The book "History of Chinese nj bet365" edited in 1985 by Gao Juefu, the founder of the history of Chinese nj bet365，Considered to be the foundation work of the history of Chinese nj bet365。In the process of writing the book，The editorial board members discussed many issues，Finally reached a consensus，That is, ancient Chinese had rich psychological thoughts，But there is no more systematic research like Western nj bet365。Today，Domestic theoretical nj bet365 and nj bet365 history researchers still agree with this。It is generally acknowledged that before Western nj bet365 was introduced to China，China only has psychological ideas，There is no nj bet365 in the modern scientific sense。This article discusses the relational thinking based on Chinese traditional culture，The possibility of building Chinese nj bet365 or a Chinese model of nj bet365。

　The development of nj bet365 in China and the Chinese model of nj bet365

。After the "Gengzi Rebellion"，The Qing government was forced to sign the Xinchou Treaty，lost a lot of money。1908，U.S. Congress passes bill，Authorize President Roosevelt to refund the portion of China’s “Gengzi Indemnity” that exceeds the actual losses of the United States，And suggested using this money to help run schools in China，Or sponsor Chinese students to study in the United States。Most of the early Chinese psychologists came back from studying in the United States。Western nj bet365 was introduced to China from then on，Chinese nj bet365 also started to develop from that time。1917，Chen Daqi and others established China’s first nj bet365 laboratory at Peking University，Considered to be the symbol of the birth of Chinese nj bet365。But Chen Daqi himself is not a student studying in the United States，I went to Japan instead。

After the group of people who studied in the United States returned to China，Start establishing a nj bet365 laboratory in China，Carry out nj bet365 teaching activities，Introduction to Western nj bet365、Inspection and Application，Also known as “The Development of nj bet365 in China”。In fact，Domestic nj bet365 currently mainly does this kind of work，But Chinese nj bet365 or a Chinese model of nj bet365 has not yet been constructed。The "Chinese model of nj bet365" means created by the Chinese themselves、With distinctive Chinese cultural characteristics、A complete set of psychological concepts that can be discussed and compared with Western nj bet365、Theory、Methods and application systems。

1970s and 1980s，Some psychologists in Taiwan and Mainland my country use "Chinese people should be studied as Chinese people" as their slogan，Committed to Chinese research on nj bet365，It once developed into a localization movement in nj bet365，But unfortunately, a complete or unified system of psychological theory and practice has not been formed。The problem with this nj bet365 localization movement is，Although the study is about human relations in Chinese cultural context、Face、Filial piety、Zhongshu、Issues such as moderation，But in its method、Theory, especially the underlying worldview、Methodological and epistemological aspects，Still retains the individual rationalism of Western culture，Therefore its so-called "localization" or "Chineseization" is not thorough。

The 40-year experience and lessons of the nj bet365 localization movement show，The Chinese model of architectural nj bet365 must sink to the most basic methodological level，Formation includes methodology、Basic concepts of subject、Theory and Method、A complete psychological system with Chinese characteristics including various psychological practical applications。Corresponding to individual rationalism in Western nj bet365，The typical feature of Chinese nj bet365 should be relational thinking。Western nj bet365 has a complete set of concepts and theoretical systems，Including knowledge、情、meaning、row，Process nj bet365 and Personality nj bet365，Perception、Memory、Thinking, etc.。Chinese nj bet365 also needs to establish a conceptual system，And save the face of the Chinese、Favor、Zhongxiao et al. developed from concepts to theories，Explore ways to use Chinese culture to explain psychological phenomena and solve people’s psychological problems，And widely apply it to social life and practice。When dealing with social relationships between people，Understanding man and nature、The relational aspects of the universe，In the explanation of the development process of human life，nj bet365 needs to absorb more concepts and theories about human nj bet365 from Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism in traditional Chinese culture，And carry out creative transformation and innovative development，Building the Chinese Model of nj bet365。

　　Problems and Internal Changes in Western nj bet365

　1879，Wundt established the first nj bet365 laboratory in Germany，Marks the birth of nj bet365 as a discipline。Some people think，Wundt took nj bet365 astray from the beginning，Use experiments or measurements，It is simply a mistake to use natural science methods to study philosophical or spiritual issues。In fact，Wundt divided human nj bet365 into basic nj bet365 related to physiology and advanced nj bet365 related to culture，And in his later years he wrote the ten-volume "Ethnopsychology"。Only based on a survey published in 1980，“90 years，In articles published in the Journal of American Psychologist citing all of Wundt's works，Citations of "Ethnopsychology" account for less than 4%，The citation of "Principles of Physiological nj bet365" is as high as 61%"。

The first problem with Western nj bet365 is the lack of compatibility between research methods and research objects。Just as some people criticize modern nj bet365 as using a ruler with a fixed scale to measure elastic cloth，Or use a stopped clock to measure the time that continues to flow。Western nj bet365 has also been reflecting within itself，Trying to solve this problem。Early disciplinary introspection and internal adjustments came from mainstream nj bet365，From behaviorism to cognitivism。Proposed by behaviorism，Since human nj bet365 is a black box，Unobservable，Can’t measure it either，It’s better not to study people’s inner nj bet365 at all，Only study observable explicit behaviors。So，Behaviorism is also known as "nj bet365 without nj bet365"。1930s to 1950s，Behaviorism has always occupied a dominant position in Western nj bet365。

However，If nj bet365 does not study nj bet365, it is still a problem，This provides an opportunity for cognitivism to replace behaviorism。But cognitivism also has its problems。Human nj bet365 is holistic，It cannot be completely divided like matter in nature。First，Cognition is not the whole of human psychological life，People still have emotions、Will, etc.，And know、情、meaning、The lines cannot be separated。Cognitive processes include perception、Memory、Thinking, etc.，Perception and memory are inseparable，The memorization link of memory is perception。Doesn’t thinking include memory？Beliefs and Motives、Sense of gain and satisfaction、Can love and like be clearly distinguished？Secondly，There are also problems in explaining human cognition solely by using the functions or mechanisms of the nervous system，At least it’s not enough。Behaviorism and cognitivism as mainstream nj bet365，Also known as the "first force" in nj bet365，They attempt to make adjustments within disciplines，But no effective solution to the problem was found。

There are two side branches or branches outside mainstream nj bet365，One is based on Freud、The school of psychoanalysis represented by Jung，Known as the “second force” of nj bet365，The methodology is hermeneutics；The other branch is humanistic nj bet365，Based on phenomenological methodology，It is the "third force" in nj bet365。On the subject-object relationship，With Dilthey、Gadamer、Hermeneutics represented by Paul Ricoeur and others go in the opposite direction to empirical positivism。Hermeneutic view，The value neutrality advertised by positivist nj bet365 cannot be realized，All descriptions or research results have the nature of explanation。Phenomenology, founded by Husserl, attempts to bridge the gap between hermeneutics and positivism，Advocates transcending subject-object binary thinking，Return to the world of daily life。

　After the 1980s，With the development of communication and Internet technology，Social lifestyle has undergone tremendous changes，So much so that people themselves are changing，Postmodern culture begins to rise。Social constructionism as the metatheoretical or methodological foundation of postmodern nj bet365，Started from the criticism of modern nj bet365。This criticism has continued for more than 20 years，After another 20 years of reconstruction work。The criticism of social constructionism is not limited to mainstream nj bet365，Also includes hermeneutics and phenomenology，It is a comprehensive coverage of the three major methodologies of modern nj bet365。From the perspective of social constructionism，As part of modern culture，Empirical positivism、Hermeneutics and phenomenology are based on a common premise，It is to understand people as independent、bounded、Substantial existence。That is, assuming that everyone is an independent entity，Clear boundaries with the outside。Not only that，The various components of individual nj bet365 are as follows、情、meaning、Line and even different cognitions and emotions are also divided into different units based on imagination。Only this，In order to achieve the measurement of different nj bet365、Evaluation and Experimentation。In fact，Human nj bet365 is not just a whole，And it’s procedural。This is the fundamental problem of modern nj bet365，It is also the root cause of various mental health problems prevalent in modern society。

Postmodernism’s reconstruction of nj bet365 takes the relational self as the core。“Self” here reflects a new understanding of the relationship between people and the world，Reflects the essence of human being。The "bounded self" of modern nj bet365 is based on individual rationality，Separate people from the world around them。Social construction theory believes that，Modern nj bet365, whether it is mainstream nj bet365、Psychoanalysis or humanism，It is impossible to achieve the purpose it wants to achieve。Aiming at a person’s physical or physiological boundaries，Kenneth Gergen, a representative figure of social constructionism, created the metaphor of sieve: human skin is not a closed armor，But like a breathable sieve，Can breathe freely。People are in the same time and space as the people around them，Breathing the same air，There is actually no clear boundary between them。And for psychological boundaries，Gergen told an example: Suppose I am the author of a book，Opposite is the reader，Between Us is the book I wrote。Modern nj bet365 is based on the assumption of bounded self，I am me，A reader is a reader，A book is a book，The three are three independent entities。The problem is，Although the book was written by me，But what I wrote，Including all my thoughts，Are they really “mine”？Me and the readers、With thinkers of the past、Where are the psychological boundaries between authors？Especially in the Internet era，People’s perception and memory have been connected through the Internet，Thoughts and spirits cannot be intercepted，There are no clear psychological boundaries between people。

Based on the criticism of the bounded self，Social construction theory absorbs the characteristics of relational thinking in Eastern culture，Change the perspective from the independent self to the relationship between people，Proposing relational self theory。The core point is that the human self is not a closed one、Independent、Rational entity，But distributed in understanding、Dialogue、Appreciation、In relational processes such as cooperation。Relational self theory transforms individuals from bounded、Rescued from the independent and closed psychological island，Trying to give individuals new vitality and endless vitality through a relational process。

　　The possibility of building Chinese nj bet365 based on relational thinking

The Chinese model of architectural nj bet365，Need to complete the following two tasks at the same time。First, continue to learn from and absorb the concepts of modern Western nj bet365、Theory and research results。Chinese nj bet365 wants to go global，Understood by Western psychologists、Accept and agree，Must use concepts and language that both parties can understand，You can’t talk to yourself behind closed doors，Otherwise, it will be impossible to participate in equal dialogue on an international exchange platform。The second is to deeply cultivate traditional culture，Understand the essential characteristics and spiritual connotation of Chinese cultural tradition，And its various manifestations in daily life and work，Including the lifestyle of contemporary Chinese people、The influence of thinking and behavioral styles。

Complete these two tasks，Need to carry out work in the two fields of psychological research and traditional cultural research。These are two completely different subject areas。Psychological research is empirical，Requires research to be conducted using methods similar to the natural sciences；The study of traditional culture is theoretical、Historical and Speculative。According to the concept created by Kuhn in "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions"，nj bet365 and traditional culture research follow their own different “research paradigms”，Cultivation of the two is undoubtedly the key to building Chinese nj bet365。

“Relational thinking” may become the “Archimedean point” on which Chinese nj bet365 is founded。Different from the subject-object binary thinking of Western individual rationalist culture，The characteristics of relational thinking are，Emphasizes that the existence of the other is the premise for both opposing parties，And always in mutual transformation、In the relational process of mutual achievement。Relational thinking and the three laws of Western formal logic，That is, the law of identity、Law of Contradiction、Contrast with the Law of Exclusion。Western culture presents a one-dimensional thinking logic，If A is A，A is not non-A，No intermediate expression。Chinese people’s relational thinking is a kind of complex thinking，Extremely flexible。The so-called manifesting emptiness without duality，To be is to be nothing，Nothing is everything。Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism in traditional culture all have the characteristics of relational thinking。

The golden mean or “neutralization” of Confucian culture is a kind of relational thinking。The founder of mind science、The famous philosopher Lu Jiuyuan of the Song Dynasty said，“My heart is the universe，The universe is my heart”。After him，Wang Yangming further built a complete system of nj bet365，Propose that mind is reason、To conscience、Unity of knowledge and action, etc.。Among them，Heart and Things、Emotion and reason、Knowledge and Action、Conscience and investigation are both inseparable unity or relational existence，And always in the process of mutual transformation。Western philosophy tends to divide things into two，And Chinese traditional culture merges into one，Seeing a single thing or different aspects of a thing within a whole or a dynamic system of opposites，This is relational thinking。

Taoism is a typical relational thinking。The "Book of Changes" talks about the changes between yin and yang、Alternative、The reason for change。The "yao" in the Book of Changes is a symbolic symbol that can represent all things in the world，The glyph itself symbolizes "relationship"，That is, everything is interconnected，Universal interconnectedness that cannot be separated from each other。Contact (i.e. relationship) changes over time，As long as you grasp a "time"、A "bit"，i.e. time and space，You will obtain the "Tao"，That is, being able to predict the development of things。Gao Juefu summarized ancient nj bet365 psychological thoughts as heaven and man、human animals、Shape and Spirit、Sexual habits、Zhixing、心物、Lust、Zhiyi、Smart、Ten pairs of categories of knowing and thinking。Each pair of categories can be derived from the Taoist pair of "Yin-Yang" categories: the two are separate entities，Combined again，Mutual existence (coexistence)，Mutual transformation (symbiosis)，Dynamic Balance (Harmony)。These are all manifestations of relational thinking。

Buddhism emphasizes the emptiness of dependent origination。Relational thinking is in line with Buddhism’s positioning of dependent origination，That is, the origin of the Dharma Realm，Or depend on others。The Huayan Sutra says: “One and many take care of each other，Heavy Endless，Indra's Net。”Indra’s net here refers to a net made of orbs，The light of each orb reflects each other，One heavy and one heavy，Endless，Symbolizes the mutual reflection between people and even between all things，mutual cause and effect，The essential characteristics of mutual existence as relationships。

Relational thinking as a typical feature of traditional Chinese culture，In contrast to the individual rationalism of Western nj bet365，Reflects the essential differences between Chinese culture and Western culture。Building a Chinese model of nj bet365 based on relational thinking，Does not mean rejecting or abandoning Western nj bet365，The two cultural positions of the East and the West can complement each other。Western nj bet365 structurally divides human nj bet365 into units，To meet measurement and experimental requirements。The relational thinking of traditional Chinese culture emphasizes the inseparable relationship of psychological elements、Systematic、Dynamic variability and process characteristics。The latter has an important psychological healing effect on the modern bounded self or independent individual that emphasizes individual rationality and thus leads to excessive competition，For contemporary school education、Organizational development and change have a clear direction，Methodological significance for nj bet365 and other humanities and social science research。

　　(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Foundation project "Research on the Psychological Approach of Building a Community of Human Destiny through Relational Self" (22BSH101)

(The author is a professor at the School of nj bet365, Nanjing Normal University)