■ Kevin Garrat

■ Xu Xiujun

In March, British Publishing House published a new book "The Case for a New Bretton Woods。The book is Kevin P. Gallagher, the director of the Global Development Policy Research Center of Boston University in the United States and the UN trade and Development Conference Globalization and Development Strategy Department, Richard Kozul-Wright) Follow。The author advocates establishing new multilateralism、Qi outlines the reform blueprint of global economic governance，It is recommended to reform the international monetary financial system、Adjust the international trade and investment system、Promoting development financing，To achieve more prosperity、Justice and sustainable world economic order。The book outlines the principle of new multilateralism，Including global rules should target social and economic stability、The overall goal of common prosperity and environmental sustainability is adjusted; in the multilateral system that promotes global public products and protects the global public domain，countries should assume common but different responsibilities; global rules should ensure that countries enjoy policy space in implementing national development strategies; the design of global regulations must strengthen the dynamic international division of labor，It is necessary to prevent destructive unilateral economic behaviors from hindering other countries to achieve common goals; global public institutions must be responsible for all members，Open attitude towards various views，Aware of the new voice and have a balanced dispute solution mechanism。

President of the International Monetary Fund, Chris Talina Gorkiyeva, once called for，The world has reached a critical moment to establish a new Breton Forest system。How to reform the current multilateral system，The reporter interviewed Xu Xiujun, a researcher at the World Economic and Political Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences。

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July 1944，The Bretton Forest Conference announced the establishment of the two major institutions of the International Revival bet365 live casino games Development Bank (predecessor of the World Bank) and the International Monetary Fund，Build a new order of the international monetary system after World War II。1971，The collapse of the system linked to the golden hook，The Bretton Forest System suffers severely。But the three major pillars of international economic governance under the Bretton Forest System -International Monetary Fund Organization、The World Bank and the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (predecessor of the World Trade Organization) still play an important role。But，time to this day，Many domestic and foreign experts have reflected on the current global governance deficit，and question the ability of the current multilateral system to provide global public products。

Gragell told this reporter，Many scholars think，Now the system has obviously existed "essentially instability、Unemployment、Unsustainable "questions。An example is，After the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2008，Lack of appropriate response measures。"2018，Ke Zhizhi and I started aspirations of volunteer policies from all over the world、Members of private groups and think tanks hold a series of round table meetings，Fitted a set of principles for the re -setting of the multilateral system。"Garrat believes，The epidemic exposes deep defects of the current multilateral system。Many countries are trade、Cooperation and investment turned to self -closed，Not united to provide global public products。other，The current multilateral system is difficult to reduce the economic burden caused by the epidemic crisis。Projects organized by the International Monetary Fund are not complete，The Group of Twenty did not play its role in debt reduction。The current multilateral system is in response to the finance faced by developing countries、Health、Failure again when challenges in economic recovery。For this，Gragel and Ke Zhizhi wrote this book on the basis of expanding early research。

From Xu Xiujun's view，After World War II，The multilateral system established by developed countries such as the United States has played an irreplaceable historic role in maintaining world peace and promoting global development。but，Compared with more than 70 years ago，Today's world has changed dramatically。Whether it is the change of international power comparison，The complexity and severe situation of various risks and challenges，All need to constantly Bet365 app download improve the existing multilateral system，To adapt to the requirements of the development of the times。The inherent defects and disadvantages of the existing multilateral system are mainly manifested in three aspects。The first is insufficient legitimacy。The existing multilateral system failed to fully reflect the interests and demands of developing countries at the beginning of its establishment。Although the governance structure and voting right of some multilateral institutions are adjusted，But the issue of the right to speak in the existing multilateral system in developing countries is still very prominent。The second is insufficient tolerance。Many multilateral institutions still worship the American democratic model and the liberal market economy as Guizhu，and implement these concepts as a mission，and the effective political and economic development model of other behaviors depending on or even suppressing it，The policy that has caused it to be promoted is becoming increasingly narrow。Internal governance，The senior management of many multilateral institutions has also been held by developed countries for a long time，I rarely listen and absorb the opinions and sounds of developing countries in decision -making。Third, insufficient effectiveness。Whether it is trade investment、Monetary Finance and other traditional governance areas，Still climate change、Cyber ​​Security and other emerging fields，Under the existing multilateral system，"collective action problems" between major countries in the world still exist，Governance deficit is increasing without decrease，Various challenges that threatens world peace and development are even more severe。

　　The right to speak in developing countries needs to be improved

Compared with the old Breton Forest System，Where should the new system be "new"? Garragell said，The main challenge faced by the Breton Forest Conference in 1944 is，How to ensure that the space of various countries to achieve financial stability and full employment and expand trade，At the same time, it is necessary to prevent countries from taking neighbors as neighbors。In terms of governance，This system is largely hegemonism，Controlled by the United States and other western powers。Comparison of comparison，The new Breton Forest system must expand the principle、Target and governance structure。bet365 Play online games "We recommend，In addition to ensuring full employment，The new Breton Forest system should also achieve fair transition，Promote the global economy to achieve low -carbon transformation、More social tolerance。"Garrat said，The new system needs to achieve multi -polarization，Avoid hegemonism，and inject fresh blood into this new system into fresh blood such as the central bank and the bond market。

Current，Under the framework of global multilateralism，Regional cooperation and governance mechanisms have also emerged。Some scholars tend to think，Regionalism conflicts with multilateralism; some scholars think，Regional and multilateralism can complement it。For this，Gragel thinks，For multilateralism，The regional cooperation mechanism can be helpful，It may also become an obstacle。In some cases，Especially under regional financial arrangements，Regional cooperation can play a good bridge function。With a regional cooperation mechanism，In addition to the International Monetary Fund Organization，You can have more choices。Regional cooperation mechanism gives developing countries more chips，It helps developing countries to negotiate with the Western government in related fields。But some regional cooperation mechanisms may also become an obstacle，This is especially true in trade。For example, in regional agreements participating in some Western countries, especially the United States and the European Union,，These countries will use their market advantages to force developing countries to accept some measures -such as relaxing financial supervision、Take strict intellectual property rules, etc.，These will inhibit the long -term growth of developing countries，Not conducive to developing countries to achieve industrial rush。"Developing countries can seek other widespread way out through regional cooperation mechanisms，But in the short term, it is best not to let Western countries participate。"" Garragel Suggestion。

Gragell said in the book，The new Breton Forest System should become part of the global dialogue，Need to include different voices from all parties such as developing countries and developed countries。With the reform of the multilateral organization reform，The right to speak of emerging economies and developing countries has increased，But still bet365 live casino games go far and far away。In order to reflect the rising weight of emerging markets and developing countries in the global economy，The reform of the organizational governance of the International Monetary Fund has taken an important step，But the reform still needs to continue。Gragel said，New multilateralism must first question the quota system under hegemony，"Reform must be carried out according to the new reality of the world economy，Specific measures shall include giving China more right to speak "。

Xu Xiujun thinks，Real multilateralism，Just persist in open and tolerant，Do not engage in closed lines; insist on using international rules，Do not engage in me alone; insist on negotiation and cooperation，Do not confront confrontation; persist in keeping pace with the times，Do not seal for a reason。Therefore，The new multilateral system should maintain the basic guidelines of international relations with the purpose and principles of the United Nations Charter，Maintain a multilateral trading system with the World Trade Organization as the core，Promoting construction is more dynamic、More tolerance、More sustainable open -type world economy。

　　Chinese characters and functions will continue to enhance

As an advocate and practitioner of multilateralism，China in global climate governance、Trade、Economic and financial fields play an important role。Gragel said，In terms of finance and economy，China has established a financial system that serves industrial upgrading and people's livelihood improvement。China calls for regulatory funds to flow、Promote the International Monetary Fund Organization to get rid of a planned project based on economic tightening，It also helps start the global green bond market。In terms of climate change，China's solar energy and wind energy industry policy not only helps China to achieve clean energy transformation，and reduced the cost of these alternative energy，This helps reduce global carbon emissions。

From the view of Gragor，The "Belt and Road" initiative has made important contributions to multilateralism。Under the situation that the infrastructure gap world is troubled by the world，China provides a lot of infrastructure financing。China's foreign investment promotes world economic growth，Cracking the bottleneck of the world's development。At the same time，The "Belt and Road" initiative bet365 live casino games has led to benign competition。For example，World Bank and many other multilateral development banks have greatly abandoned infrastructure financing to a large extent，But they now return to this field again。"The 'Belt and Road' initiative and the main challenge facing multilateral development banks is to keep this financing consistent with our climate and development goals。China currently focuses on clean energy，and stop financing for overseas coal power projects。This is a major demonstration measure that the West should follow suit。"Garrat said。

Gragel Suggestion，China should make more powerful sounds globally，Drives other developing countries in the current multilateral system to increase the right to speak、Enhancement representative。China can also play a demonstration role through other alternatives。For example，Founding members of the BRICS New Development Bank have equal voting rights。With the international development of the RMB，RMB internationalization will be conducive to stability at home and abroad。At the same time，China will also be more vulnerable to the influence of global capital flow。Gragel thinks，China should speak more for international financial supervision，The need for solving cross -border capital flow supervision will help China and other developing countries。

Jeffrey Frankel, a professor at the Kennedy Government College of Harvard University, wrote an article，Global governance is not zero -sum game。Gragell agreed to this view。He said，China and other big powers need to recognize，Cooperate with each other to provide the benefits of global public products is the global sharing。Although there are all kinds of contradictions between the great powers，But it is necessary to cooperate in providing global public products in various countries。

Xu Xiujun proposed，The establishment of a new multilateral system must adhere to the co -construction, co -construction and sharing，Promoting combination of everything、Director of each application、Each can be、Sharing results; adhere to fairness and justice，Reflecting equality、Open、Transparent、tolerance; Persist in regular orientation，Commonly formulated、Commonly abide by international rules; adhere to the principle of "common but different responsibilities"，Participate in solving global problems Bet365 lotto review together，International responsibility that is compatible with its own strength and rights at the same time。This is required to be in the face of global issues，Can't do you lose me、Winners eat all，Can't make decisions by individual countries and national groups，Can't override your own profit above human interests，Can't strengthen your will to people，Can't engage in rules for exceptional，Can't just enjoy the right and avoid the obligation。

Gragel said，In the world of globalization，Finance anywhere、Social and climate instability will affect all real estate around the world。The key to achieving a win -win situation is to formulate a special cooperation agenda for public products，Formulate various bilateral and sub -regional agenda at the same time，To solve non -global contradictions and conflicts。"We need a new Bretton forest system，Come to lay the cornerstone for the 21st century。”