In the fields of academic research and international politics，“bet365 horse racing odds” is a very common concept，Used mostly to refer to low- and middle-income countries，Its geographical location is mostly located in the southern part of the earth。The opposite "Global North" refers to high-income countries，Its geographical location is mostly located in the northern part of the earth。To use the concept of “bet365 horse racing odds” more appropriately，And understand its historical background and unique connotation，Our reporter interviewed many foreign scholars。

　　From “South” to “bet365 horse racing odds”

According to research by Australian sociologist Raewyn Connell and others，It was one bet365 horse racing odds founders bet365 horse racing odds Italian Communist Party who formally proposed the concept of "South"、Marxist philosopher Antonio Gramsci。1926，He mentioned in "Some Aspects bet365 horse racing odds Southern Question"，The capitalists in northern Italy control both the northern working class and the southern peasant class，And treat southern Italy as a colony to be exploited。In the field of later Italian social thought，The discussion of "North-South differences" focuses on the gap in economic development levels，But its association with colonialism has been revived in the field of development economics。

　1950s and 1960s，Argentine economist Raul Prebisch proposed the division of the world economy’s “core” and “periphery”，And together with other scholars who are critical of orthodox economics, they call for reform of the world trading system，“North” and “South” then became the language of international politics。Some developing countries that were once colonized began to explicitly use the term "bet365 horse racing odds" to indicate conflicts of interest with industrialized countries。

bet365 horse racing odds academic world of developed countries bet365 horse racing odds 1970s，American sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein and others pioneered world-systems theory，Replace the division of “modern/traditional” with “core/periphery”；bet365 horse racing odds field of literary and cultural studies，The rise of post-colonialism。1990s，The sociological intersectionality analysis framework strengthens the above concepts。

With the end of the Cold War，The concepts of "Global North" and "bet365 horse racing odds" challenged the view that global culture and society tended to be homogeneous。Although Asia’s industry is developing rapidly、The emergence of emerging economies has caused certain changes in the balance of power between the "North and the South"，But New York、London、Frankfurt、The rapid growth of financial capital in Tokyo and other places has also strengthened the economic advantages of the former imperialist centers。

In recent years，The concept of "North-South" is further extended。Subaltern studies, which emerged in India and other South Asian countries, focus on the antagonistic relationship between the ruling class and the ruled class and the interaction between dominance and subordination within the colonial system；Peruvian sociologist Anibal Quijano’s “coloniality of power” emphasizes the remnants of European colonialism in contemporary politics and culture，especially social hierarchies and forms of knowledge；Portuguese jurist Boaventura de Sousa Santos’s epistemologies bet365 horse racing odds South and Raven Cornell’s Southern theory combine “South” regarded as a “producing area” of knowledge and ideas that is distinct from the “North”。

This year，The British journal "Third World Quarterly" launches a special issue "The bet365 horse racing odds in World Political Studies"。Contributing editor of this journal、Sebastian Haug, researcher on the transnational cooperation project of the German think tank Development Institute (DIE), talks about，In social science literature，Expressions related to "South" are mainly used as a collective term for colonized countries，Most of their geographical locations are south of the center of colonial power。The term “bet365 horse racing odds” often appears in relation to the residual effects of colonialism and imperialism、Systemic inequality stemming from colonial history、Under discussion on the potential of “alternative” sources of power and knowledge。Adding the modifier "global" before "South" has two connotations。First，Emphasis on the increased interconnectedness of social relationships，Concerning "North" and "South"、The issues between rich and poor countries are placed in the context of globalization；Second，From focusing on economic development or cultural differences，Turn to geopolitical relationships that emphasize power。

　　Three meanings of “bet365 horse racing odds”

Anne Garland Mahler, director of the bet365 horse racing odds Studies Program at the University of Virginia, told this reporter，The concept of “bet365 horse racing odds” is now used in three main ways。In international organizations，“bet365 horse racing odds” is often used to refer to Africa、Asia、Latin American Countries。This state-based understanding is deeply rooted in the political thought of the Cold War。In academic and social movement circles，The “bet365 horse racing odds” is more geographically flexible，It refers to regions and groups of people negatively affected by contemporary capitalist globalization。In other words，Some "Southern countries" in the economic sense exist in the "North" in the geographical sense，There are also some "Northern countries" in the economic sense that exist in the "South" in the geographical sense。This geographical flexibility brings about a third meaning of the “bet365 horse racing odds”: a mutual recognition、A global political community in a similar situation。

Haug further discussed the three levels of meaning mentioned by Mahler。First，In a country-based perspective，“bet365 horse racing odds” refers to socioeconomically underdeveloped countries，The commonly used basis for classification is the World Bank’s per capita income data、United Nations Development Program’s Human Development Index (HDI)。Although most multilateral organizations do not use the term "North-South" in country classification，But in academia and policy circles，Many people think of the “bet365 horse racing odds” as anything other than “high-income countries” and “high human development countries”。Country labels derived from this logic，such as "least developed countries"，Eligibility criteria for official development assistance。

Second，The “bet365 horse racing odds” represents different cross-regional multilateral alliances。For example，The Group of Seventy-Seven (G77) is a group of developing countries opposing the control of superpowers、Exploitation、In the struggle for plunder，An international group that gradually formed and developed。For the Group of 77，“North-South” remains an important reference in multilateral negotiations。By continually challenging the structural privileges of the “North”，The G77 has played a key role in promoting discussions on South-South cooperation in academia and policy circles。

　Third，The “bet365 horse racing odds” as a symbol of resistance，Represents both opposition to the multilateral order dominated by the "North"，Resistance also against neoliberal capitalism and other hegemonic forces。This meaning is closely tied to decolonial efforts to resist persistent racial inequality and systemic domination。In terms of the “Global North”，It usually refers to a specific category of countries，such as “traditional donor countries” and “industrialized economies”，But in the third understanding，It is a pair of economic flows、A general term for a hegemonic force that uses powerful forms of meaning construction and coercion to dominate global social structures。

In Mahler’s opinion，Since the concept of “bet365 horse racing odds” is used in many ways，Scholars should indicate the source of the specific definition they choose when using it。Hauge said，Due to the diverse definitions of "North" and "South"，And may change significantly over time，On the connotation and denotation of the concept of "bet365 horse racing odds"，Only for problem background、To answer the topics and policy areas involved。

　　bet365 horse racing odds Analysis Tools

Since people have multiple understandings of the “bet365 horse racing odds”，It is a term used in academic research，Is it too broad and not precise enough？Mahler talks about，When we try to use a word or concept to describe groups of people who are significantly different but who are similarly exploited，There are always problems - all these words or concepts have their limitations。A range of concepts are used to describe a transnational political imaginary、A global resistance collective，This collective has a common experience of being impacted by capitalist globalization。The “bet365 horse racing odds” is just one of these concepts。According to Mahler，“bet365 horse racing odds” as a political concept originated from the global justice movement，Especially the Three Continents Movement during the Cold War。January 1966，To fight against colonialism、The Tricontinental Conference with the theme of anti-imperialism was held in Cuba，From Africa、Asia、About 500 representatives from 82 countries in Latin America attended the meeting，The Organization for the Solidarity of the People of Asia, Africa and Latin America (OSPAAAL) was established at the meeting。The Tricontinental Movement often uses "South" to refer to oppressed places around the world，Criticizing global capitalism by focusing on racial violence and racial inequality。Today，People should remember this history when thinking about the bet365 horse racing odds。One of the greatest challenges we face now is to combine efforts to combat the inequality of global capitalism with a racial justice movement focused on reforming state and local governments。In other words，We need a global movement against racial capitalism。

Since the 1990s，Especially in the past 15 years，The growing popularity of the concept of the “bet365 horse racing odds”，What is rising simultaneously is a new era of social activism，especially solidarity politics。The 2008 financial crisis and the subsequent “Great Recession” triggered a global backlash against neoliberal economics，It also contributed to the outbreak of protests in some areas to a certain extent。In Mahler’s opinion，The “bet365 horse racing odds” refers to those with transnational、An attempt to name and understand the multiple histories of networked political movements。

In academia，The “bet365 horse racing odds” has become a popular tool for framing research。To show this trend more clearly，Hauge and Jacqueline A, professor of political science at City University of New York.Briveboy-Wagner (Jacqueline A. Braveboy-Wagner) and other scholars analyzed peer-reviewed articles in English-speaking countries included in the scientific literature abstract and citation database "Scopus" from 1994 to 2020。They found out，In these 27 years，Title、The number of articles with the word "bet365 horse racing odds" in the abstract or keywords increased from 30 to more than 1,600，And it is reflected in various subject areas and disciplines。However，Most articles treat “bet365 horse racing odds” as an established category，Unspecified what it represents、To what extent it is helpful to this research。We can see a trend: academic circles classify all empirical research on the "Third World", "Developing World" and "Non-Western" as "bet365 horse racing odds Studies"，But no scholar has systematically examined the actual connections between various places。

Proposed by Hauge，“bet365 horse racing odds” can mean different things to different people，Different research fields may also have different understandings of the "implications" of the "bet365 horse racing odds"，We may gain from acknowledging the variability and heterogeneity of this category。Scholars such as Haug and Briveboy-Wagner suggest using the “bet365 horse racing odds” as a meta category to examine multilateral power structures、Analyze the organization’s organizational process、Studying the macro dynamics that continue to shape different parts of world politics in a variety of ways。

Although the current research field of “bet365 horse racing odds” attracts different countries from all over the world、Researchers of different ethnicities，But it is undeniable，Many core publications in the field are still in English as the dominant language。To this，Mahler’s suggestion，In future research，The academic community needs to pay special attention to the decentralization of English，More attention and more resources should be devoted to achieving richer language representation。