August 9，US President Biden signed the "Chip and Science Act" (hereinafter referred to as the "Chip Act")。Three -year planning and brewing，The official implementation of this 1054 -page bill has aroused widespread attention from the international community。The bill is planned to provide US $ 52.7 billion subsidy funds for the US semiconductor industry，It aims to stimulate local chip research、Development、Manufacturing, etc.。The US media regards the bill as the most important industrial policy introduced in the United States since World War II，and describe it as "the best weapon for the United States in the 21st century"。However, this bill full of "protectionism" is quite controversial，It has been strongly opposed by the international community。EU Commission said，Some terms in the "Chip Act" clearly discriminate against foreign companies，Violation of the National Treatment Principles of the WTO、Principles of fair competition and non -discrimination，Urges the United States to delete discrimination clauses。Some scholars think，This bill is a typical differentiated industrial support policy，It will disrupt the global chip supply chain。So，What is the background of the "Chip Act"? What is the current status of the American chip industry?，Our reporter sorted out the academic perspective and interviewed relevant scholars。

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The chip is promoting communication、Calculation、Medical、Transportation、The progress of clean energy and other technology applications play an irreplaceable role，Therefore, it is called "modern life pulse"。But，A report from the US Department of Commerce indicates，Only 12%of the micro chip in the world is produced in the United States。Intel and Nvidia in the United States have the advantages of chip technology，But Asian countries are like China、South Korea and some European countries in raw materials、Walls manufacturing and semi bet365 best casino games -finished product manufacturing occupy a leading position。Member of the Asia -Pacific Security Cooperation Commission Sourabh Gupta said in the future of the US chip: "If there is no chip，The lives of many equipment will fall into stagnation。There are hundreds of chips in a car -here does not refer to the most advanced car，but an ordinary car。The chip is increasing more and more to the TV、Thermostat、In the printer ... the chip exists in all aspects of life，Provides the foundation for the next -generation technological innovation of human beings。Unfortunately，Most of the global chips are not made in the United States。”

According to the US CNN report，Insufficient supply of chips in the United States currently limits the production of new domestic cars in the United States，The price of the car is high。American auto manufacturers face chip crisis，Since last year, American car companies have laid a large number of layoffs，The interruption of the supply chain caused by the epidemic has further pushed up the cost of living in American families and individuals。"Chip Broken Panication" forced American politicians to discuss the bill plan，and use it as a key step for rejuvenating US high -tech manufacturing。

According to Politico reports on the US political news website，The rapid improvement of chip manufacturing technology and processing capabilities always follows "Moore's Law"，It has been created in the great prosperity and development of information technology since the 1990s，also allows micro chips to become the main components from smartphones to ballistic missiles today，At the same time, it has also become the cornerstone of the digital economy。

From the perspective of David Yoffie, a professor at Harvard Business Manager in the United States, it seems，Currently the United States seriously depends on foreign chip production。The facts of chip shorts make the United States, which has always advocated forces, may fall into the national security predicament in the next few years。To avoid future potential "chip crisis"，American politicians believe that the development of chip manufacturing and related industries in the United Bet365 lotto review States should be put on the agenda。

Professor at the School of International Relations of Renmin University of China、Director of the Economic and Foreign Research Center Li Wei said in an interview with reporters，The semiconductor industry has become a must for strategic competition today，Not only involves the field of technology and economy，It also involves political fields。American companies outsourcing the chip production side for a long time to Asia，Only design in the local area，Although this behavior can achieve the purpose of the best market efficiency，But will eventually damage the integrity of the American chip industry ecology。The United States introduced the "Chip Act"，It aims to promote the chip manufacturing industry to "return" the United States。The higher support rate for the "Chip Act" shows that the two parties in the United States have a certain consensus on the issue，It shows that the United States has deeply felt the pressure and urgency of the "hollow" of the domestic chip industry。

　　Immigration policy exacerbates labor shortage

Some analysts think，The key issue of the US chip industry is not lack of funds，but lack of talents。The demand for the existing labor market structure and the chip industry in the United States is seriously disconnected。U.S. Department of Commerce estimates，By 2025, the industry needs to increase 90,000 workers。

According to statistics，About 40%of the high -skilled practitioners in the US chip industry are foreign。"POLITICO" journal name，Entering the chip industry needs to have material science、Computer Science、Electrical Engineering、Master doctoral degrees in the fields of physics and chemistry，Most of these degrees in the United States are foreign students。But the current US immigration system is refusing to reject international students and foreign technicians with a record number。Current，More than 1.4 million technical immigrants are waiting for a green card。Intel employee policy director David Shahu Lian believes，The longer and longer green card waiting time makes the United States more difficult to attract and retain foreign employees，This will be a big challenge Bet365 lotto review for the technology industry。

Li Wei said，Compared with the chip design side，The chip manufacturing industry has strong labor dense attributes，Need a lot of high -tech talents。In the past，Engineers who immigrated from East Asia to the United States make up for the talent gap in the US chip manufacturing industry，but now，The increasingly "unfriendly" immigration policy in the United States has exacerbated the difficulty of the chip manufacturing industry back to the United States。

Due to deep concerns about the immigration system，late July，Nine American chip companies submit a public letter to Congress，Warning that the shortage of high -skilled employees is "never so serious"，Urges Congress Member "Emergency Implementation Green Card Reform"。"Politico" wrote，Many American legislators、Industry lobbyters and national security experts are worried，If there are not enough high -skilled workers as support，All the efforts of the "Chip Act" will be lost。They condemned Congress to fail to seize multiple opportunities to solve this critical problem。

　　"A small step in the marathon"

In the short term，huge subsidies promised by the US government may help American chip manufacturers regain their foothold in the local area，But in the long run，The implementation of the bill will face many obstacles。Since it has not resolved the root cause of the outflow of the American chip manufacturing industry in the past few decades，Therefore, it is difficult to boost the US chip industry。

High production costs are a major factor forcing the outflow of American chip manufacturing。Relevant person in charge of the Washington Semiconductor Industry Association said，In the past 10 years，The total cost of the new laboratory in the United States is 30%-50%higher than that of East Asian countries。Analysis article pointed out，Some measures in the "Chip Act" may be helpful to American local chip manufacturers，But the degree is still uncertain，Many people even doubt whether the bill will produce any benefits。For the United States，Even if it makes progress，This is just a small step in a marathon。At the same time，The actual scale of the bill is not Bet365 app download as big as the outside world imagined，How to allocate $ 52.7 billion in funds will be a big problem，The subsidy funds required for a certain chip manufacturer will exceed $ 10 billion，For example, Intel expects to receive a subsidy of $ 12 billion。

Li Wei agrees with this。He mentioned，52.7 billion US dollars of total funds are far from enough，Can there be sufficient "seductive" to international chip giants still uncertain，Late -term distribution of funds will inevitably form a situation of interest struggle。The construction of the chip industry ecology also requires a consistent investment and payment，and cannot cooperate smoothly in both parties、In the background of confrontation，The predictability and sustainability of the "Chip Act"，It may not be ruled out that the possibility of "bad tail" due to the exhaustion of resources in a few years。Another，A series of supporting measures related to the chip industry, such as road repair、Create Net、Warehouse, etc.，The spirit and ability of long -term service requires the spirit and ability of long -term service，For the United States, which is lacking in "craftsman culture",，Whether it can be used with the perseverance of "Yugong Mountain" to overcome all kinds of unfavorable conditions in the local area and still doubt。

Associate Professor of the Department of Political Sciences at the University of Chicago, Robert Gulotty, also expressed a similar point of view。He proposed，Compared with China，The United States has always lacked the national level of long -term industrial planning policies。Even if the "Chip Act" was strongly supported by the US government，However, its incentive measures can only play a short -term role in the early stage of construction，From the middle and long term，These incentives are often difficult to produce persistent effects，Can't really change the long -term strategy of the enterprise。"For enterprises，It is not important where the chip is manufactured，The important thing is who made them and can it get profit。and only rely on subsidy funding，This bill cannot affect the final decision of chip manufacturers。"Gulolist said。

　　The United States tries to forcibly reorganize the global chip production pattern

According to the "Chip Act",，Chip manufacturers accepting subsidies will be banned from expanding or newly -built advanced semiconductor manufacturing capacity in China and other "worrying" countries，The time limit is ten years。For this ban，Scholars generally think，The U.S. government is forcing chip manufacturers to make the choice of "non -this is the other"，This move seriously violates market rules and international trade rules。Since the semiconductor industry is a highly dependent industry of global collaboration，The behavior of the United States is tantamount to forcibly reorganizing the global chip production pattern。

July，Press the United States to the Dutch government，Requires the country's semiconductor manufacturer, ASML (ASML) to prohibit the outlet machine of producing chips to China。At the end of 2021，Intel manufacturers hope to expand the chip output in China，But the plan was rejected by the White House，Intel finally sold its wafer factory in Dalian, China to Korean chip producer SK Hemori。Tech Wire Asia Comments，"Chip Act" to enhance American competitiveness and protect national security as the "guise"，The essence is to curb the rise of China and other countries in the high -tech field。

"This ban will may lead to the division of labor and the division of the global division of labor and the split of the world chip industry。In my opinion，The goal of the United States is not all or most chips in the local area，Instead, trying to weaken the status of other countries in the chip field。To achieve this goal，The United States may eventually hurt companies in emerging markets，I hope this behavior will not cause the vicious cycle of the industry。"Gulol to add to reporters。

Bloomberg said，The restrictions in the "Chip Act" will cause a blow to some leading chip manufacturers，Make it unable to upgrade or expand existing facilities，and lose some fair market growth opportunities。A recent report from Boston Consulting Group also proposed，If the US government implements "technical hard decoupling" in the semiconductor field，American companies will lose 18%of global market share and Bet365 app download 37%income，leading to 15,000-40,000 domestic high -skilled employment position loss。

As some market observers say，"Chip Act" may not be as expected by some people，Become the dominant role of the United States to return to the global semiconductor industry。On the contrary，In today's increasingly dependentability of countries around the world，Whether it is a chip company in the United States，Chip companies in other countries and regions，All will inevitably be implicated。Still raging in the current epidemic、Full of world economic recovery、Under the background of global governance deficit，Any industrial policy that violates the laws of globalization will eventually be difficult to penetrate people's hearts。