929，He cooperated with Li Jinghan to lead many social surveys，published "Analysis of Beiping Living Consumption" (1928)，and instructed the Social Survey Department's "First Chinese Labor Yearbook" (1928) compilation。1930 and 1932，"Social Sciences Magazine" and "Research Collection of Modern Economic History of China" (later renamed "China Social Economic History Collection") successively founded，He is one of the editor -in -chiefs of the first phase of the two issues。Peiping Social Survey Institute was incorporated into the Institute of Social Sciences, Institute of Social Sciences, Institute of Social Sciences in 1934，1945 renamed the Social Research Institute，Tao Menghe has been the director for a long time，In 1948, he was selected as an academician of the first Central Academy of Sciences，In 1948, he was selected as an academician of the first Central Academy of Sciences。 

After the founding of New China，Tao Menghe served as Deputy Dean of the Chinese Academy of Sciences、Director of the Compilation Bureau of the Chinese Academy of Sciences、Library curator and other positions，The Institute of Social Research was renamed in 1953 to the Institute of Economics。1960，He died unfortunately due to illness during the meeting。 

Tao Menghe is the pioneer of the Chinese Social Survey Movement，It is also the earliest sociologist who ranked the earliest list of academicians in the Central Research Institute。He occupies an important position in the history of Chinese sociology，But in the group portrait of Chinese sociologists，But it seems less "typical"。He has been a professor at the Department of Economics and Education of Peking University，also led the social science research institution with cross -disciplinary characteristics -the Peiping Social Survey Institute (later entered the Institute of Social Sciences of the Central Academy of Sciences)。The title of "Pioneer of Sociology" cannot completely summarize Tao Menghe's position in Chinese modern academic history，We need to know people in the context of the transformation of modern Chinese intellectuals in a more broad social science tradition。

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Tao Menghe was born in Tianjin。His father was originally a teacher of Yan Xiu's family，After the establishment of Nankai School, Yan Xiu，Tao Menghe enters the school，Graduated from the school's normal class in 1906。In the same year，He goes to the Tokyo Higher Normal School in Japan Public Study Abroad。1910，Go to the University of Political Economics, University of London, UK，L. T. Hobhouse and Westermark (E. A. WestermARck)。Hobous served Bet365 lotto review as a professor of sociology at the University of London from 1907 to 1929，is the first sociological professor in British universities，Into with "Metaphysics National Theory", "Liberalism", etc.。Westmark is a Dutch anthropologist、Sociologist、Philosopher，1907-1930 as a professor of sociology at the University of London。During the British，Tao Menghe and his classmate Liang Yuli through collecting recipe materials，Completed an English report entitled "Village and Town Life in CHINA，Prove the importance of family and ancestors on the maintenance of Chinese social relations。This preface to Hoabos，It was later regarded as the earliest sociological research in China。1913，Tao Menghe obtained a degree at the School of Political Economics, University of London。After returning home，His Editor of the Business Press、Professor of Beijing Higher Normal School、Professor of Peking University and Professor Yanjing University。13 years I have taught at Peking University，The first stage of Tao Menghe's career。During this period，He often publishes articles in publications such as "New Youth", "New Education" and "Modern Review"，It is one of the well -known intellectuals in Beijing in the New Culture Movement。

At first glance，Tao Menghe has a few monographs and more comments，This is different from a sociologist Chen Da, who is five years younger than him，It is also very different from his junior alumni Fei Xiaotong。Chen Da's mentor at Columbia University Ogben is a pioneer of quantitative sociology，and Fei Xiaotong encountered Marinovsky's functional theory in London 20 years later。Tao Menghe studying sociology in the UK，Sociology is not professional yet，closer to a social trend that combines improvementism and scientific empiricalism。During studying abroad，Weibb's Webb couples are committed to using a wide range of social surveys to explore social reality，Solve the poverty of modern society、Moral corruption and other problems。This starts from actual、Learning with the ultimate goal of solving actual social problems，I left a deep impression on Tao Menghe。For him，The most urgent task of sociology is not to establish the subjectivity of the discipline，but reshape social consensus，Solve China's current social problems。

Article of Tao Menghe explained social thoughts in 1926 before entering the Peiping Social Survey Institute，He regards the "society" as a whole with a variety of different relationships，instead of real "society"。Published in 1917 in "Society" in "New Youth"，Tao Menghe has criticized people to complain about politics、Education、Economic and other issues that "society" is regarded as all reasons。He pointed out，Although "society" is basic meaning，It is "a group of people with people"，But the "society" of sociology does not mean any individual social group，Such as a company、School。Society is not "one of human group life"，but "the whole life of human group living"，It is manifested in a variety of "relationships" in specific life。From this,，Tao Menghe regards the knowledge of society as a between individuals、Research on the relationship between individuals and groups and groups，It does not have a limited、Research objects of entity，There is no reason to shirk his unlimited responsibility to others。

The overallness and relationship of society，is the basis of Tao Menghe a series of social thoughts。First，Individual responsibility for society provides a starting point for social improvement。"Social Improvement" is undoubtedly an important part of Tao Menghe's thoughts，Published in 1918 in the article "Social Survey" in "New Youth"，He introduced the purpose of social survey to Chinese readers for the first time、Methods and substances，and summarize the significance of social surveys into two points: identify the beneficial part of the tradition of civilization、How to seek "improvement" of society。In the book "Society and Education" published in 1922，Tao Menghe divides the content of sociology into four parts- "Origin of Society", "Social Evolution", "Social Organization", "Social Improvement"。But what to pay attention to is，The "improvement" he is talking about not only refers to the transformation of the social system alone。In an article in 1925，He explicitly proposed that "human nature" is the fundamental question of reforming society。"Humanity" here refers to hidden in the system、The psychological attitude behind the customs，It is relatively stable，But it is not unsatisfactory。

Kishimoto Miyu pointed out in "Customs and History"Bet365 app download ，Ming and Qing scholars are mostly customs、The change of human heart understands historical changes，Knowing the "cross -circulation" of the two，is a kind of personalism and structuralism、"Social Theory" with the characteristics of Chinese scholars。Although Tao Menghe did not use more ancient expressions- "Hono Customs" to explain his thoughts，But obviously I will agree to the statement of Kishimoto a hundred years later。He not only regards social improvement as "easy custom，Positive Heart "，It also records the "customs" of the Ming and Qing scholars in various places -Fang Zhi — as a copy of social survey in China。As early as studying in London，Tao Menghe uses Fang Zhi as a material to understand Chinese society，In the article "Social Survey"，He lamented that Fang Zhi's loss of Fang Zhi and Old，Call for social survey to re -discover modern China。

On the surface，Tao Menghe takes criticism of traditional Chinese scholars。In the article "The Doom of the Shi" (1923)，He even blamed the corruption of Chinese politics in the early years of the Republic of China on the "work" of the class，Cultural capital in exchange for socio -economic interests。But，Tao Menghe understands the end of the "sage politics" and the arrival of a democratic society is the key to the scholars who become the "higher rogue class": it is because of the loss of authority given by society，Talents who have talents and nothing will lose their morals。

"Sage Politics" and Fang Zhi's tradition，In Tao Menghe, it is two sides of the traditional society。Sage politics makes a few people be taught and become a moral example，At the same time, most people are ignorant about their position in society and the living conditions of others: "We Chinese do not pay attention to‘ life ’，Study in the arrears，Therefore, the use of ideology is limited to the way of life ... our people are not worthwhile，Not talking about。Chinese writers would rather use tens of thousands of people、Hundreds of thousands of words boasted his achievements，Unwilling to use dozens of words to describe the authenticity of ordinary people。"" Society "has been defined as" the overall life of human group life "，The "Tao" of Life is about the "principle of society" in Tao Menghe's pen.。but，This expression expresses the same differences in ancient and modern times。Traditional Fang Zhizhong is demonstrating the words and deeds of the local and sages，Establish a social model with this。Tao Menghe hopes to use the new "social" view，Looking for a more universal "Tao"。

Sociology and Social Survey becomes the way of enlightenment and self -education in the new era。Policy reform proposals proposed by scholars based on social survey can directly promote the change of the system (such as Tao Menghe's public hygiene、policy recommendations for labor use)，But develop "customs"、Dun's "human heart"，But everyone's knowledge about society。Tao Menghe insists that sociology must include the overall society，Due to the ideal life of ideals、Feelings、Knowledge any aspect of the regret。He pointed out that although the social survey can use the measurement method，Society itself can only be "experience"。

In addition to implanting the importance of education inside the ideology，Tao Menghe also pays close attention to the reform of the education system，"Education and Society" published in 1922 is a representative of this aspect。The book refers to the educational sociology textbook of American sociologist Smith，Emphasizing that education should not be regarded as personal affairs as traditional，but should be regarded as public cause，Focus on the family、Neighborhood、National and "Social Training" (that is, traditional) for different functions of human social development，It is believed that schools are important organizations of inheritance or transformation of fashion and systems。Tao Menghe is quite respecting the thought of American progressive educators，It is believed that the education system should be combined with the shape of the new occupation。In "Occupation and Reproductive" (1923)，He proposed that vocational education should play a more important role in democratic Chinese society。In "On University Education" (1923)，He praised the Great Land University of the United States, such as the University bet365 live casino games of Wisconsin，Not a traditional elite university like Yale。In the article "Study Abroad" (1925),，He pointed out that he should use the dispatched international students as part of the government's overall education policy，Calling the government to screen for public students、Fund、Cultivation is followed，to make students go abroad with a clear learning interest and researchist，It is used by society after returning to China。For civilian education campaigns，Tao Menghe gave a higher spiritual expectation above the practicality。He regards the popularization of text as a prelude to the moral changes of the majority of Chinese workers and peasants: "You must know that literacy is just a method，Not the purpose of human life。People know the word，You must know how to open up the horizon with him，Develop the mind，Development will。"" ("On the Civilian Education Movement") In his opinion，China's publishing and literary circles only develop new works with realistic concepts to replace traditional literati literature，Civilian education is only completed。

Of course, Peking University is a gardening place for Tao Menghe to participate in educational reform。1917 Cai Yuanpei after Cai Yuanpei served as the president of Peking University，Tao Menghe participated in the reform as a member of the "Professor Council"，At one time he served as the CEO of the Liberal Arts and Education of Peking University, he excavated Li Siguang、Ding Yilin and other young talents，They are all regarded as new intellectuals that can help China develop industry。but but，When a new opportunity in 1926 came，Tao Menghe left the Peking University immediately，Open his social survey cause。

　　The era of social survey (1926-1948) 

More than 20 years since 1926，The research team established by Tao Menghe relying on social surveys，Let's see how the concept of social research is implemented as a specific academic tradition。

His social survey work started in the atmosphere of "missionary sociology" at the beginning。After 1920，John S. Burgess、American missionary scholar represented by Sidney Gamble first started social surveys in Beijing。Tao Menghe as a scholar in Chinese and Western，Facially hired Bet365 lotto review as a professor of sociology by the newly established Yanjing University Sociology Department，He has participated in the organization of the relevant investigation。1924 China Education and Culture Foundation was established，Under the new social science funding mode，In 1926, Tao Menghe became the director of the social investigation department funded by the foundation。At the same time，Li Jinghan, who has just returned from Columbia University, was appointed as the investigation director of the investigation department。In 1929, the New York Social Religious Research Institute donated period expired，The Social Survey Department has obtained an independent status and renamed the Peiping Social Survey Office，Tao Menghe continues to be the director。From here，The agency has entered a period of rapid localization development。After 1934，Social Survey Institute is incorporated into the Institute of Social Sciences, Institute of Social Sciences，cooperation with the division of labor with the Institute of History Language。During the ten years before the outbreak of the Anti -Japanese War，It has gathered a large number of research talents，The birthplace of becoming a large number of social research results。

Before the 1930s，In addition to the release of "Chinese Labor Yearbook"，The most significant result is the livelihood survey of "Tao Menghe"。These surveys are conducted in Beijing City，Revenue to different professional residents in Beijing、Consumption、Labor status、Marriage and other information have made detailed records。Tao Menghe regards "life" as a whole whole -based relationships based on various social fields，This type of survey report is mostly named "XX Life"，Special attention to the labor and economic conditions of the workers，or "Life Studies" can be summarized。

1917，Tao Menghe published a report entitled "The Life of the Human Relief in Beijing"。This report is based on the materials provided by the Beijing Development Association，It can be regarded as the beginning of the Social Survey series of social survey reports around 1930。It not only introduces the marriage and family situation of the investigator，Bet365 app download Also analyzed their economic conditions in detail。But，Different from the economic survey of fully paying attention to the account，Tao Menghe not only "settle accounts" for the drivers，It also describes the mentality and cultural living conditions of the driver。If in the section of "working hours"，Tao Menghe explained the load of the driver's work，Talk about it immediately，The drivers can think about、Can feel、creatures that can be known to be known "，"Daily monotonous、Outside of the hard work，There must be a thing that can be comfortable or happy "。Next，Tao Menghe described how the drivers love to listen to the show、Gambling，and how some of them can indulge in bad pastime。

This kind of livelihood survey is not a complete economic survey，Sociology survey that understands people's emotions based on interviews，Among them, the narrative review，The life experience from the author and the moral care of the investigator。After the establishment of the Social Investigation Department, it was guided by Tao Menghe、The "Rural Family Family in the Furcurdy of Beiping" and Tao Menghe's "Analysis of Beiping Living Consumption" written by Tao Menghe personally are also similar works。"Analysis of Beiping's living expenses" is famous for its first application of "account book method"，It originated from the 1926 Social Survey Department's investigation of the Beiping handicraft family。To complete the study，Tao Menghe and the assistant sent investigators to go to each account every day，Calculated with items。On the surface，"Accounting Method" Compared with the advantage of the questioning method, it can provide more data about family revenue and expenditure，But for Tao Menghe，From "living expenses" to the "degree of life" survey is of substantial significance: the comfort of actual life of workers、The situation of eating and wear is called "Standard of Living"，It contains the overall judgment of the investigator's moral life of the investigator。This can be seen，Social survey represented by a livelihood survey did not change Tao Menghe in the early years of "Society" and "Social Survey".。

After 1930，Social Survey Institute enrolls graduates from colleges every year，Reador for training research。These young graduates are very diverse in the background of the subject，But most of them have received professional academic training in local universities。According to Yang Ximeng's memories，Tao Menghe loves local students who "know the situation in China"，instead of international students who lack of understanding of the truth of China。Social Survey also provides an opportunity to study abroad in overseas prestigious universities。These international students who fully understand the truth of China，Many of the master's degrees or doctoral degree from overseas universities or doctoral degrees continue to engage in academic research，Among them, the more famous economist Wu Bao 3、Economist Yang Ximeng、Historian Liang Fangzhong, etc.。Tao Menghe's educational ideals proposed in the article "Study Abroad" in the early years，This is reflected in the personnel system of the social survey institute。The localization strategy of the Social Survey Institute is not based on disciplines、Practice threshold for political position，Cultivated a group of young social scientists active from the 1930s to the 1950s。

The expansion of the personnel of personnel has also continuously expanded the research field of social survey。"Overview of Social Survey" in 1933: "，The scale of research work is small。Those who are engaged in research are only three or five，Research subjects are a kind of labor problem。to this day，Researchers have more than 20，Research subjects can be divided into economic history、Industrial economy、Agricultural Economy、Labor Questions、Foreign Trade、Finance、Population、Statistics and other dozen categories，Development is not fast。"In the Social Survey Office of the 1930s，Economic History Group created by Tang Xianglong，Wu Chengxi、Financial and fiscal team established by Qianjiaju and others，Local finance team established by Yan Renzheng and others，Zheng Youzheng’s Chinese foreign trade research，Agricultural Economic Research on Han Dezhang。At this time，Life bet365 Play online games research directly related to social improvement is no longer the mainstream of social survey，For local industries、On -site survey conducted in fiscal status，and the research on modern socio -economic history is even more vigorous。Diversification of topics plus the emergence of two professional academic journals for two professional academic journals of "Journal of Social Sciences" (1930 Pioneer) and "Research Collection of Modern Economic History in China" (1932)，Make the Social Survey Institute transforms a more professional academic research institution。

Tao Menghe tried to avoid the fragmentation of research caused by the variety of discipline backgrounds，Attach great importance to establishing a atmosphere of cross -professional exchanges in the social survey institute。According to Yan Renzhen's memory，It is from the "Investigation Office" period，Tao Menghe requires members to open a "reading club" once a week，and report the progress of your own subject at the meeting，Exchange your research results、Research experience or reading experience，Sometimes he also reports it himself。What is the core of the aggregation of the Social Survey? Except for the system of reading，The history of the Economic History Group can help us understand this problem。

　　Writing of new history  

After the 1920s，Experience "Ancient History" Movement、The baptism of the New Culture Movement and the argument about the nature of Chinese society，The historical research of combined with traditional research and modern empirical methods gradually rise，combined with social sciences in the problem domain。The Institute of History and Language, a Chinese Institute led by Fu Sinian is a representative，and another "New History" research circle — a group of scholars with the "History Research Association" and "Research Collection of Modern Economic History of China" as the core，Just as the source of social survey。("Research Collection of Modern Economic History in China" is a publication of the Social Survey Institute after 1932，changed its name to "China Social Economic History Collection" in 1937。"History Research Association" was launched by Tang Xianglong and Wu Yan at the Tsinghua classmate in 1934，His members and scholars active in the Journal of Journal are highly converged。）

1930，Tang Xianglong's joining opened a large number of excavations of the "Economic History Group" on the inner database of the Qing Palace、Copy、Set up，，Liang Fangzhong、Yan Zhongping、Rollgang and other social survey institutes have created the finance of the Ming Dynasty、Modern cotton textile industry、Classic Studies of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement，Become the most dazzling achievement of the Social Survey (Institute of Social Sciences) after the 1930s。Tao Menghe supports historical research is not a temporary intention，When teaching at Peking University，He wrote "New History"，Literature of Chinese old history as rewriting method without facts，New history of advocating the facts。Unlike Fu Sinian borrowing linguistics、New Materials of Ethnicology to broaden the historical perspective，Tao Menghe's "new" "new" and social survey，The focus is on grasping the current，instead of tracing the origin。

The history of the economic department is the most common topic selection of colleagues in the history of social survey。Different from the Yanjing School with the "community" as a research unit、Economy as part of the five internal organs in social cells，Scholars of the Social Survey Institute often stand at the level of "national society"，Viewing the most important link of understanding the economic change。This is not a pure academic choice，More related to the family feelings of researchers。Tang Xianglong's graduation thesis at Tsinghua University is based on the title of "The Economic Cause of the Opium War"，Liang Fangzhong, who graduated from the Department of Economics，The fiscal archives of the Qing Palace、Customs files become direct economic forms，Created the research tradition of the group。The first general manager of the "History Research Association"，He looks forward to this organization that can "take the clue of China's socio -economic history in the past 20 years，Written a decent Chinese socio -economic history in 30 years。Liang bet365 Play online games Fangzhong opened his own scholar career with the study of the Ming Dynasty.，But he pays attention to the land reform he is happening at the same time，Even in 1939, I left the National Unification District to go to Yan'an for inspection。Yan Zhongping's famous history of cotton textile industry in the cotton textile industry is under the background of the Anti -Japanese War，The source is a field survey of the handmade fabric industry of Eastern China before the War of Resistance Against Japan。Obviously，These "Economic History Experts" have challenged the challenges of China's life and economy since the Opium War as the core concern of their research history。In the early years, the well -known Raulgang recalled with historical evidence，I am in contact with Tang Xianglong、Liang Fangzhong and others，Only articles like the "Population Control of Population Before the Revolution of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom"。

The second -generation scholars of the Social Survey Institute condense together，Both their common home feelings，There is also Tao Menghe's "largest common divisor number" of this thought and learning。For this direct "Jingxin people" orientation，Tao Menghe himself has an important impact，He has called on scholars several times to plan a plan for post -war economic reconstruction，Organize this kind of interdisciplinary discussion。Tao Menghe can promote such discussions，It also depends on his Broadcom of ancient and modern knowledge。Rollgang recalled Liang Fangzhong，Once mentioned the latter's praise of Tao Menghe- "Tongren"，In Raulgang's view，Liang Fangzhong, the director of Zeng Tao Menghe, is also the "Tongren" in the second generation。The division of labor models of the Economic History Group Copy Copy the Social Survey's Social Research from local to overall ideas，Needless doubt，Tao Menghe's "Tong" is the key to the diverse and unified social survey。

After the tossing of the War of Resistance Against the War，The Institute of Social Sciences finally ushered in the victory of the Anti -Japanese War in 1945，After renamed the Social Research Institute，It returned to Eastern China the following year。In the controversy of whether the Institute of China Institute of Research in 1948，Tao Menghe resolutely opposed his colleague Fu Sinian、Zhu Jiazheng, Dean of the Academia Sinica, Zhu Jiazheng's proposition。Social Research Institute became a representative of academic institutions that entered New China as a whole after the founding of New China。After the founding of New China，Tao Menghe served as Deputy Dean of the Chinese Academy of Sciences、Director of the Compilation Bureau of the Chinese Academy of Sciences、Library curator and other positions，Actively devoted to the social science construction of New China。

Looking at Tao Menghe's life，He has never held himself as the founder of a certain discipline，It has not been established by adhering to a specific theory or social research method to establish a "school school"。His social concept from the overall departure and the moral attitude he insisted on behind academics，Makes his work not easily digested by the history of the subject。Here，We trace it，Personal description of trying to open the branches，Tao Menghe in the history of Chinese social sciences。How do people need to pick up the heritage he left today，Still thinking of thoughts。

　(Author Unit: Department of Sociology at Peking University; School of Education at Peking University)