Since January 2018，The United States has implemented the largest shift in foreign economic policy since the trade wars of the 1930s，Abandoned the multilateralism formed after World War II，Adopted a new strategy of going it alone。The United States unilaterally increases tariffs on imported goods、Withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)、Promote a series of actions such as the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)，Increased uncertainty in its foreign bet365 sportsbook review，Influence on global economic development。To this，Our reporter interviewed relevant scholars，Discuss the negative impact of uncertainty in U.S. bet365 sportsbook review on the U.S. and global economies。

　　bet365 sportsbook review uncertainty has far-reaching consequences

Katheryn Russ, associate professor of economics at the University of California, Davis, said in an interview with this reporter，Since 2010，The U.S. economy has been recovering。Currently，The performance of U.S. economic data is acceptable，This was due to the massive fiscal stimulus package and tax cuts passed in 2017。But what is surprising，We still see weakness in its investment and manufacturing。This may be related to the changes in US bet365 sportsbook review in the past two years。

To some extent，It is currently difficult to see that changes in bet365 sportsbook review will have a major impact on the macro economy。Russ said，Based on the latest census data，The average effective tariff in the United States is 2.7%，Nearly double 2017 levels，Has reached a high value not seen in 25 years。Without considering other complex uncertain factors，2018 and the first half of 2019，Tariffs alone have cost the United States an overall loss of >61_word_end<.01%。This value seems small，But it means that the average American family will spend hundreds of dollars more every year。

Research shows，The entire cost of bet365 sportsbook review has been reflected in the price of imported goods。According to a March 2019 study by the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research，bet365 sportsbook review implemented in 2018 alone increased the cost of purchasing raw materials for U.S. companies by 1%。

Russ thinks，The United States embarks on this new unilateral path in bet365 sportsbook review，Cause its future is extremely uncertain。This bet365 sportsbook review uncertainty could have as large an impact on the economy as the cost of the tariffs themselves，This is crucial for business。Estimated by an independent study by the U.S. Federal Reserve，Compared to the situation without new tariffs and bet365 sportsbook review uncertainty，Tariffs imposed in 2018 and the first half of 2019 will reduce U.S. real GDP by 1 percentage point in 2020，This equates to an average loss of approximately ,700 per American household。This is related to the suppression of industrial production、Businesses cut investments when faced with risks from increased uncertainty，There is an inseparable connection。

　　The U.S. macroeconomic outlook is unclear

Lars emphasized，Whether the shift to unilateralism in U.S. bet365 sportsbook review is temporary or long-term，It will have a long-term impact on the macro economy。First，bet365 sportsbook review uncertainty cannot be easily or quickly reversed。The inhibitory effect of unilateralist trade policies on corporate activities has had a substantial impact on economic growth，This inertia is likely to continue。

Secondly，For a long time in the future，Unilateral protectionism may undermine U.S. companies’ ability to enter foreign markets。When the United States is withdrawing from bet365 sportsbook review negotiations、When renegotiating and downsizing bet365 sportsbook review agreements，Other countries are working on reaching bet365 sportsbook review agreements。When other countries’ tariffs on the United States remain basically unchanged or even increase，Tariffs are falling among many of the United States’ trading partners。Russian confession，The United States’ new one-on-one bet365 sportsbook review negotiation strategy has had uneven success at best。

Russ thinks，Future，There is a high possibility of trade friction between the United States and other countries，Therefore bet365 sportsbook review uncertainty will continue to erode U.S. investment and economic growth。

　　Protectionism intensifies bet365 sportsbook review economic risks

According to Doug Irwin, a bet365 sportsbook review historian at Dartmouth College in the United States，The bet365 sportsbook review deals crafted by the Trump administration are vastly different from those crafted under previous U.S. presidents。Previous presidents committed to reducing global tariffs，Establish an international system aimed at promoting free bet365 sportsbook review。To some extent，They are all about liberalizing the market。But the Trump administration’s interference in free bet365 sportsbook review，actually had disastrous consequences for American workers。

What’s even more worrying is，The United States is not the only one pursuing unilateral protectionism。According to the "Global Trade Alert Report"，In the past 10 years，Intervention measures taken by countries around the world to prevent imports continue to increase，Far beyond the pace of trade liberalization。Since 2017，Protectionist forces are on the rise。Research findings from the U.S. Federal Reserve，Uncertainty about U.S. bet365 sportsbook review in the first half of 2018 alone led to a decline in global GDP a year later.8%，This loss amounts to approximately US0 billion。This is mainly due to the decline in industrial production and related investment。

The International Monetary Fund and other institutions warned，The rise of protectionism has slowed down bet365 sportsbook review growth to a certain extent，Disrupted the supply chain，Will put pressure on output and productivity growth。Russ said，History has proven，If the global economy really enters a recession，Strong protectionist measures will only exacerbate the severity of the recession。In other words，At a time when many countries no longer have enough space to use monetary and fiscal policies to stimulate economic development，Rising bet365 sportsbook review friction will only increase the vulnerability of the global economy。